An electric vehicle (BEV) is a vehicle driven by an on-board power supply and driven by a motor, which meets the requirements of road traffic and safety regulations.As the impact on the environment is relatively small compared with traditional cars, its prospects are widely optimistic.
Working principle: battery - current - power regulator - motor - power transmission system - driving the car.
In September 2022, scientists from Harvard University developed a new solid state lithium metal battery for electric vehicles (EVs).[9]
In December 2022, the new generation of electric vehicles were selected into the "2022 Top Ten Global Engineering Achievements".[11]
Audi Q5 e-tron, a 6/7 seat SUV built by Audi based on the pure electric platform. The super battery provides super safety protection. The e-quattro, DCC dynamic suspension and strength adjustable energy recovery system achieve the best driving experience of pure electric vehicles in the same class.[14]
By the end of 2025,The pure electric Airbus Model A developed by Alef Aeronautics willStart delivery to the customer.[17]
Pure electric vehicle is composed ofMotorDrive the car.
Pure electric vehicle, relativefuelAs far as automobiles are concerned, the main difference (difference) lies in the four major components: driving motor, speed control controller, power batteryOn board charger。be relative togas stationIn terms of public ultrafastCharging station。The quality difference of pure electric vehicles depends on these four parts, and their value also depends on the quality of these four parts.The use of pure electric vehicles is also directly related to the selection and configuration of the four major components.
The speed per hour and starting speed of a pure electric vehicle depend on the power and performance of the driving motor. The length of its driving range depends on the capacity of the on-board power battery. The weight of the on-board power battery depends on the type of power battery selected, such asPlumbic acid, zinc carbonlithium batteryTheir volume, specific gravity, specific power, specific energy and cycle life are all different.This depends on the manufacturer's positioning and use of the vehicle grade, as well as market definition and market segmentation.
The drive motors of pure electric vehicles are DC brushless, brushless, permanent magnet, electromagnetic, and AC stepping motors. Their selection is also related to the vehicle configuration, purpose, and grade.In addition, the speed control of the drive motor can also be divided into step speed control and stepless speed control, and can be divided into electronic speed controller and non speed controller.The motors include hub motor, inner rotor motor, single motor drive, multi motor drive and combined motor drive.
advantage: The technology is relatively simple and mature. It can be charged wherever there is power supply.
shortcoming：BatteryThe energy stored per unit weight is too little, and because the batteries of electric vehicles are more expensive and do not form an economic scale, the purchase price is more expensive. As for the use cost, some use prices are more expensive than cars, and some prices are only 1/3 of cars, which mainly depends on the battery life and local oil and electricity prices.Electric vehicle technology is still immature, charging technology, rangereliabilityAnd other aspects still need to be improved, but scrappedBatteryProcessing andpower gridSystematicoptimizationIt is also a key problem to be solved.
Hybrid
It refers to a vehicle that can obtain power from at least the following two types of on-board stored energy:
electric vehicle
Consumable fuel or rechargeable energy/energyStorageDevices.
According to the structural form of the power system, it can be divided into the following three categories:
Series hybrid electric vehicle (SHEV): a hybrid electric (electric) vehicle whose driving force only comes from the motor.The structural feature is that the engine drives the generator to generate electricity, and the electric energy passes throughMotor controllerIt is delivered to the motor, and the motor drives the vehicle.In addition, the power battery can also provide electric energy to the motor separately to drive the vehicle.
Parallel hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV): hybrid electric vehicle whose driving force is supplied by motor and engine simultaneously or separately.The structural feature is that the parallel drive system can use the engine or motor alone as the power source, or simultaneously use the motor andengineDrive the vehicle as a power source.
Hybrid electric vehicle(CHEV): Hybrid electric vehicle with series and parallel drive.The structural feature is that it can work in the series hybrid mode and also in the parallel hybrid mode, taking into account the characteristics of both series and parallel.
(Note: With the development of hybrid electric vehicle technology, its types are not limited to the above, but can also be classified according to other types.)
Those that usually use traditional fuels are equipped with motors/engines to improve low-speed power output and fuel consumption.In the domestic market,Hybrid vehiclesThe mainstream is gasoline hybrid, and diesel hybrid models in the international market are also developing rapidly.
advantage:
1. After hybrid power is adopted, the maximum power of internal combustion engine can be determined according to the average required power. At this time, it works under the optimal working condition of low fuel consumption and less pollution.When the power of high-power internal combustion engine is insufficient, it shall be supplemented by batteries;When the load is low, the surplus power can generate electricity to charge the battery. Since the internal combustion engine can work continuously, the battery can be continuously charged, so its travel is the same as that of an ordinary car.
2. Because of the battery, it is very convenient to recover the energy during braking, downhill and idling.
3. In the prosperous urban area, the internal combustion engine can be shut down and driven by the battery alone to achieve "zero" emissions.
4. With the internal combustion engine, it is very convenient to solve the problems encountered by pure electric vehicles, such as air conditioning, heating and defrosting, which consume a lot of energy.
5. Existing gas stations can be used for gas filling without further investment.
6. It can keep the battery in good working condition without overcharge and overdischarge, extend its service life and reduce costs.
Disadvantages: It can't save fuel when driving at high speed for long distance.
fuel cell
electric vehicle
withfuel cellA car used as a power source.Fuel cellChemical reaction processNo harmful products will be produced, so fuel cell vehicles are pollution-free vehicles, and the energy conversion efficiency of fuel cells is 2-3 times higher than that of internal combustion engines. Therefore, fuel cell vehicles are an ideal vehicle in terms of energy utilization and environmental protection.
A single fuel cell must be combined into a fuel cell pack to obtain the necessary power and meet the requirements of vehicle use.
Fuel cell technology has made significant progress.World famous automobile manufacturers, such asDaimler - Chrysler, Ford, Toyota andGeneral MotorsIt has been announced that it plans to put fuel cell vehicles on the market by 2024.At present, fuel cell car samples are being tested, and fuel cell powered transport buses are being demonstrated in several cities in North America.There are still technical challenges in the development of fuel cell vehicles, such as the integration of fuel cell packs, the improvement of commercial electric vehicle fuel processors, and the automobile manufacturers of the auxiliary department are working towards the direction of integrating components and reducing component costs, and have made significant progress.
Compared with traditional vehicles, fuel cell vehicles have the following advantages:
1. Zero or near zero emissions.
2. The water pollution caused by oil leakage is reduced.
In accordance with the overall plan for the standardization of electric vehicle charging facilities in China, under the coordination and support of the National Standards Commission, organized by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the National Energy Administration, led by the National Automobile Standards Commission, the Automotive Research Center, the Federation of Electric Power Enterprises and the Institute of Electrical Science drafted the Connecting Devices for Conductive Charging of Electric Vehicles Part 1: General RequirementsThree national standards: Connecting Devices for Conductive Charging of Electric Vehicles Part 2: AC Charging Interface and Connecting Devices for Conductive Charging of Electric Vehicles Part 3: DC Charging Interface;Organized by the National Energy Administration, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Electric Power Enterprise Confederation and the Automotive Research Center jointly drafted the national standard Communication Protocol between Off board Conductive Charger and Battery Management System of Electric Vehicles.The four standards have been approved and issued as "National Standard Announcement of the People's Republic of China 2011 No. 21" on December 22, 2011, and will be implemented on March 1, 2012[1-2]。
In June 2024, the General Administration of Market Supervision (the National Standards Commission) approved the release of a number of important national standards, including electric vehicles.In terms of electric vehicles, the post crash safety standards for fuel cell electric vehicles specify the hydrogen leakage volume of the whole vehicle, the hydrogen leakage rate of the passenger compartment, and the installation strength requirements and test methods of hydrogen storage cylinders that the fuel cell electric vehicles should meet after the crash, which can effectively improve the post crash safety of fuel cell electric vehicles and ensure the safety of passengers' lives and property.The electric vehicle charging and changing service information exchange standard can realize the data exchange between charging and changing facilities network service platforms, promote the data sharing and business connection of charging and changing and upstream and downstream industries, and realize the connection of "ten million piles" with "one network".The standard for the recycling of automotive power batteries gives the requirements of management and technical specifications for the recycling of waste power batteries of new energy vehicles, and pays more attention to the safety and environmental protection requirements at all stages of recycling, so as to help China's new energy vehicles develop healthily and sustainably.[21-22]
System structure
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Electric drive
Electric vehicle refers to a vehicle driven by on-board power supply and driven by motor, which meets the requirements of road traffic and safety regulations.It uses electricity stored in the battery to start.Sometimes 12 or 24 batteries are used to drive the car, and sometimes more are needed.
electric vehicle[4]The components of include:Electric driveandControl system, driving force transmission, etcmechanical system, working devices to complete the established tasks, etc.Electric drive and control system is the core of electric vehicle, which is also different frominternal-combustion engineThe biggest difference between cars.The electric drive and control system is composed of the drive motor, the power supply and the speed control device of the motor.Other devices of electric vehicles are basically the same as those of internal combustion engine vehicles.
Power Supply
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Provide for the drive motor of electric vehicleelectric energy, the motor converts the electric energy of the power supply intomechanical energy。The most widely used power supply isLead acid batteryHowever, with the development of electric vehicle technology, lead-acid batteries have low energy and slow charging speed,lifeShort, gradually replaced by other batteries.The main power sources under development areSodium sulfur battery、Nickel cadmium battery、lithium battery、fuel cellThe application of these new power supplies has opened up a wide range ofprospect。
Drive motor
Drive motorIts function is to convert the electrical energy of the power supply into mechanical energy, and drive the wheels and working devices through the transmission device or directly.butDC motorDue to commutationspark，Low power、Low efficiency, MaintenancemaintainLarge workload;With the development of motor control technologyDC brushless motor（BLDCM）、switched reluctance motor (SRM) and AC asynchronous motor, such as no casing disc axial magnetic field DCSeries motor。
Speed control
The motor speed control device is set for the speed change and direction change of the electric vehicle, which is used to control the motorVoltageorelectric currentTo control the driving torque and rotation direction of the motor.
In early electric vehicles, DC motor speed regulation was realized by connecting resistance in series or changing the number of turns of motor magnetic field coil.Because its speed regulation is stepwise, and will produce additional energy consumption or the structure of the motor is complex, it is rarely used now.Thyristor chopper speed regulation is widely used to realize stepless speed regulation of motor by uniformly changing the terminal voltage of motor and controlling the current of motor.With the continuous development of electronic power technology, it is also gradually chopped by other power transistors (such as GTO, MOSFET, BTR, IGBT, etc.)Speed regulating deviceReplaced by.From the perspective of technology development, with the application of new drive motors, the speed control of electric vehicles has changed toDC inverter technologyThe application of will become an inevitable trend.
In the rotation direction transformation control of the drive motor, the DC motor relies on the contactor to change the current direction of the armature or magnetic field to realize the rotation direction transformation of the motor, which makes the circuit complex and reduces the reliability.When AC asynchronous motor is used for driving, the change of motor rotation direction only needs to change the phase sequence of the three-phase current of the magnetic field, which can simplify the control circuit.In addition, useAC motorIts frequency conversion speed regulation control technology makes the brake energy recovery control of electric vehicles more convenient and the control circuit more simple.
transmission
The function of the electric vehicle transmission device is to transmit the driving torque of the motor to the drive shaft of the vehicle. When the electric wheel is used for driving, most parts of the transmission device can often be ignored.Because the motor can be started with load, the clutch of traditional internal combustion engine vehicle is not required for electric vehicles.Because the rotation direction of the drive motor can be changed through circuit control, the electric vehicle does not needReverse gear。When the stepless speed regulation control of motor is adopted, the electric vehicle can ignore theTransmission。When the electric wheel drive is adopted, the electric vehicle can also omit the differential of the traditional internal combustion engine vehicle transmission system.
Traveling device
The function of the traveling device is to turn the driving torque of the motor into the force on the ground through the wheel, and drive the wheel to travel.It has the same composition as other carswheel、tyreandsuspensionEtc.
Steering device
The steering device is set to realize the turning of the carSteering gear、Steering wheel、Steering gearAnd steering wheel.Acting onSteering wheelThe steering wheel is deflected to a certain angle by the steering gear and steering mechanism to realize the steering of the car.Most electric vehicles are front wheel steering, which is used in industryElectric forkliftRear wheel steering is often used.The steering devices of electric vehicles include mechanical steering, hydraulic steering and hydraulic power steering.
brake rigging
Sliding vane air compressor for electric vehicles
The braking device of electric vehicles, like other vehicles, is set for vehicle deceleration or parking, and usually consists of the brake and its control device.On electric vehicles, there is generally an electromagnetic braking device, which can use the control circuit of the drive motor to realize the power generation operation of the motor, so that the energy during deceleration braking can be converted into the current for charging the battery, and then be recycled.Domestic electric vehicles provide air braking equipment with endurance in high-power passenger vehicles NAILISliding vane air compressor, mainlycompressAirybrakingMode.
Working device
The working device is specially set for the industrial electric vehicle to complete the operation requirements, such asElectric forkliftLifting device, mast, fork, etc.The lifting of fork and the tilting of mast are usually completed by the hydraulic system driven by motor.
Charging equipment
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electric vehicle
MotordriveElectric energy comes from on-board rechargeable batteries or other energy storage devices.Most vehicles are directly driven by motor, and some vehicles install motor inengineIn the cabin, some of the wheels are directly used as the rotors of four motors. The difficulty lies in the power storage technology.
MotordriveElectric energy does not pollute the atmosphereHarmful gasEven if the electricity consumption is converted into the emissions of power plants, other pollutants except sulfur and particulates will also be significantly reduced.
The electric vehicle can also make full use of the surplus power for charging when the power consumption is low at night, so that the power generation equipment can be fully used day and night, greatly improving its economic benefits.It is these advantages that make the research and application of electric vehicles a "hot spot" in the automotive industry.
The ICM ladder wave six stage charging, similar to mobile phone charging, has a good de vulcanization effect. It can first activate the battery, and then carry out maintenance type fast charging. It has the functions of timing, full alarm, computer fast charging, password control, self identifying voltage, multiple protection, four way output, etc. It is equipped with universal output interface, which can quickly charge all electric vehicles.Public places such as shopping malls, supermarkets, hospitals, parking lots, community entrances, roadside grocery stores, etc.
In the process of promoting charging facilities, the problem to be solved urgently is the distribution of charging service network.The power sector relies on the existingParking facilitiesThe construction of micro grid, distributed and integrated rechargeable and interchangeable full function charging stations according to local conditions can avoid two shortcomings of the charging mode: one is the long charging time, and the other is the limited parking environment.
Development and dispute of charging standards
Electric vehicle charging
In October 2011, seven major automobile companies in the United States and Germany announced that their electric vehicles would try the unified charging socket standard. The seven companies are Audi, BMW, Daimler, Ford, GM, Porsche and Volkswagen.Subsequently, the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) announced that it had designed a plug that could be applied to the primary and secondary charging standards.The three-level DC fast charge can fully charge your electric vehicle battery in 15 minutes.In the case of secondary charging (110 V in the United States), the charging time is about 4-6 hours, depending on the vehicle model.The charging socket standards agreed by the seven companies are also compatible with SAE J1722 charging standard and European IEC 62196 Class II socket.
At the same time, the seven European and American automobile companies agreed to adopt the HomePlug GP interface technology of the Home Powerline Network Alliance as a common transmission protocol, which will enable charging to be integrated into the future smart grid.HomePlug power lineunionfromsemiconductorCompanies, public facilities companies, marketing companies and other types of companies.Members include various international companies, such as Cisco, FrancetelecomHuawei, China, etc.These companies work together to develop, produce and promote new technologies and applications that can improve power networks and connections.
Chademo standard DC fast charging station can charge 80% in 30 minutes.This kind of fast charging device is obviously more popular than the ordinary secondary charging pile, but its operation requires power grid transientpowerIt can reach 50 kilowatts, which raises concerns about the pressure on the power grid. Therefore, Chademo standard DC fast charging is not a solution for ordinary household charging.The SAE charging standard uses HomePlug GP technology to reasonably distribute household electricity to ensure that household appliances are not disturbed[4]。Wireless power transmission technology is a technology that uses radio technology to transmit power energy, and various countries are developing such wireless charging devices.
In September 2022, scientists from Harvard University developed a new solid state lithium metal battery for electric vehicles (EVs)The battery can be fully charged within 3 minutes in the experiment, and can be recycled more than 10000 times in its life cycle, and can be used for 20 years continuously[9]。In October, researchers from Pennsylvania State University in the United States designed a new battery structure, which can complete the charging of electric vehicles in ten minuteselectric[10]。
Charging precautions
The lithium-ion battery of electric vehicles only needs to be fully charged. The lithium-ion battery does not need to be fully charged. If it is not fully charged, the battery life will not be affected.[19]
Technical Principles
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Motor and control system
Pure electric vehicle uses motor instead of fuel engine, which is driven by motor withoutAutomatic gearbox。Compared with automatic gearbox, the motor has simple structure, mature technology and reliable operation.
The traditional internal combustion engine can limit the speed of torque generation in a narrow range, which is why the traditional internal combustion engine vehicle needs a large and complex gear change mechanism;The motor can efficiently generate torque in a relatively wide speed range. No gear shifting device is required during the driving of pure electric vehicle, which is easy to operate and low in noise.
Compared with hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles use a single electric energy source, and the electronic control system greatly reduces the number of vehicles insideMechanical transmission systemThe structure is simpler, the energy loss and noise caused by friction of mechanical parts are reduced, and the internal space and weight of the car are saved.
The motor drive control system is the main executive structure of the new energy vehicle during driving. The drive motor and its control system are one of the core components of the new energy vehicle (battery, motor, electronic control). Its driving characteristics determine the main performance indicators of the vehicle during driving. It is an important part of the electric vehicle.The fuel cell vehicle FCV, hybrid electric vehicle HEV and pure electric vehicle EV in electric vehicles all use motors to drive the wheels. The selection of appropriate motors is an important factor to improve the cost performance of various electric vehicles. Therefore, research and development or improvement can simultaneously meet the performance requirements of the vehicle during driving, and is robust, durable, low costThe motor drive mode with high efficiency is extremely important.
Power battery of pure electric vehicle
Power battery is the key technology of electric vehicle, which determines its mileage and cost.
The functional and economic indicators of the power battery for electric vehicles shall include: (1) safety;(2) Specific energy;(3) Specific power;(4) Life span;(5) Circular price;(6) Energy conversion efficiency.These factors directly determine the applicability and economy of electric vehicles.
(2) Supercapacitor
Supercapacitors have the advantages of high mass to power ratio and long cycle life, while their weaknesses are low mass to energy ratio and expensive purchase price. However, their cycle life is up to 500000 to 1 million times, so the price of a single cycle is not high. They can form a power supply system with excellent performance in parallel with lead-acid batteries and energy type lithium ion batteries.
(3) Lead acid battery
Lead acid battery has mature production technology, good safety, low price, and waste battery is easy to be recycled.In recent years, through new technology, its shortcomings such as low specific energy, short cycle life, acid fog during charging, and possible lead pollution in production have been constantly overcome, and various indicators have been greatly improved, which can not only be better used as the power supply for electric bicycles and electric motorcycles, but also play a good role in electric vehicles.
The lithium battery with carbon cathode and lithium iron phosphate cathode has good comprehensive performance: high safety, no expensive raw materials, no harmful elements, a cycle life of 2000 times, and has overcome the shortcomings of low conductivity.The specific mass energy of the energy battery can reach 120Wh/kg, which can be used in parallel with the supercapacitor to form a power supply with comprehensive performance.The mass specific energy of the power type is also 70~80Wh/kg, which can be used alone without parallel connection of super capacitors.[5]
(5) WithLithium titanateLithium ion battery with negative electrode
The lithium titanate has very small volume change during charging and discharging, which ensures the stability of the motor mechanism and the long life of the battery;The lithium titanate electrode has a high point position (1.5V relative to Li+/Li electrode), so it can not generate lithium crystal branches when charging the battery, which ensures the high safety of the battery.However, due to the high electrode potential of lithium titanate, even if it is paired with the lithium manganate cathode with high electrode potential, the battery voltage is only about 2.2V, so the specific energy of the battery is only about 50~60Wh/kg.Even so, this kind of battery has the outstanding advantages of high safety and long life, which is incomparable with other batteries.
Equipment characteristics
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No pollution, low noise
The exhaust gas produced by electric vehicles without internal combustion engines when they work does not produce exhaust pollution, which is very beneficial to environmental protection and air cleanness, almost "zero pollution".As we all know, the pollutants such as CO, HC, NOX, particulates, and odor in the exhaust gas of internal combustion engine vehicles form acid rain, acid mist, andPhotochemical smog。The electric vehicle has no noise generated by the internal combustion engine, and the noise of the motor is smaller than that of the internal combustion engine.Noise affects human hearing, nerve, cardiovascular, digestion, endocrineimmune systemIt is also harmful.
High energy efficiency and diversification
Research on electric vehicles shows that their energy efficiency has exceeded that of gasoline engine vehicles.Especially in urban operation, electric vehicles are more suitable because of their stop and go running speed.The electric vehicle does not consume electricity when it stops. During the braking process, the motor can be automatically converted into a generator to realize the reuse of energy during braking deceleration.Some studies have shown that the same crude oil is roughly refined, sent to the power plant for power generation, charged into the battery, and then driven by the battery. Its energy utilization efficiency is higher than that of refined gasoline, and then driven by the gasoline engine. Therefore, it is conducive to energy conservation and reductioncarbon dioxideDisplacement of.
On the other hand, the application of electric vehicles can effectively reduce the dependence on oil resources, and the limited oil can be used in more important aspects.The power charged to the storage battery can be converted from coal, natural gas, water power, nuclear energy, solar energy, wind power, tide and other energy sources.In addition, if the battery is charged at night, the peak power consumption can be avoided, which is conducive to load balancing of the power grid and cost reduction.
Simple structure and convenient maintenance
Compared with internal combustion engine vehicles, electric vehicles have simple structure, less running and transmission parts, and less maintenance work.When using communicationinduction motor The motor does not need maintenance. More importantly, the electric vehicle is easy to operate.
High power, short driving range
At present, the technology of electric vehicles is not as perfect as that of internal combustion engine vehicles. In particular, the life of power supply (battery) is short and the use cost is high.The storage capacity of the battery is small, and the driving distance after one charge is not ideal. The price of electric vehicles is expensive.However, from the perspective of development, with the progress of science and technology and the investment of corresponding human and material resources, the problem of electric vehicles will be gradually solved.The price and use cost of electric vehicles will inevitably decrease as they become more and more popular.
Power grid technology supporting development
The operation characteristics of EV battery replacement station, the key technology and control strategy of the replacement station as a distributed energy storage unit connected to the power grid;Screening principle, grouping method and system scheme of battery cascade utilization;Multi purpose converter in the replacement station;Integrated monitoring system of replacement station and energy storage station;Integrated demonstration project of replacement station and energy storage station.
Electric vehicle charging demand characteristics and the impact of large-scale electric vehicle charging on the grid;Electric vehicle orderly charging control management system;Electric vehicle orderly charging test system.
Control strategies and key technologies for the interaction between electric vehicles and power grids;Electric vehicle intelligenceCharging and discharging motor、Intelligent vehicle terminalAnd electric vehicle and power grid interaction coordination control system;Electric vehicle and power grid interaction experiment verification system;Inspection and testing technology for charging and discharging facilities of electric vehicles.
New charging and discharging technology for electric vehicles;Intelligent charging and discharging control strategy and detection technology for electric vehicles;Key technologies for interactive operation of charging facilities and power grid.
Large scale electric vehicle battery replacement technology, measurement and billing, asset management technology;Business model of charging facility operation;The construction scheme of the operation management system of the intelligent charging and changing service network based on the Internet of Things.
Management regulations
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National Development and Reform Commission“New energy vehiclesThe Announcement Management Measures and Implementation Rules have been implemented on November 1, 2007.The "General Technical Conditions for Urban and Rural Agricultural (Special) Electric Vehicles" is also in the brewing process. The commercialization of pure electric vehicles has begun to take shape in rural areas, and we should not ignore it.
In the future, pure electric vehicles that meet the international and market demand must comply with the following: 1Electric vehicleVehicle R&D and manufacturing operations must comply with various national regulations.The performance of the whole vehicle and parts must meet the national technical standards and specific requirements.2. Electric vehicles are based on electricityenergyThe motor driven vehicle will no longer produce new pollution, and will no longer produce flammable and explosive hazards.3. The battery used for energy storage of electric vehicles must be pollution-free and environmentally friendly.And it has a durable life, and has the function of ultra fast charging (2-3C or more current).According to the purpose of the vehicle, the continuous mileage of a single charge is determined, and the battery pack with sufficient power is installed to make full use of the super fast charging of the public charging station to extend the continuous mileage.4. The motor unit shall have high efficiency energy conversion.The direct utilization and recovery of braking and deceleration energy shall strive for high efficiency of comprehensive energy utilization of vehicles.5. The maximum speed shall be set according to the purpose of the vehicle and the driving situation, and shall not exceed the limit value of the traffic regulations, so as to reasonably select the power of the motor and configure the capacity of the battery pack.6. Vehicle driving operation, simple and effective control, reliable operation, ensure driving safety.7、Mechanics、electricalThe device is durable with less maintenance.The cost of vehicle operation is low.8. Based on the demand of the target market, provide practical and suitable models to meet it, and strive to achieve the comprehensive integration of technology, economy, practicality and function.
In the future, the industrialization and commercialization of electric vehicles that will be welcomed by users must meet the following characteristics: accurate positioning, appropriate use, suitable driving area, and optimal efficiency.Appropriate model and economical configuration.Reliable performance and convenient control.Environmentally friendly battery, durable life, sufficient power, super fast charging, perfect network, and good service.Low cost, minimal maintenance.
Problem
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The public ultrafast charging station is the infrastructure for the commercialization of pure electric vehicles. Only when it is completed in place can the former run smoothly. On the contrary, it is a short leg, restricted and affected by it. The commercial practices of electric vehicles in Europe and the United States fully illustrate this.
In addition, between charger and vehicle batteryCable connectorThe problem must be standardized to form the consistency of battery type, voltage grading, speed (power size) and other factors, otherwise the pure electric vehicle and the public ultrafast charging station cannot be effectively docked.
The four major components of pure electric vehicles and large chargers of public charging stations, special cables, cable connectors and even billing and charging systems are new parts in the automotive industry, and related parts manufacturers should form an industrial chain.
Development status
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China
The research and development of major scientific and technological projects of China's electric vehicles began in 2001. Through the scientific and technological breakthroughs of the two five-year plans and the application of the Olympic Games, World Expo and "Ten Cities, One Thousand Vehicles" demonstration platforms, China's electric vehicles have grown from scratch, and the technology has been in a state of continuous progress. A full industrial chain technology system of electric vehicles with independent intellectual property rights has been established.
By the end of 2010, 25 cities across the country had joined the "Ten Cities, One Thousand Vehicles" demonstration and promotion project of energy-saving and new energy vehicles, 184 models of more than 50 enterprises had entered the Catalogue of Recommended Models for Demonstration, Promotion and Application Project of Energy Saving and New Energy Vehicles, and more than 10000 electric vehicles of various types had been demonstrated and operated in various places, the demonstration mileage exceeded 200 million kilometers, and the total passenger capacity was more than 9 billion person times.The overall level and application scale of key technologies of electric vehicles are in the forefront of the world, and breakthroughs have been achieved in some fields.At the same time, China's electric vehicles have made remarkable achievements in product development and demonstration promotion.By the end of June 2012, a total of 454 energy-saving and new energy vehicle products of 83 enterprises had entered the Catalogue of Recommended Models for Demonstration and Promotion of Energy Saving and New Energy Vehicles.By the end of March 2012, 25 demonstration cities had promoted more than 19000 energy-saving and new energy vehicles.Among them, 16800 vehicles in the public service sector, 170 charging (replacement) power stations, more than 6400 charging piles and more than 9 billion passengers have been built.
After ten years of development, China's electric vehicles have begun to enter the stage of industrialization from the stage of research and development. The rising Chinese electric vehicle industry is showing vigorous vitality.
At present, among the technical routes of various new energy vehicles, electric vehicles, represented by hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles, are widely considered as the main direction of the transformation and development of the future automobile energy power system, and have become the development focus of the world's automobile powers and major automobile manufacturers.China is already a big country in the world automobile industry, but it is "big but not strong". China's future automobile industry must explore new ideas.The electric vehicle industry is expected toChina's automobile industryOpen up new growth points.
The next 10 years will be the development of new energy vehicles in ChinaStrategic opportunity periodChina attaches great importance to the development of electric vehicles. In the "12th Five Year Plan" issued in March 2011, China listed new energy vehicles as one of the strategic emerging industries, proposed to focus on the development of plug-in hybrid vehicles, pure electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles, and carry out research and development of plug-in hybrid vehicles, pure electric vehicles and large-scale commercial demonstration projects,Promote industrial application.In the future, China's electric vehicles will usher in a new round of rapid development.
At the beginning of 2010, the International Climate Organization interviewed 40 experts in electric vehicle related industries, and the results showed that the importance of charging infrastructure construction ranked second among many factors affecting the development of electric vehicles, surpassing the purchase price factor and only second to the battery technology improvement factor ranking first.All parties have reached a consensus on the fundamental and critical role of charging facilities.
From the perspective of foreign development, although the construction of charging facilities in major developed countries is still in its infancy, the government support is very strong.From the perspective of domestic development, major participants in the construction of charging facilities in China include State Grid Corporation of China, China Southern Power Grid Corporation, Putian Offshore Oil, Sinopec, BYD and other enterprises.A certain number of charging stations and charging piles have been put into operation in China. There are many charging modes, such as fast charging, slow charging and battery replacement. The early work has provided valuable experience for subsequent construction.At present, State Grid Corporation of China, China Southern Power Grid Corporation, Putian Offshore Oil, Sinopec and other enterprises have signed strategic cooperation agreements with most local governments, formulated relatively clear construction goals and plans, and the construction of charging stations has begun to show a momentum of accelerated development.
Although the construction of charging infrastructure has received great attention at home and abroad, all countries in the world are facing a series of problems such as unclear technical standards and operation modes. China urgently needs to increase research and innovation on the basis of pilot projects and explore a development path of charging infrastructure suitable for China's national conditions.
According to the data of China Association of Automobile Manufacturers, the sales volume of electric vehicles in China will reach 2.91 million in 2021, 2.6 times that of 2020.Government subsidies and the introduction of cheap models have prompted more consumers to buy electric vehicles.[8]
From May 2023《Regulations of Guangzhou Municipality on Power Supply and Consumption》Implement some forward-looking regulations on new areas such as the construction of electric vehicle charging and changing facilities, and the development of new energy facilities.First, it is required to reserve power connection and grid connection conditions for new facilities and equipment such as electric vehicle charging and changing facilities, communication base stations, energy storage facilities, distributed generation, etc. in the special planning of the power grid.Second, it is required to build charging and changing facilities for electric vehicles and other equipment or reserve construction conditions for the construction, reconstruction and expansion of residential quarters, industrial parks, commercial blocks and public parking lots.Third, power supply enterprises are required to connect qualified new facilities and equipment to the grid in a timely manner, and regulate the behavior of existing users to supply power to new facilities and equipment through power transfer.[12]
abroad
World famous automobile factoriesCommercial capitalWe are stepping up the development of various electric vehicles and have made some progress and breakthroughs.
First, Japan has always been committed toenergy crisisandenvironmental protectionJapan attaches great importance to the research and development of electric vehicles.From the perspective of the current global situation, Japan is one of the few countries with the fastest development speed of electric vehicle technologycountryOne, especially in the product development of hybrid vehicles, Japan is in the leading position in the world.enterpriseOnly Toyota andHondaTwo automobile companies.In December 1997,Toyota Motor CompanyFirst launched the world's first batch production hybrid car PRIUS in the Japanese market.The car was exported to North America in July 2000 and began to export in September of the same yearEuropeHas been listed in more than 20 countries around the worldsale。The current product is the second generation product after several improvements, and its production process is moremature。According to Toyota Motor Company'stest, PRIUS car is better thanCorolla44.4% fuel saving for cars;In suburban areas, 29.7% of the fuel is saved, and the overall fuel is saved by 40.5%.ofStatisticsData shows that Toyota Motor Corporation hasoccupy90% of the global hybrid vehicle market.On September 15, 2004, FAW Group and Toyota Motor Corporation of JapanBeijingHeld hybrid vehicle cooperationprojectAt the signing ceremony, it was announced that both parties would be in 2005.Joint production of Toyota PRIUS hybrid cars.The PRIUS hybrid car will enter the Chinese market in the same year.
Following the PRIUS hybrid car, Toyota Motor Company also launched the ESTIMA hybrid car and the CROWN car equipped with a soft hybrid system.Toyota Motor Corporation has been in the forefront of the world in popularizing the low fuel consumption, low emissions and improved driving performance of hybrid power systems.In addition.HondaThe Insight hybrid electric vehicle developed by the company has also been put on the marketdemand exceeds supply。In April 2002,Honda Motor CompanyCivic hybrid vehicles were launched in the US market.NissanThe company announced that it will sell the Ahima brand hybrid electric vehicle to the US market in 2006ToyotaThe automobile company signed the first product of the agreement on joint production of hybrid vehicles.
Second,U.S.A。American automobile companies are inferior to their Japanese counterparts in the industrialization of electric vehicles. The three major automobile companies have only produced and sold pure electric vehicles in small quantities, while hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles have not yet achieved industrialization. Hybrid electric vehicles from Japan occupy a leading position in the American market.
Third,Norway。In 2012, the sales volume of electric vehicles in Norway reached 10000, accounting for 5.2% of the sales volume of new cars that year, which is quite eye-catching for Norway with a population of only 5 million.Most of the electric vehicles in the Norwegian market are Nissan Leaf models. In 2012, Nissan Leaf models ranked 13th in the Norwegian automobile sales market. Other brands of electric vehicles include Revas and KewetBuddies.
On June 29, 2021 local time, according to the latest report issued by the International Clean Transport Council, the production of electric vehicles in the United States is far behind that in China and Europe, and this gap has expanded in the past three years.[7]
In Germany, the sales volume of electric vehicles in 2021 will be about 340000, 1.8 times that of 2020, and 4 times that of hybrid vehicles in 2021.The sales volume of electric vehicles in the United States will be about 490000 in 2021, 1.8 times that of 2020.[8]
On July 19, 2023, the data released by the European Automobile Manufacturers Association showed that the sales of new pure electric vehicles exceeded that of diesel vehicles for the first time, with the former selling 158252 vehicles and the latter 139595 vehicles.As a result, the market share of pure electric vehicles reached 15.1%, with a year-on-year growth of more than 4 percentage points.[13]
On February 12, 2024, the Ministry of Land, Land and Transport of South Korea released data showing that the purchase rate of electric vehicles in South Korea will be 9.3% in 2023.In 2023, the total sales volume of Korean cars will be 1749729, including 162507 electric cars, accounting for 9.3%.[18]
By the end of 2025,The pure electric Airbus Model A developed by Alef Aeronautics willStart delivery to the customer.Model A can be driven on the highway and has vertical takeoff and landing capability. It can carry one or two passengers, and the price is about 300000 dollars.[17]
Global
In 2021, the global sales volume of electric vehicles will double to 4.6 million, surpassing hybrid vehicles for the first time.
In 2021, the global sales volume of electric vehicles will increase to 2.2 times that of 2020, while the sales volume of hybrid vehicles will increase by 35% to about 3.1 million vehicles.Since 2019, the global sales of electric vehicles have almost tripled, while the sales of hybrid vehicles have increased by about 30%.[8]
In December 2023, according to the data of the International Energy Agency (IEA), the global sales of electric vehicles currently account for about 13% of the total sales of vehicles;By 2030, this proportion may rise to 40% - 45%.[15]
In April 2024, according to the data of the International Energy Agency, the global sales of electric vehicles will increase by more than one fifth to 17 million vehicles in 2024, which is mainly driven by Chinese drivers.[20]
Development prospect
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Climate change, energy and environmental issues are long-term issues facing human society.With the United States indicating its return to COP15（《United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change》The 15th Meeting of the Parties) and emerging countries represented by China and India were included, and major countries actively implemented energy and environmental protection strategies. The world has entered an era of truly solving common problems of human society.Whether the three major issues of greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption and exhaust emissions in the field of transportation can be effectively solved will directly affect the common problems of mankind. To this end, governments, organizations, automobile manufacturers, energy suppliers and venture capital enterprises in major countries around the world will work together to promote the upgrading of the industrial structure of the global automobile industry and the strategic transformation of power system electrification,Promote the formation of multi-level social basic industries of electric vehicles and the construction of corresponding policies and organizational security systems, and promote the formation of a sustainable electric vehicle society.
As a major energy consuming country in the world and an important force in environmental protection, China actively implements the technology strategy of electric vehicles, promotes the upgrading of the industrial structure of the automobile industry and the transformation of the power system electrification, cultivates and develops an electric vehicle society, and has achieved some results, but still faces the urgent need to improve the policy environment, weak industrial foundation, weak international competitivenessPoor open and collaborative innovation environment, low awareness of intellectual property protection and standardization, some key technologies to be strengthened, high vehicle costs, inadequate exploration of business models and other issues.On the basis of a brief analysis of the current situation and stage characteristics of the development of foreign electric vehicle society, this report focuses on summarizing the development process of China's electric vehicle society, the characteristics of the basic industrial structure that constitute China's electric vehicle society, the development status of the policies, standards, organizational security system required for the construction of the electric vehicle society, and the cultivation and development of new energy vehicle strategic emerging industries,Put forward suggestions on improving the social development of electric vehicles in China.
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in transportation is an important means to solve global climate change and a prerequisite for building a sustainable electric vehicle society.Governments and organizations of major countries in the world have formulated strict automobile exhaust emission standards, aiming to reduce the impact of transportation on the global climate and environment.
In addition, some events, such as photochemical smog in Los Angeles, the world oil crisis, the turmoil in the Middle East, and the haze weather in Beijing, put forward urgent requirements for environmental protection and national oil security, which promoted the progress of automobile technology worldwide and accelerated the construction of electric vehicle society.
As early as 2000, with the promotion of environmental protection and national oil security strategy, the construction of an electric vehicle society was put on the agenda, and China entered the initial stage of "science and technology guidance" of the electric vehicle society.This stage (the "Tenth Five Year Plan" period and the early stage of the "Eleventh Five Year Plan") is characterized by the research and development of key technologies of electric vehicles, focusing on a series of activities such as original innovation and system integration innovation of key technologies of electric vehicles, test environment construction, professional and technical personnel training, technical standard system construction, open and collaborative innovation environment construction, scientific and technological achievements transformation activities, etc[4]。
During the "Tenth Five Year Plan" period, the Ministry of Science and Technology creatively put forward the "three vertical and three horizontal" strategic planning and layout of electric vehicle research and development, taking into full consideration the weak industrial foundation, weak scientific research strength, limited R&D investment of enterprises and other current situations in China, and giving play to the advantages of China's socialist system of focusing on major events,Fully deploy the key technologies of electric vehicles, thus completing the original innovation and system integration innovation of key technologies of electric vehicles in China.During the "Eleventh Five Year Plan" period, on the basis of carefully summarizing the previous research results, we focused on the research and development of electric vehicle power system technology platform and key components, and strengthened the technological breakthrough of large-scale industrialization.
Industry and incentive policies: 1. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the National Development and Reform Commission and other ministries and commissions participated in the formulation of the Energy Saving and New Energy Vehicle Industry Plan;2. The national and local governments should study and formulate incentive policies for the demonstration and promotion of new energy vehicles, encourage the exemption of license plate auction, lottery, advance and other restrictive measures, encourage the introduction of parking fees, electricity prices, road tolls and other support policies, and include new energy vehiclesGovernment Procurement Catalogue；3. The State Council's "12th Five Year Plan" Comprehensive Work Plan for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction clearly points out that: (1) we should promote energy conservation and emission reduction in transportation and actively promote energy-saving and new energy vehicles;(2) By 2015,non-fossil fuelsAccounting for 11.4% of the total primary energy consumption.(3) By 2015, the added value of strategic emerging industries will account forgross domestic productThe proportion reaches about 8%;Industrialization promotion: 1《Decision of the State Council on Accelerating the Cultivation and Development of Strategic Emerging Industries》It is clearly pointed out that new energy vehicles should be cultivated and developed as a strategic emerging industry in the 7th World War;2. The National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Commerce jointly issued the Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries (revised in 2011) to encourage foreign investment in energy type power batteries for new energy vehicles. In order to prevent technology collapse, it is required that foreign investment in equity should not exceed 50%;3. When issuing or changing the name to approve the new automobile production factory, the enterprise shall be required to have new energy automobile products;4. In combination with local resource distribution, industrial characteristics, etc., several industrialization bases related to new energy vehicles have been set up nationwide;Technical route, product R&D, test and R&D center: 1. The Outline of the National Medium and Long term Scientific and Technological Development Plan (2006-2020) lists low energy consumption and new energy vehicles as the priority development theme;2. Taking full account of China's weak industrial foundation and weak R&D capability, the Ministry of Science and Technology has proposed a strategic R&D layout of "three vertical and three horizontal" by adopting the interaction of transition and transformation;3. Prepared by the Ministry of Science and Technology《The 12th Five Year Plan for the Development of Electric Vehicle Science and Technology》, set up major electric vehicle projects and carry out technical research;4. Enterprises, scientific research institutes and colleges and universities registered in China with independent legal personality can undertake national high-tech development projects;5. The local government actively raised funds to set up special funds for research and development, industrialization and demonstration and promotion of new energy vehicles;6. The Ministry of Science and Technology and the National Development and Reform Commission have successively set up a number of national engineering technology centers and engineering laboratories for energy-saving and new energy vehicles;Demonstration promotion and market cultivation: 1. Launch the "two legs" new energy vehicle development model combining R&D and demonstration in a timely manner;2. Formulate the Interim Measures for the Management of Financial Subsidy Funds for the Demonstration and Promotion of Energy Saving and New Energy Vehicles;3. Formulate the Interim Measures for the Management of Pilot Financial Subsidy Funds for Private Purchase of New Energy Vehicles;4. The Notice of the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Finance, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on Further Doing a Good Job in the Pilot Work of Demonstration and Promotion of Energy Saving and New Energy Vehicles emphasizes the establishment of a fair market order to promote production enterprises to give play to their advantages in technology, quality, price and service and orderly participate in market competition;5. National ministries and local governments attach great importance to the safety of electric vehicle demonstration and promotion;6. The state, local governments, vehicle enterprises and infrastructure operators establish a layered monitoring and data collection platform for the demonstration and promotion of new energy vehicles
[Organization guarantee] 1. The Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the National Development and Reform Commission have established a linkage coordination mechanism based on their respective functional division to guide the pilot work of "ten cities, one thousand vehicles" demonstration and promotion of energy-saving and new energy vehicles;2. The National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Commerce, based on the linkage coordination mechanism, put forward the equity requirements for foreign-invested new energy auto parts enterprises;3. The Energy Administration, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and other commissions and bureaus have established a linkage coordination mechanism to carry out the construction of electric vehicle standards;4. Local science and technology departments (committees and bureaus), in combination with the transformation and development of local cities, industrial cultivation, geographical characteristics and needs of major activities, set up leading groups to actively undertake national science and technology projects and promote the demonstration and promotion of energy-saving and new energy vehicles in local areas;
[Business&Services] 1. Explore different infrastructure supporting forms such as charging, changing and charging compatibility, avoid factors such as high battery cost and insufficient battery performance, and promote the popularization and development of electric vehicles;2. Explore new business models such as "financial leasing", "social donation", "energy contract management", reduce local financial pressure, and accelerate the popularization and development of electric vehicles;3. Explore the business model of all stakeholders in the whole value chain to improve the economic benefits in the whole life cycle of electric vehicles, so as to achieve sustainable demonstration and promotion of electric vehicles;
[Application products] 1. Coordinate domestic resources, focus on the advantages, carry out technological innovation of energy saving and new energy vehicles, improve the innovation ability of enterprises, enhance the international competitiveness of new energy vehicles, and develop more than 300 energy saving and new energy vehicle products in total;2. Develop electric vehicle charging/changing infrastructure to support the scale demonstration and popularization of electric vehicles;3. Explore the joint supply and storage system of all vanadium liquid flow storage and solar cell power generation, wind solar power joint power generation energy storage system, fuel cell communication and household backup power supply and other products to support the optimal control of power distribution;
[Optimization control] 1. Intelligent power distribution considering the actual use conditions of basic energy production enterprises and application productsOptimal control system；
【Energy infrastructure】1. The State Grid, China Southern Power Grid, Putian and other companies, in combination with the enterprise strategic planning and the "Ten Cities, One Thousand Vehicles" project, build infrastructure suitable for the demonstration and promotion of urban energy saving and new energy vehicles in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and other regions;
[Intelligent and information-based highway transportation system] 1. Give full play to the respective advantages of aviation, railway track, waterway and highway transportation, and establish a national comprehensive transportation system combining point line area;2. Make full use of information technology and intelligent control technology to realize the intellectualization and informatization of highway transportation system and improve system efficiency;3. Considering the intelligent and information-based characteristics of electric vehicles, use the Internet of Vehicles technology to bring electric vehicles into the entire transportation system;4. Utilize intelligent transportation, intelligent vehicle technology and GPSGPRS technology, provide additional intelligent services for vehicles, and improve the additional value of vehicles.
Problems and suggestions
The "12th Five Year Plan" period is a strategic opportunity period for the rapid development of China's electric vehicle society. The development of the basic industrial structure of the electric vehicle society determines the quality of China's seizing the new growth points of the future global economy, determines whether the upgrading of the industrial structure of China's automobile industry and the transformation of the power system are successfully realized, and is an important strategic opportunity to realize the transformation of the automobile industry from big to strong.
The overall development trend of China's electric vehicle society is good, but there are no development experiences and models to learn from, the value chain of electric vehicle manufacturing is incomplete, the interests of stakeholders in the value chain system continue to struggle, the technical foundation and innovation ability are relatively weak, the enterprise's awareness of intellectual property rights and standard strategies is insufficient, the open collaborative innovation mechanism is not smooth, and the policy orientation and technology strategy need to be optimizedIt is suggested to strengthen the following research and deployment during the key period of the "12th Five Year Plan":
（1） Carry out research on the social connotation of electric vehicles, actively explore and plan the road map for the social development of electric vehicles
China has taken the lead in the world in electric vehicle technology R&D activities and demonstration and promotion work, especially in the demonstration and promotion of electric vehicles. There is no foreign successful experience to learn from. In order to avoid going the wrong way and delaying the opportunity, China should strengthen the research on the trend of political, economic, social and technological environment changes at home and abroad,Scenario analysis of the impact of different change trends on the strengths/weaknesses, opportunities/threats of China's electric vehicles（SWOT analysis method）To guide decision-making in the process of social development of electric vehicles.
（2） Digest and absorb the value chain of relevant foreign electric vehicle manufacturers, and combine with the development process of China's electric vehicle society to form a horizontal division type value chain of electric vehicle manufacturers with reasonable division of labor, balanced interests, and effective combination of technology and finance
Compared with the vertically integrated traditional automobile value chain dominated by traditional automobile enterprises and affiliated with parts, the value chain of electric vehicle manufacturers has the characteristics of horizontal division of labor.In order to improve the value chain of electric vehicle manufacturers with horizontal division of labor, China should establish corresponding guiding policies to guide the division of labor between vehicle manufacturers and key parts, system assembly units in product development and production, so as to realize the transfer of some high added value to parts, such as integrated design and control of APU units, integrated design and management of battery packs, etc,Finally, the interests of all enterprises in the whole industry chain will be distributed reasonably, so as to improve the enthusiasm of all enterprises.
In addition, China should actively guide and attract the capital of large state-owned enterprises, venture capital and private capital into electric vehiclesIndustrial value chainTo realize the deep integration of electric vehicle technology and financial capital.
（3） Insist on doing something, do nothing, and strive to break through the short board technology of electric vehicle products used by ordinary consumers in all-weather environment
An important measure of the maturity of the electric vehicle society is the proportion of the electric vehicle population in the whole society. China's electric vehicle population accounts for less than 1/5000 of the national vehicle population, which is still in the early stage of the rapid development of the electric vehicle society.The reasons are mainly due to the engine control technology of conventional hybrid electric vehicles, the fast start and stop technology of electric vehicle engines, the battery cost control technology, the battery material preparation technology, the manufacturing technology of battery high-voltage electrical safety devices, the high-power and large current IGBT technology, the low temperature environment adaptability technology of batteries, the technology to avoid battery thermal runaway, the vehicle high-voltage electrical safety protection technologyTechnologies such as vehicle energy management and active safety control still cannot meet the vehicle performance requirements, and the overall performance of electric vehicles must follow the "bucket principle". Therefore, any of the above key technologies will affect the popularity of electric vehicles and hinder the formation of an electric vehicle society.
（4） Adjust the subsidy standard of new energy vehicles, and effectively link the technology development strategy of new energy vehicles with the subsidy standard
The technology strategy of "pure electric drive" conforms to the trend of global automotive power system electrification reform, and is an important technology strategy for China's electric vehicle technology development during the "12th Five Year Plan" period.In order to implement the technology strategy of "pure electric drive", the Ministry of Science and Technology has formulated the specific implementation strategies of "technology platform integration", "model development crowding" and "market promotion in three steps".
（5） Deepen the connotation of technological innovation alliance, industry university research cooperation, joint development and other forms of cooperation, and establish an open collaborative innovation mechanism for electric vehicles
At present, open innovation, organizational network development, and wider use of collaboration technology have become important trends in business model innovation of global enterprises.The formation of the electric vehicle society depends on the joint promotion of high-tech, materials, energy, communications and other industries, and needs the cross integration of multidisciplinary technologies. Therefore, the open collaborative innovation mechanism is an inevitable choice under the actual situation of decentralized research and development of China's electric vehicle technology and weak core technology competitiveness.For this reason, in the process of China's electric vehicle social development, we should deepen the connotation of technology innovation alliance, industry university research cooperation and other forms, mobilize national advantageous resources, and form a truly representative of the national level, open, mutual respect electric vehicle technology innovation "national alliance".
（6） Accelerate the formulation of national standards, actively lead or participate in the formulation of international standards, on the one hand, strictly prevent international companies from adopting standardization strategies to reduce the international competitiveness of Chinese products;On the other hand, by leading or participating in the formulation of international standards and adopting strategies such as factual standards, we can break through barriers in the international market and cultivate the competitiveness of China's electric vehicles in the international market
In the process of building a sustainable electric vehicle society, how China actively responds to and guides the standardization trend is an important factor to form China's international competitive advantage for electric vehicles. Therefore, China should carry out standardization work from the following three aspects:
(1) Balance the differentiated needs of Chinese enterprises and the overall trend of technology standardization, promote domestic standardization activities, and actively participate in international standardization activities.
(2) Actively respond to some or all of the core technologies that are competitive with China in the world to implement standardization activities, and formulate a substantive advantage strategy to ensure the competitiveness of Chinese products;For foreign technologies that pose obstacles to China's development, standardization actions shall be implemented within the scope of ISO, ITC, etc.
(3) Strategically think about how to deal with the standardization trend. For the technology with high added value in the technology chain, adopt the strategy similar to that used by German BMW and other related enterprises, use export to promote the wide application of technology, and use economies of scale to significantly reduce costs
An important research result of the research group of Wu Yuping, professor of Fudan University.This is aboutAqueous solution lithium battery systemThe latest research can improve the performance of lithium battery by 80%.Electric vehicles only need to charge for 10 seconds to drive 400 kilometers. This battery is cheap, safe and not explosive.
In 2023, the research team of the Engineering Ceramics Laboratory of the Korea Materials Research Institute manufactured silicon nitride bearing balls for electric vehicle drive modules.It is estimated that by 2026, the global market size of hybrid power bearings using silicon nitride bearing ball technology will grow to more than 1.3 trillion won.[16]
manufacturing enterprise
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Domestic electric vehicle enterprises mainly includeConcentration degree, Weilai, Xiaopeng, Ideals, etc;Foreign electric vehicle enterprises mainly includeTesla。
Social evaluation
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Zhuang Tong, Engineer of China Electric Power Research Institute
The research and development work of electric vehicle batteries has experienced a lot from lead-acid batteriesNickel metal hydride batteryreachlithium batteryEach battery has its own advantages and disadvantages.
Lead acid batteries are the earliest and have been used for the longest timeBatterySeries.The lead-acid battery has the best safety performance, with few explosion, fire and other phenomena, but the energy storage effect is not ideal.Later, people developed NiMH batteries, and the effect of storing electric energy and power is better than that of lead-acid batteries. However, because the hydrogen produced by NiMH batteries during charging is easy to explode, enterprises can use NiMH batteries in a usable state.
electric vehicle
By the year 2000, people had successfully developed lithium batteries.The electric energy stored by lithium battery is 2-3 times that of lead-acid battery. However, since the lithium ion contained in it is active on the surface of the metal layer, it is prone to spontaneous combustion, explosion and other situations in the air, which is more dangerous.Therefore, the research and development of lithium battery in various countries is mainly to control its safety and stability.
"One lithium battery can be recharged for about 1000 times, of whichLithium iron phosphate batteryEnergy storage effect ratio ofLithium cobalate batteryandLithium manganate batteryIt is less effective, but its safety performance is the best, and its energy storage is much higher than that of lead-acid batteries, so lithium iron phosphate batteries are the most promising. "Zhuang Tong said.
Director of Electric Vehicle Branch of China Automotive Engineering SocietyChen Quanshi
Chen Quanshi said that the country attaches great importance to the research work of lithium batteries. In the "863" program, the country has invested a total of 66 million yuan, all of which is used for the research and development of lithium batteries.Compared with Japan, the United States and other developed countries that are leading the research and development of lithium batteries, China has a certain gap in the manufacturing precision, equipment, standards and other research and development details of lithium batteries. "
There are three major problems in domestic lithium battery research.The first is the consistency of manufacturing.Due to the gap in the manufacturing process and equipment of lithium batteries, the production process of domestic lithium batteries is uneven, and the manufacturing standards are not consistent.All lithium batteries used in electric vehicles are connected in series or in parallel. If the consistency problem is not solved well, the lithium batteries produced will not be applied to electric vehicles in a large scale.
The second is the issue of intellectual property rights.Breakthroughs have been made in the research of lithium iron phosphate battery in China, but since the United States has patents in this field, we can independently research and develop some links, but we still don't know how to deal with intellectual property issues.
The third is the screening of raw materials.It is impossible to import all the raw materials for the production of lithium batteries, which are mainly from domestic sources. However, domestic raw materials must pass international certification, and the lithium batteries produced can be recognized internationally. Therefore, there are still some problems in the process of raw material certification.
Deputy Director of Economic Cooperation Department of China Society for International Economic CooperationYang Jingui
In China, 80% of carbon dioxide emissions come from coal combustion, and more than 50% of coal consumption is used for thermal power generation. At the same time, thermal power generation accounts for more than 70% of the total power generation.In addition, the average efficiency of coal power generation in China is only 35%. Under such circumstances, the development of electric vehicles is tantamount to increasing power consumption, which also means increasing carbon emissions.With the acceleration of China's urbanization and industrialization, power resources will become more strained.In China, where wind energy and nuclear power generation are still in the development stage, vigorously developing electric vehicles will inevitably increase the tension between energy supply and demand, which is not conducive to the development layout of low-carbon industries.For the government, while sparing no effort to support the development of electric vehicles and support related enterprises to develop new products, it is more necessary to solve the source problem.Taking electric vehicles as an example, it is not advisable to replace oil with coal. The premise for electric vehicles to become pioneers in the era of low-carbon economy is to solve the problem of power resources, otherwise, the prospects are not optimistic.
The future of electric vehicles is dim
Takeshi Uchiyamada, Vice President of Toyota Motor, is known as the "father of the Prius".
"Because of the problems of driving distance, cost and charging time, electric vehicles are not practical alternatives to most traditional cars. We need something new," he said
The recent actions of Japan's two largest automobile manufacturers suggest that although electric vehicles that have been developed for more than 100 years have experienced several brief recoveries, they have not yet reached their peak, and may never do so.At the same time, executives in the automotive industry in Asia, Europe and North America began to focus on new alternative energy sources: hydrogen. Although hydrogen vehicles are uncommon, they have great prospects.The reality is that consumers are still not interested in electric vehicles.Despite the "green" travel concept and billions of dollars of investment, electric vehicles still face many problems, including high cost, short driving distance and lack ofCharging stationEtc.The lack of public interest in electric vehicles led the Obama administration to abandon the grand plan of reaching 1 million electric vehicles in the United States by 2015 last week.The tepid attitude of consumers towards electric vehicles triggered Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn1 to announce a major strategic adjustment for more mainstream hybrid vehicles.Ghosn is probably the most public supporter of electric vehicles in the automotive industry.
It is widely believed that Ghosn's move is an tacit admission that billions of dollars in bets on electric vehicles failed to reach the goal of selling hundreds of thousands of Nissan Leafs.Nissan plans to follow its competitor Toyota.Toyota is the world's largest producer of hybrid vehicles. It is expected to skip pure electric vehicles and directly enter the next possible green technology breakthrough - hydrogen vehicles.Hydrogen car is a kind ofFuel cell vehicle, no pollution, no oil consumption, hydrogen into electricity.Takeshi Uchiyamada, Toyota's vice president, said he believes that fuel cell vehicles have a better future than electric vehicles.
reform measures
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On July 31, 2014, the National Development and Reform Commission posted on its website《Notice on Relevant Issues of Electric Vehicle Electricity Price Policy》It is clear that supporting prices will be implemented for electric vehicle charging and changing facilities.The electricity price policy for electric vehicles specifies that the electricity used by the operating centralized charging and changing facilities will be subject to the large industrial electricity price, and the basic electricity charge will be exempted before 2020;For charging facilities such as residential houses and residential quarters, the residential electricity price shall apply.In addition, the peak and valley time of use electricity price policy is implemented for electric vehicle charging and changing facilities to encourage users to reduce charging costs.[6]
Related books
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essential information
cover
Full Name: Electric Vehicle Technology, Policy and Market
Technically, modern electric vehicles (EVs) have been able to meet the travel needs of most people, but they have been unable to achieve large-scale commercial applications.What on earth has hindered the development of electric vehicles.Many books try to find the answers to the problems from the technical level of electric vehicles, while this book will start with the market and policies to find the obstacles to development and solutions to the problems.
This book starts from the prosperity of the internal combustion engine, and gets the inevitable trend of the development of electric vehicles from its inherent defects. It introduces various technical schemes of electric vehicles, and examines in detail the problems existing in their energy storage systems and charging facilities.On this basis, the cost efficiency, development path and policy impact of electric vehicles are discussed.The scope of discussion includes developed countries and emerging market countries, of which the latter will provide broader development space for electric vehicles.
This book does not require the reader to have professional knowledge background, and is easy to understand. It is suitable for all ages. It aims to provide detailed and rich reference materials for business, political and academic circles, and is also suitable for an introduction to electric vehicle technology and development status.
catalog
Part 1 Personal Transportation - Seizing Historical Opportunities
Chapter 1 Internal combustion engine defeats electric vehicle
Chapter 2 Global Challenges of Sustainable Development
