Formamide is an organic compound with the molecular formula CHthreeNO，It is a colorless transparent liquid with a slight ammonia smell. It is a raw material for synthetic medicine, spices, dyes, etc. It can also be used as a solvent for synthetic fiber spinning, plastic processing, production of ligncasein ink, etc.
Chinese name
Formamide
Foreign name
Formamid
Alias
Aminoformaldehyde
chemical formula
CHthreeNO
molecular weight
forty-five point zero four
CAS login number
75-12-7
EINECS login number
200-842-0
Melting point
2 to 3 ℃
Boiling point
210.5 ℃
Water solubility
Miscible with water
Density
1.134 g/cm³
Appearance
Colorless Transparent Liquid
Flash point
154.4 ℃(Open cup)
Application
Used as spinning solvent and organic synthesis intermediate
Solubility: insoluble in ether and chlorinated solvents, slightly soluble in benzene, miscible with water, methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, acetone, dioxane, ethylene glycol, phenol and low-grade esters.It can dissolve casein, but not albumin.It can also dissolve casein, glucose, corn protein, gelatin, animal glue, resin, starch, lignin, acetate fiber, nylon and some inorganic salts, chlorides of copper, lead, zinc, tin, cobalt, iron, aluminum and nickel, some sulfate and nitrate.[1]
chemical property
The hydrolysis rate of formamide is very slow at room temperature. Increasing the temperature or adding acid or alkali can accelerate the hydrolysis.Hydrogen cyanide can be decomposed by heating to below 35 ℃ in the presence of catalyst.Formamide has two active functional groups, namely carbonyl group and amide group, which are easy to react and generate many nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds.Formamide can react with inorganic acid to form formic acid and ammonium salt.In the presence of catalyst, it reacts with organic halides or alcohols to generate formate.This product can alsoβ-Diketoneβ-Amine ketone, aliphatic coupling, aromatic coupling, heterocyclic coupling reaction.It can combine with cobalt salt, copper salt and nickel salt to form complex.Formamide can generate hydrogen cyanide when encountering strong dehydrating agents such as phosphorus pentoxide.It reacts with phosphorus pentasulfide to produce thioformamide.Formamide can strongly corrode copper, brass, lead and rubber, so attention should be paid during storage and transportation.[1]
Molecular structure data
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Molar refractive index: 10.40
Molar volume (cmthree/mol）：46.0
Isotonic specific volume (90.2K): 109.8
Surface tension (dyne/cm): 32.4
Polarization (10-24cmthree）：4.12
Calculate chemical data
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Reference value of drainage parameter calculation (XlogP): - 0.8
Number of hydrogen bond donors: 1
Number of hydrogen bond receptors: 1
Number of rotatable chemical bonds: 0
Number of tautomers: 2
Topological molecular polar surface area (TPSA): 43.1
Number of heavy atoms: 3
Surface charge: 0
Complexity: 12.3
Number of isotope atoms: 0
Determine the number of atomic structure centers: 0
Number of uncertain atomic structure centers: 0
Determine the number of chemical bond structure centers: 0
Number of uncertain chemical bond structure centers: 0
Number of covalent bond units: 1
Preparation method
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Method 1
By carbon monoxide andmethanolstaySodium methoxideGenerated under actionMethyl formate。Methyl formate is re ammonolyzed to form formamide, and the reaction conditions are 80-100 ℃ and 0.2-0.6MPa.This method has fewer problems.
Method 2
Formic acid and methanol are firstly esterified to produce methyl formate, then ammonolysis to produce formamide, and then rectification is carried out to separate methanol and impurities to obtain the finished product.This method has become obsolete due to its high cost.
Method 3
Formamide is directly synthesized from carbon monoxide and ammonia under the catalysis of sodium methoxide under high pressure (10-30MPa) and 80-100 ℃.
Method 4
Formic acid and urea method.
Method 5
Ammonium formate is produced by the reaction of formic acid and ammonia.Heating ammonium formate to dehydrate to obtain formamide.
purpose
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Formamide has active reactivity and special solubility, and can be used as organic synthesis raw material, paper treatment agent, softener for fiber industry, softener for animal glue, and analytical reagent for determination of amino acid content in rice.In organic synthesis, most of them are used in medicine, and also in pesticides, dyes, pigments, spices, and additives.
It is used as an intermediate to synthesize imidazole, pyrimidine, 1,3,5-triazine, caffeine, theobromine and theobromine.Used as raw materials for dyes, spices, pigments, adhesives, textile auxiliaries, paper processing agents, etc.Raw materials for production of formic acid and dimethylformamide, etc.
It is also an excellent organic solvent, mainly used in the spinning of acrylonitrile copolymer and ion exchange resin, as well as anti-static coating or conductive coating of plastic products.In addition, it is also used to separate chlorosilane and purify grease.Formamide can undergo a variety of reactions. In addition to three hydrogens participating in the reaction, dehydration, CO removal, introduction of amino groups, introduction of acyl groups, cyclization and other reactions can also be carried out.[1]
security information
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Safety terminology
S23：Do not breathe gas/fumes/vapour/spray.
Do not breathe gas/smoke/vapor/spray.
S26：In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
After eye contact, immediately flush with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
S36/37/39：Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection.
Wear appropriate protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection.
S45：In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the lable where possible).
In case of an accident or feeling unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label if possible).
S53：Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use.
Avoid contact and obtain special instructions before use.
Risk terminology
R61：May cause harm to the unborn child.
May cause harm to unborn babies.
Hazard Overview
Health hazard: slightly irritating to skin, occasionally causing allergy.Its vapor or fog can irritate eyes, mucosa and upper respiratory tract.
Explosion hazard: This product is flammable, irritant and allergic.
First aid measures
Skin contact: Take off the contaminated clothes and wash the skin thoroughly with soapy water and clean water.
Eye contact: Lift the eyelid and flush with flowing water or physiological saline.Get medical attention.
Inhalation: leave the site to fresh air.If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.Get medical attention.
Ingestion: drink enough warm water to induce vomiting.Get medical attention.
Fire fighting measures
Hazard characteristics: flammable in case of open fire and high heat.During combustion and decomposition, toxic nitrogen oxide gas is released.
Extinguishing method: firefighters must wear gas masks and full body fire-fighting clothes to extinguish the fire in the upwind direction.Move the container from the fire site to an open place as far as possible.Spray water to keep the fire site container cool until the fire is extinguished.If the container in the fire site has changed color or sounds from the safety relief device, it must be evacuated immediately.Spray the escaping liquid with water to dilute it into an incombustible mixture, and protect the firefighters with foggy water.Extinguishing agent: water, atomized water, insoluble foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide, sand.
Leakage emergency treatment
Emergency treatment: quickly evacuate the personnel in the leakage pollution area to the safety area, isolate them, and strictly restrict access.Cut off the ignition source.It is recommended that emergency personnel wear self-contained positive pressure respirators and anti poison clothing.Cut off the leakage source as much as possible.Prevent from flowing into restricted spaces such as sewers and flood discharge ditches.
Small amount of leakage: absorb with sand, vermiculite or other inert materials.A large amount of water can also be used for flushing, and the diluted washing water will be discharged into the waste water system.
Large amount of leakage: build a dike or dig a pit to receive.Transfer to tank car or special collector with pump, and recycle or transport to waste disposal site for disposal.
Handling and storage
Operation precautions: closed operation.Operators must be specially trained and strictly abide by the operating procedures.It is recommended that operators wear self-priming filter gas mask (half mask), chemical safety goggles, anti poison penetration work clothes and rubber oil resistant gloves.Keep away from kindling and heat sources, and smoking is strictly prohibited in the workplace.Use explosion-proof ventilation systems and equipment.Prevent vapor leakage into the air of the workplace.Avoid contact with oxidants, acids and alkalis.Load and unload gently during transportation to prevent damage to packaging and containers.Fire fighting equipment and leakage emergency treatment equipment of corresponding types and quantities shall be provided.Empty containers may leave harmful substances.
Precautions for storage: store in a cool and ventilated warehouse.Keep away from kindling and heat sources.It shall be stored separately from oxidants, acids and alkalis, and mixed storage is strictly prohibited.Equip with corresponding types and quantities of fire-fighting equipment.The storage area shall be equipped with leakage emergency treatment equipment and appropriate materials.
Exposure control/personal protection
Engineering control: closed operation.
Respiratory system protection: When the concentration in the air exceeds the standard, you must wear a self-priming filter gas mask (half mask).In case of emergency rescue or evacuation, air respirator should be worn.
Eye protection: wear chemical safety goggles.
Body protection: wear work clothes to prevent poison penetration.
Hand protection: wear rubber oil resistant gloves.
Other protection: smoking is strictly prohibited at the work site.Pay attention to personal hygiene.[2]
Waste disposal
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Disposal by incineration.It shall be mixed with fuel and then incinerated.The nitrogen oxides discharged from the incinerator are removed through the scrubber.[2]
Regulatory information
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The Regulations on the Safety Management of Dangerous Chemicals (issued by the State Council on February 17, 1987), the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Regulations on the Safety Management of Dangerous Chemicals (HLF [1992] No. 677), the Regulations on the Safe Use of Chemicals in the Workplace (LBF [1996] No. 423) and other regulations have made corresponding provisions on the safe use, production, storage, transportation, loading and unloading of dangerous chemicals.[2]
