Thyroid gland isvertebrateVery important gland, belonging to endocrine organ.staymammalLike it is located in the neckThyroid cartilageBelow, on both sides of the trachea.The human thyroid is reddish brownGlands, just like shield armour, so it is named after it.[4]
Thyroid controls the speed of energy use and productionproteinAdjust the body for othershormoneOfsusceptibility。Thyroid depends on manufacturingthyroxineTo adjust these reactionsTriiodothyronine(T3) and thyroxine, also called tetraiodideThyronine(T4)。Regulation of bothmetabolize、growth rateAnd mediate other body systems.T3 and T4 are composed of iodine andTyrosinesynthesis.
parathyroid glandsLocated behind the left and right thyroid lobes, the parathyroid gland can also be embedded in the thyroid parenchyma or located in theThyroid sheathOutside.It is generally divided into upper and lower pairs, each weighing 35-50mg.Parathyroid secretionParathyroid hormone, its main function is to regulate calcium andphosphorusMetabolism of.In parathyroid hormone andCalcitoninTo maintain the stability of blood calcium under the joint regulation of.Whenparathyroid hormoneWhen the secretion is insufficient, it can cause the decrease of blood calcium and the occurrence ofAcidosis, leading toDysfunction。[4]
Anatomical structure of thyroid gland
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Thyroid gland is the largest in adultsEndocrine gland, located in the front of the neck, reddish brown, H-shaped, the average weight of the thyroid gland is 26.71g for men and 25.34g for women[4]；From left and right leavesisthmusandConical leafform.The left and right lobes of the thyroid gland are conical (the right lobe is slightly larger), and are attached to the side of the throat and trachea, with the upper end reachingThyroid cartilageThe middle of the, the lower end of the to the fourthTracheal ring, about 5cm long and 2.4cm wide, its inner side is borrowedLateral ligamentAttach toCricoid cartilageTherefore, when swallowing, the thyroid can move up and down with the throat.Thyroid isthmusConnect the left and right leaves, at the 2-4Tracheal cartilage ringAhead, thyroid isthmus of a few people may be absent.About 50% of the thyroid isthmus protrudes a conical leaf upwards.Conical leaves vary in length, some up toHyoid boneplane[4]It is a remnant of the thyroid development process.There are independent thyroid tissue masses near the left and right thyroid lobes, calledParathyroid gland。The thyroid gland has two layers of capsule, the outer layer is the thyroid gland capsuleDeep cervical fascia（Anterior fascia of trachea）It is closely connected with the cervical vascular sheath laterally;The inner layer is called fibrous capsule, which is the gland itselfCapsuleIt is directly attached to the surface of the gland tissue and goes deep into the essence of the gland, dividing the gland tissue into several lobules.The connection between the thyroid sac and the fibrous capsule is loose and easy to separate, so it can be used for intracystal thyroidectomy clinically.From hyoid bone to thyroid isthmus or conical lobe, sometimes there is a small muscle bundle, called thyroid levator muscle, which can lift the thyroid.
Location and anatomical structure of thyroid gland:[1-3]
The thyroid parenchyma is mainly composed of manyThyroid follicleform.Follicular epithelial cells have synthesis, storage and secretionthyroid hormoneFunction of.The main function of thyroid hormone is to promote metabolism and maintain normal bodyGrowth and development, for bones andnervous systemIt has a greater impact on the development of.When thyroid secretion is lowBasal metabolic rateLow, can appearMyxedema。If the thyroid secretion function is lost in the fetal or infant period, the development of bone and brain is stagnated, which is manifested as short stature,Mental retardationOfStupidity。HyperthyroidismWhen the heart rate increases, insomnia, impatience and tremor may occursympathetic nerveandCentral nervous systemExcitabilityIncrease.
Thyroid blood supply: the thyroid is supplied by the superior thyroid artery andInferior thyroid arteryEach pair supplies blood.From superior thyroid arteryExternal carotid arteryorCommon carotid artery, partnerSuperior laryngeal nerveThe external branch descends to 1~2cm above the upper pole of thyroid gland and is divided into 2~3 branchesGlandular branchIt is distributed in glands.From inferior thyroid arteryThyroid neck shaft, from the back of the common carotid artery to the back of the left and right thyroid lobes, branches into the gland.Inferior thyroid artery andRecurrent laryngeal nerveThe left artery is mostly located in front of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, and the right artery passes behind the right recurrent laryngeal nerve;However, the branches of arteries and nerves intersect frequently.In addition to the above two arteriesCephalbrachial shaft, common carotid artery orInternal thoracic artery, or directlyArterial archOfInferior thyroid artery(or thyroid azygos artery), distributed to the lower part of the gland.The veins of the thyroid anastomose into clusters on the surface of the gland, and are drained by three pairs of veins above, middle and lower the thyroid, respectively flowing intoInternal jugular veinAnd cephalbrachial veins.The thyroid is an organ with abundant blood vesselsDiffuseToxic goiterThe patient's anterior cervical region can often hear murmurs or feel tremors.Thyroid gland receives sympathetic nerve andparasympatheticDouble domination, the former mainly comes from the neckSympathetic gangliaOfPostganglionic fibre, the latter comes fromvagus。
