Charles Robert Darwin FRS (1809.2.12-1882.4.19) was born in a small town in England on February 12, 1809.He usedNatural HistoryAs a family, I participated in the round the world voyage sent by Britain and made a five-year scientific expedition.A large number of observations and collections have been carried out in terms of animals, plants and geology. After comprehensive discussionBiological evolutionThe concept of.
In 1859, he published《Origin of species》。The book uses a large amount of data to prove that all kinds of creatures are not created by God, but in heredity, variationSurvival struggleIn the process of neutralizing natural selection, from simple to complex, from low to high, and constantly developing and changing, biologicaltheory of evolutionTheory.
Later, in 1872, the equally importantThe Origin and Development of Human BeingsSexual selection》As a supplementary theory of "natural selection", "sexual selection" is an unfinished theory.One of the most famous arguments about "sexual choice" is the peacock's long tail.
2. Law of conservation and transformation of energyIt can be said that it is the result of many people's research. In 1842, German young doctor J.R. Mayer (1814-1878) wrote his first paper on the law of energy conservation and transformation:《On the force of inorganic nature》；In 1847, British brewer Joule and German physicistHermann Von Helmholtz Publish their respective speeches or papers on the conservation of energy and the law of transformation.However, Joule is believed to be the first person to use scientific experiments to establish the law of energy conservation and transformation, but Joule and Helmholtz also admit that Maier discovered the law of energy conservation and transformationPriority。In 1953,william thomson Joule finally completed the accurate expression of the law of conservation and transformation of energy.So far, one of the three major discoveries in natural scienceEnergy conversionandconservation of energyDeclare to be recognized.
Natural selection and sexual selection, which he put forward, are consistent and universal theories in life science.In addition to biology, his theory is also very important to anthropology, psychology and philosophy.Gregor Johann Mendel (from July 20, 1822 to January 6, 1984) is the "father of modern genetics" and the founder of genetics.Discovered in 1865Law of heredity。
Mendel
George Mendel(Groegor Mendel, 1822-1884) Born inCzech RepublicMoraviaAustria）One ofPeasant familyHe helped his father graft fruit trees at home when he was young, and has shown extraordinary talent in learning.From 1844 to 1848, Mendel studied theology in the School of Philosophy of Bloem University, and once took the courses of agronomy, fruitology andViticultureCourses.In 1848University of ViennaDuring this period, Mendel successively studied with the famous physicist C. Doppler (1803-1853), physicist A. Ettinghausen and plant physiologist F. Unger (1800-1870)Scientific thinkingUndoubtedly, it has had a great impact.At that time, most scientists used Bacon's methodInductionDoppler advocates firstnatural phenomenaAnalyze, propose ideas from the analysis, and then confirm or reject through experiments.Ettinghausen is a successful researcher in applying mathematical analysisphysical phenomenonMendel, a scientist from the United States, once read his masterpiece Combinatorial Analysis carefully.Mendel later did the pea experiment and was able to adhere to the correct guiding ideology and successfully translate mathematicsstatistical methodbe used forHybrid offspringThe analysis of these two outstanding physicists is not unrelated.Ongel was engaged in the study of the theory of evolution at that time. He believed that the study of variation was the key to solving the problem of the origin of species, and used this view to inspire his student Mendel.adoptOngerMendel learned about Geithner's hybridization work.Geithner is an economically wealthy scientist, who can implement it freely in his own gardenSexual hybridizationWith 80 genera and 700 species of plantsIndependent experimentThere are 258 different types of hybridization. These achievements were recorded in Geithner's book Experiment and Observation of Plant Hybridization published in 1849. Although this book is monotonous and repetitive, it covers a wide range and contains some valuable observations.Darwin and Mendel both read this book carefully.The books that Mendel read were also kept in Mendel's Memorial Hall in Bloem, Czech Republic. The books were full of marks and annotations, and some of them were just part of Mendel's experimental plan in the future.It can be seen that the formation of a great scientific thought is by no means accidental.
After 1854, Mendel, who was a priest in the Bron Monastery, was also in the Bron StateGermanSenior high school substitute, teaching physics andNatural HistoryFor 14 years.During this period, he completed the famous pea experiment and became a member of the Natural Science Branch of the Moravian Agricultural Association.In 1867, the old abbot of the Bron Monastery, Napp, died and Mendel succeeded him.Since then, Mendel, tired of his religious duties, said goodbye to his teaching and research work until his death in 1884.
Altman (1939 -)
Altman(S. Altman) American, due to the discoveryRNAOfBiocatalysisAnd won the 1989 Chemistry Prize
Altman and Cech discoveredRibonucleic acid(RNA) has its own biocatalytic effect. This research not only provides clues for exploring the replication ability of RNA, but also shows that the earliest living substance is RNA with both biocatalytic and genetic functions, breaking theproteinyesBiological originThe conclusion of.
T.R. Cech (1947 -)
T.R. Cech, an American, shared the 1989 award with Altman for discovering the biocatalysis of RNANobel Prize in Chemistry.
They independently found that ribonucleic acid (RNA) is not only passively transmitted as previously thoughtgenetic informationIt also acts as an enzyme and can catalyze the intracellularchemical reactionBefore their discovery, people believed that only proteins could act as enzymes. He was the first to prove that RNA molecules can catalyze chemical reactions, and published his research results in 1982. In 1983, he confirmed this enzyme activity of RNA
This method first involves splicing normal genes to change them intoVirusesThe single strand form of DNA, and then the other small segments of the gene can be synthesized in the laboratory. In addition to the mutant gene, the corresponding parts of the synthetic gene segment and the normal gene are arranged in rows, just like the two sides of a zipper, all worn on the virus.The rest of the second DNA strand can be made into a double helix with this hybridDNA virusThe regenerated protein isVariabilityYes, but it can be selected and tested. This technology can changeOrganismGenes, especially grain genes, improve their agronomic characteristics.
Smith's technology can be used to change theAmino acid residue（Orange）And improve the stability of the enzyme.
K.B. Mullis (1944 -)
American scientist K.B. Mullis invented the efficient“polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was awarded in 1993.With this technology, it can be produced in large quantities from extremely small amounts of samplesDNA molecule, makegenetic engineeringA new tool has been obtained.
In 85, Morris invented“polymerase chain reaction”Because of this technology, many experts can replicate a rare DNA sample into millions for detectionHuman cellsinHIV, DiagnosisGenetic defectYou can collect some blood and hair from the crime sceneFingerprintIdentification of.This technology can also produce a large amount ofDNA moleculeThe method is simple and flexible.
The whole process is to pour the required compound into the test tube and continuously heat and cool it through multiple cycles.stayReaction processIn addition, two ingredients are added. One is a pair of synthetic short DNA fragments attached to both ends of the required gene as "primers";The second ingredient is enzyme. When the tube is heated,Double helix of DNAIt is divided into two chains. Each chain has "information". When the temperature drops, the "primer" can automatically find the complementary proteins of their DNA samples and combine them. This technology can be said to berevolutionary characterGenetic engineering.
Scientists have successfully used the PCR method to analyze ainsectOf the genetic material was amplified.
Tong TC
Male, born on May 28, 1902, died on March 30, 1979,ZhejiangprovinceYinxian CountyMan is an outstanding biologist, educator and member of the Communist Party of China.Before his death, he served as Vice President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Director of the Institute of Zoology.He is an outstanding experimental embryologist, the main founder of Chinese experimental embryology, and an outstanding leader in biological science research.
Calvin
Calvin, Melvin (1911 ～ 1997), American biochemist and plant physiologist.Born on April 8, 1911Minnesota。Graduated from Michigan Institute of Mining Technology in 1931, and wonUniversity of Minnesotadoctorate.In 1937University of California at Berkeley He worked as a professor in 1947.Successive postsUniversity Of California Lawrence Berkeley laboratory Leader of Chemical and Biological Dynamics Group, director of Chemical and Biological Dynamics Office, deputy director of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, etc.And served as the president of the American Society of Plant Physiology (1963 ～ 1964) andAmerican Chemical SocietyPresident (1971).
Sax
German biologist (botanist)
Contribution: 1. Discovering the pigment in green leaveschloroplast
2. In 1864, an experiment was carried out: putting green leaves in the dark for several hours consumed part of the leavesNutrientsAnd then expose one part of the leaf to the light and block the other part from the light.After a period of time, use iodineSteam treatmentLeaves, some of which are shaded as a result NoneColor change, while some leaves exposed to light show dark blue, which proves that green leavesphotosynthesisStarch is produced.
2. I don't think half an hour is a small time---Darwin
3. In the field of observation, opportunities only favor the prepared mind---Pasteur
4. Although science has no national boundaries, scholars have their own countries---Pasteur
5. People are just carriers of gene reproduction---Edward Wilson
6. Biologists must always remember that what they see is not designed, but evolved---Francis Crick
7. Want to haveGood idea, justFirstThink more and choose the best one---Linus Paul
8. What we see mainly depends on what we pursue.If we have ever been at a loss, the best way is to ask ourselves what we want to look like after our efforts in the future---Johnlubbock
