Living standard refers to the income level orConsumption levelRelated to material and spiritual lifeobjective conditionOr changes in the environment.
The standard of living usually depends on people's clothing, food, housing, transportation andhealthy、education、Culture、entertainment、social contactAnd other objective indicators reflecting people's living conditions or environment.It mainly revolves around "needs, scarcity, work, production, income, consumption" and other levels, and these concepts are considered quantifiable.One of the main indicators for measuring and comparing living standards is that of a country or regionEngel coefficient。The so-called Engel coefficient isFood consumption% of household expenditureTotal expenditureOr the proportion of total income.
the United NationsFAO has proposed a method to judge life with Engel coefficientDevelopment stageThe general standard of;50% - 60% for food and clothing;40% - 50% are well-off;Less than 40% is rich.The standard of living is different fromQuality of life。The standard of living refers to those who can control, improve and maintain their quality of lifematerial resources And non personal resources, while quality of life isSocial needsA sense of satisfaction.The latter can be usedSubjective indexThe former can only be evaluated by objective indicators.[1]
Chinese name
living standard
Foreign name
Living standard
Key points
3
Measures
Category 12
Reaction
Food, clothing, housing, transportation andhealthy、education、Culture, entertainment, social networking, etc
The determination of living standard includes three points: ① taking group as the standard, such as family; ②Take the actual consumption status as the standard, that is, directly measure the occupiedSocial productsAnd labor service; ③Take the average consumption amount as the standard.Living standard and cost of livingliving standards Different.The cost of living refers to the monetary expenditure for maintaining a specific standard of living, while the standard of living refers to the expected living conditions.
Measures
Announce
edit
The living standard includes a series of contents to meet the material and spiritual life needs of residentsIndicator systemTo determine.1953the United NationsFirst draft on living standardsIndicator systemAnd InternationalComparison method。In 1959, the report of the United Nations on Measuring and Measuring Real Living Standards in the International Context further systematized the method of measuring living standards.
Refers to urban residents engaged inSocial laborAnd obtain labor remuneration orOperating incomePopulation.The employed population includes employment introduced by the labor department through national overall planning and guidance, employment organized voluntarily and self employmentState ownership、Collective ownership、Sino foreign joint venture、Sino foreign cooperationForeign funded enterprises, institutions and private enterprises in ChinaIndividual laborThe population with permanent or temporary jobs.Employed and retainedretired personnelAlso included in the employment population.This indicator can reflect the employment situation of urban residents. It is a calculationEmployment、Burden coefficientImportant information.
Urban residentsfamilyTotal income
Refers to the actual situation of all the surveyed urban householdsCash income, including regular or fixed income and one-time income.Excluding turnover income, such as withdrawalbank deposit, friends and relativesborrowed money, withdrawal of loans and other variousProvisional receipts。
It refers to the total expenditure of the surveyed urban households on daily life, including the expenditure on purchasing goods and the non commodity expenditure on cultural life and services.Excluding fines, losses and taxes paid (such asindividual income tax, license taxProperty taxEtc.), excludingIndividual workersProduction and operationVarious expenses incurred in the process.
It refers to the total expenditure of the surveyed urban residents' households on purchasing goods, including from shops, factoriescateringExpenses for canteen and market of work units and direct purchase of various commodities from farmers.There are nine categories: food: clothing, daily necessities, cultural and entertainment goods, books, newspapers and magazines, medicine and medical supplies, housing and building materials, fuel, and other commodities.Whether for personal use or as gifts to relatives and friends, they are included.
Refers to the countrysidePermanent residentsIn the total household income, deduct those engaged in production and those not engaged inProduction and operationExpensesThe remaining amount after paying taxes and handing over the amount of the contracted collective tasks can be directly used for productiveNon productive construction investmentThe part of income from living consumption and savings.It is a reflectionPeasant familyComprehensive main indicators of the actual income level.
Refers to the countrysidePermanent residentsAmong family membersLabor capacityAnd often take part in actual labor.It is one of the basic factor indicators of production, and it is to develop production and increase farmersFamily incomeThe important source of.According to regulations, rural men aged 18 to 50 and women aged 18 to 45 are the whole labor force;Male 16 to 17, 51 to 60, female 16 to 17, 46 to 55Semi labor。Peasant familywholeSemi labor, including the entire half of the male and female labor force who are within the above specified working age and have the ability to work beyond the working age and often participate in actual labor;It also includes the labor force belonging to workers among the permanent residents of farmers' families.But not included in the working ageIncapacityPeople.
Refers to the total expenditure of rural permanent residents' families for daily life during the year.It is used to reflect and studyPeasant familyAn important indicator of the level of actual living consumption.Family life of farmersConsumption expenditureIt includes two major parts: the expenditure on consumer goods such as food, clothing, housing, cooking and consumption, and the expenditure on culture and living services.
It refers to the rural permanent residents who use itMonetary income, buy food, clothing, household furniture and utensils in the marketDaily sundries, fuel, durable consumer goods, and cultural, educational and health supplies.Including state-owned stores, collective stores andcountry fair tradeMarket and othersCirculation channelAll consumer goods purchased.Peasant familyCommodity living consumption expenditure is an important part of the household living consumption expenditure of farmers, which is used to reflect and analyze the family life of farmersConsumption levelThe degree of commercialization ofeconomic developmentAn important indicator of the trend is also to study and predict the demand of farmers' families for consumer goods in the market, and formulate commoditiesSupply planImportant basis for.
National urban and rural areasSavings deposit, includingUrban residentsSavings deposits and farmers' personal savings deposits.Excluding cash in hand andIndustrial and mining enterprisesGroup deposits of troops, organizations, etc.Savings deposit balanceRefers to urban and rural residents' deposits in banks and rural areascredit cooperativeTime points of savings (the balance of the amount deposited minus the amount withdrawn), such as the amount at the end of a month, quarter or year.
