The report data shows that China's investment in ecological environment protection during the 11th Five Year Plan period accounted for about 1.35% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in the same period, of which the fiscal expenditure on environmental protection in 2010 was 242.6 billion yuan, up 25.4% year on year.During the "12th Five Year Plan" period, China's investment in ecological environment protection will reach 3.1 trillion yuan, an increase of 121% over the investment during the "11th Five Year Plan" period.The increase of national investment in ecological environmental protection will directly promote the development of ecological environmental materials in China.The application range of ecological environmental materials is very wide, and the development prospect is very broad.With the improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection, the application of ecological environmental materials will be more and more extensive.In the future, the market growth rate of China's ecological environmental materials industry will continue to be more than 20%, and the market size of China's ecological environmental materials industry will exceed 30 billion yuan in 2012.
definition
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Good environmental coordination means less resource and energy consumption, less environmental pollution, and high recycling efficiency.Eco environmental materials are materials developed by human beings to actively consider the impact of materials on the ecological environment. They are new concepts put forward under the premise of fully considering the relationship between human, society and nature. This concept meets the basic requirements of the harmonious development of human and nature, and is the only way for the sustainable development of the material industry.Eco environmental materials is a new concept proposed by Japanese scholar Yoichi Yamamoto in the early 1990s, which represents a new development direction of materials science in the 21st century.
Development significance
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Human production process can be said to extract a large amount of resources and discharge a large amount of waste back to the natural environment from the perspective of material production use waste processCyclic processWhile human beings are creating social civilization, they are also constantly destroying the environmental space on which human beings rely for survival.The traditional research, development and production of materials tend to excessively pursue good performance, while the production, use and waste of materials consume a lot of energy and resources, and cause serious environmental pollution. The serious fact that endangers human survival is not paid enough attention.
Eco environmental materials are put forward under the background that human beings have realized the important strategic significance of ecological environment protection and countries around the world have taken the path of sustainable development. It is an inevitable trend of material science and engineering research and development at home and abroad.
evaluate
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Currentlylife cycle assessment (Life cycle assessment, LCA).International Organization for Standardization(IS014040:2005) Definition of LCA: compilation and evaluation of life cycle input, output and potential environmental impact of a product system.The life cycle refers to a series of stages connected in the product system, including the extraction and processing, manufacturing, transportation and sales, use, reuse, maintenance, recycling, and final disposal of product raw materials.There are four stages in LCA research: (1) determination of objectives and scope;（2）Inventory analysis；(3) Impact assessment;(4) Explain.
Main directions
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The main research directions of ecological environmental materials include: ① reducing the per capita material flow and reducing the degree of material intensification; ②Reduce the environmental load in the life cycle and use ecological production processes; ③Develop natural energy and use abundant minerals and natural materials; ④Avoid using harmful substances and use "clean" materials; ⑤Use long-life materials to strengthen recycling and utilizationBiodegradability；⑥Repair the environment, emphasizingEcological efficiency(Performance environment load ratio); ⑦Low environmental loadPolymer alloyDesign; ⑧Design of renewable recycled polymer materials; ⑨Fully degradable polymer material design; ⑩Harmful treatment technology for harmful substances generated during the processing and use of polymer materials.
Biodegradable materials
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Biodegradable materialsIt was developed after the 1980s due to the prominent contradiction between environment and energyNew Polymer Materials。It means that under certain conditions and within a certain period of time, it can be infected by bacteria, mold, algae, etcMicrobial degradationA class of polymer materials.Real biodegradable polymers can be hydrolyzed and degraded by enzymes or microorganisms in the presence of water, so as to break the main chain of the polymer and gradually reduce its molecular weight, which eventually becomes monomer or metabolized into carbon dioxide and water.
Action mechanism of biodegradable materials
BiodegradabilityThe degradation of polymer materials is usually carried out in a chemical way, that is, under the action of microbial activity, enzymes enterpolymerAfter penetrating into the active site of the polymer, the polymer will be hydrolyzed, so that the molecular skeleton of the polymer will break into small segments, and finally break into stable small molecular products to complete the degradation process.Generally, polymer materials are degraded by biophysical, biochemical and direct action of enzymes.
Research Progress of Biodegradable Materials
Currently inBiodegradable materialsMedical biodegradable polymer materials are the hottest and fastest growing in terms of research.It is mainly a medical polymer degradation material of polylactic acid (PLA). Because of its non-toxic, non irritating, high strength, easy processing and molding, excellent biocompatibility, biodegradable absorption, enzymatic hydrolysis in the organism, and final decomposition into water and carbon dioxide, it is widely used in medical treatment.In this paper, PLA medical biodegradable materials are taken as an example to illustrate the research progress of biodegradable materials.
Several Important Biodegradable Materials and Their Applications
Polymers currently studied at home and abroadBiodegradable materialsIt mainly includes: ① Starch based degradable materials.Starch based degradable material refers to a kind of material whose composition contains starch or its derivatives as a blend system.Starch is cheap and easy to get as a renewable resource, and starch filler can promotematrixThe degradation, processing and molding of resin use the existing processing technology and equipment of filled plastics, and the service performance is close to or equivalent to the matrix resin. ②PLA degradable materials ".PLA is non-toxic, non irritating, high strength, easy to process and form, has excellent biological compatibility, can be biodegradable and absorbed, and can be enzymatically hydrolyzed in the organism, and finally decomposed into water and carbon dioxide.PLA degradable material is a new type of functional materialMedical polymer materials。③ gatherAcid anhydrideDegradable materials.In the 1970s, people used its hydrolytic instability to develop biodegradable materials.Because of its excellent biocompatibility and surface corrosion, it is widely used in the medical field. ④Polyurethane (PUR) degradation material.Degradable PUR mainly includes cellulose/lignin/bark modified PUR, monosaccharide orDisaccharideModified PUR and starch modified PUR.Widely used in construction, furniture, electrical appliances and other industries. ⑤Polyethylene terephthalate(PET)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) degradable material.PET is a general polymer material with excellent performance. When PEG is added into PETmeltCocondensation, can be synthesized withMicrophase separationStructuralBlock copolymer, its degradation rate is obviously acceleratedpolymerbe used asEnvironmentally friendly materialsAnd biomedical materials.
Biodegradable materialsIt is widely used in medicine, agriculture, industrial packaging, family entertainment, etc.Developed in recent yearsBiodegradabilityAbsorbing polymer material means that after the material has completed its medical function, it will behydrolysisOr enzymolysis into small molecules to participate in the normal metabolic cycle, so as to be absorbed or excreted by the human body.Biodegradable plasticsIt has been used in vascular surgery, orthopedics, and drug release in vivomatrixAnd absorbable sutures.Agricultural degradable materials are finally transformed into materials to improve soil quality, mainly including agricultural film covering and controlled release of drugs.Adding degradable materials to plastic cards (such as credit cards, IP cards, etc.) can also make them quickly degrade without polluting the environment after being discarded.At present, in the United States and other western developed countries, biodegradable paper materials or paper bags have been used as packaging materials and convenience bags.The use of these materials greatly reduces the environmental impactwhite pollution, improvedenvironmental quality。At present, China has begun to pay attention to the problem of white pollution, which is fully illustrated by the "plastic restriction order" implemented on June 1, 2008.
Other materials
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Long life polymer materials
The development of long-life polymer materials is one of the important research contents of polymer materials in the future, but comprehensive research should be carried out according to the use and whether it has a profound impact on the environment.By extending the service life of polymer materials, the utilization rate of resources can be improved and the speed of resource development can be reduced.At present, Japan is in the leading position in the research of long-life polymer materials. Japan Chuxing Optical Products Co., Ltd. has developed long-life blue light and green light organicLuminescent materialThis material improves the molecular structure of blue light organic light-emitting materials, thus obtaining currentluminous efficiencyIt is 9 cd/A and the half life is 223 000 h. It not only improves the color purity of green light organic light-emitting materials, but also increases the life.Lan Wei et al. studied the gas phase SiO and composite thermal insulation materials for long-life thermal batteries.The thermal conductivity of the thermal insulation material developed by him is 0.0629 W/(Ill · K) when the temperature is 500~C and the density is 0.265 g/em, which is close to the level of Min-K, a similar material in the United States.
Biomimetic materials
Manufactured with biological functionbiological activityOr materials compatible with organisms are called biomimetic materials.Biomimetic materials, on the basis of biological compatibility, have natural coordination with the environment and human body from the preparation to application of materials.Biomimetic materials that have been researched and developed mainly include bioceramics and their compositesTissue engineering materialsAnd bionicsSmart materialsEtc.Tissue engineering materials are a kind of biomimetic materials used to replace some biological tissues and organs or to restore, maintain and improve their functions.Common tissue engineering materials include tissue guidance materials, tissue induction materials, tissue isolation materialsTissue repair Materials and tissue replacement materials, etc.Biomimetic intelligent materials can imitateLife systemAnd materials with dual functions of sensing and driving at the same time.Biomimetic intelligent materials have just appeared for more than ten years, but they have developed into one of the most attractive research hotspots in the field of biomaterials.At present, it mainly has intelligencePolymer gelMaterials, intelligent drug delivery systems, biomimetic film materials, etc.
Development trend
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After more than ten years of development and research, the following points have been recognized worldwide: ① the environmental performance of materials will become a basic performance of new materials in the 21st century; ②Using LCA method to evaluate the resource and energy consumption, three wastes discharge, etc. of the material industry will become a conventional evaluation method; ③In combination with resource protection and comprehensive utilizationNon renewable resourcesThe research on substitution and recycling of will become an important development direction of the material industry; ④The development and wide application of various ecological environmental materials and their products are the focus of their development.
The future development direction of polymer ecological environmental materials is: ① develop efficient production technology to make polymer materials refined, functional, high-performance and ecological; ②Optimize the design, and design biodegradable or long-life polymer materials according to the use of various polymer materials; ③Discusses the recycling method coordinated with the environment, so as to turn the waste of polymer materials into treasure and realize the recycling of resources.
In a word, ecological environmental materials will certainly become an important branch of new materials in the future. As a new type of materials that cross the disciplines of material science, environmental science and ecological science, it will play a very important role in maintaining resource balance, energy balance and environmental balance, and achieving sustainable development of society and economy.If such materials are widely used in production and life, the sustainable development of society can be achieved, resources and energy can be effectively used, and our production and living environment can be effectively protected.Such materials represent the direction of scientific and technological development and the trend of social development and progress, and will certainly play a huge role in promoting the progress of human society.
