Ecological security refers toecosystemHealth and integrity.
Ecological security is an important part of national security and an important guarantee for sustainable and healthy economic and social development[6]。It means that human beings are not affected byecological damageAndenvironmental pollutionAnd other impacts, includingdrinking waterAndFood safety、air qualityAndGreen environmentAnd other basic elements.A healthy ecosystem is stable and sustainable, and can maintain its organizational structure and autonomy in time, as well as its resilience to stress.On the contrary, an unhealthy ecosystem is an ecosystem with incomplete or abnormal functions, and its security is under threat.
Ecological security refers toecosystemThe overall level of integrity and health, especially the state where the adverse risks of survival and development are minimal and not threatened.
Narrow sense and broad sense
In a narrow sense, the concept of ecological security refers to nature andSemi natural ecosystemSecurity, i.eecosystemThe overall level of integrity and health is reflected.The health system is stable and sustainable, and can maintain its organizational structure and autonomy in time, as well as maintain itsResilience。If ecological security is related to the degree of security, ecological security can be understood as that human beings are not affected byecological damageAnd environmental pollution, including drinking water and food safety, air quality and green environment.
In a broad sense, the first is the environmentEcological protectionMeaning on.That is, to preventecological environmentThe degradation of natural resources poses a threat to the environmental basis of economic development, which mainly refers to the poor environmental quality and the reduction and degradation of natural resources that weaken the environmental support capacity for sustainable economic development;The second is diplomatic and military.That is, to preventenvironment disruptionAnd the shortage of natural resources, causing economic recession, affecting people's living conditions, especiallyEnvironmental refugeesA large number of, leading to national unrest.
The broad concept of ecological securityInternational Institute for Applied Systems Analysis(IIASA, 1989): Ecological security refers to the state of being not threatened in terms of people's life, health, well-being, basic rights, sources of life security, necessary resources, social order and human's ability to adapt to environmental changes, including natural ecological security, economic ecological security and social ecological security, forming a composite artificial ecological security system.
Problems and limitations
The concept of ecological security has been put forward as early as the 1970s. However, due to the richness and complexity of the connotation of ecological security and the lack of in-depth research on ecological security, it has not been able to form a unified and universally accepted definition.
The definition of ecological security has two limitations: on the one hand, it only considersecological risk (refers to specificecosystemProbability and consequences of unexpected events), while ignoring the vulnerability (the nature of a system that is vulnerable to environmental changes and natural disasters under certain socio political, economic and cultural backgrounds);On the other hand, ecological security is only regarded as a state, without considering the dynamic nature of ecological security.
In view of this limitation, ecological security can be defined as the existence status and guarantee conditions of the whole human and nature from the harm of adverse factors, and make the vulnerability of the system continuously improved.On the one hand, ecological security means that under the influence of external adverse factors, people and nature will not be damaged, infringed or threatened, and the survival and development of human society can be sustainable,Natural ecosystemAble to maintain health and integrity.On the other hand, the realization of ecological security is a dynamic process, which requires continuous improvement of vulnerability to achieve the objective guarantee conditions of health and vitality between man and nature.
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essence
The essence of ecological security has two aspects, one isecological risk The other is ecological vulnerability.Ecological risk is characterizedEnvironmental pressureThe probability and consequences of hazards, relatively speaking, take more consideration of the hazards of emergencies, and have less initiative and enthusiasm for hazard management;Ecological vulnerability should be said to be the core of ecological security.
Through vulnerability analysis and assessment, we can know what threats to ecological security are, how they work, and what coping and adaptation strategies humans can take.Answering these questions can actively and effectively guarantee ecological security.Therefore, the scientific nature of ecological security is to use various means to continuously improve vulnerability and reduce risks through vulnerability analysis and assessment.
Explain in detail
ecological safety
Ecological security emphasizes the protection of ecological securityecosystemIt should includeNatural ecosystem、Artificial ecosystemAnd nature - artificialComplex ecosystem。It can also be divided into global ecosystem, regional ecosystem and micro ecosystem.From the ecological point of view, a safe ecosystem musttime scale It can not only maintain its organizational structure, but also maintain its resilience to stress, that is, it can not only meet the needs of human developmentResources and environmentIt is also healthy in ecological sense.Its essence is to require the stable, coordinated, orderly and sustainable use of natural resources under the three constraints of population, social economy and ecological environment.
Ecological security strategy[1]
With the growth of population and the development of social economy, the pressure of human activities on the environment is increasing, and the contradiction between man and land is intensifying.Although all countries in the worldecological environmentGreat achievements have been made in construction, but the trend of reverse environmental evolution has not been fundamentally reversed;fromEnvironmental degradationandecological damageAnd the resultingEnvironmental disasterAnd ecological disasters have not been alleviated, global warmingsea level rise、ozone holeThe emergence and rapid expansion of, as well as the sharp decline in biodiversity and other global ecological issues related to human security, have sounded the alarm bell to mankind again and again.
Therefore, whether as an individualsettlement, residential areas, or as regional and national security, are facing challenges from the ecological environment.Ecological security and national defense securityeconomic security 、Financial securityThey already have an equally important strategic position and constitute an important part of national and regional security.Maintaining global and regional ecological security, environmental security and sustainable economic development has become the common consensus of the international community and mankind.
connotation
Ecological security has the characteristics of integrity, irreversibility and long-term, and its connotation is very rich.
1. Ecological security is a state of human living environment or human ecological conditions.Or rather, it is a necessary ecological condition and ecological state.In other words, ecological security refers to the relationship between people and the environment,ecosystemMeet the necessary conditions for human survival and development.
2. Ecological security is a relative security.[2]There is no absolute security, only relative security.Ecological security is composed of many factors, and its satisfaction to human survival and development is different, so is the satisfaction of ecological security.If ecologicalsafety factorTo represent the satisfaction degree of ecological security, the assurance degree of ecological security can be different in different regions.Therefore, ecological security can be reflected byEcological factorAnd its comprehensive system quality evaluation index.
3. Ecological security is a dynamic concept.The ecological security of an element, region and country is not once and for all. It can change with environmental changes, feed back to human life, survival and development conditions, and lead to changes in the level of security, even from security to insecurity.
4. Ecological security emphasizes people first.The standard of security is measured by the quality of ecological factors required by human beings. There are many factors affecting ecological security, but as long as one or several factors cannot meet the needs of human normal survival and development, ecological security is unqualified.In other words, ecological security hasEcological factorThe nature of one vote veto.
5. Ecological security has a certain spatial and regional nature.It is not universal to really lead to global and human ecological disasters. The threats to ecological security are often regional and local;The insecurity of this region does not mean that another region is also insecure.
6. Ecological security can be regulated.For unsafe conditions and areas, human beings can take measures to alleviate environmental disasters and turn unsafe factors into safety factors through remediation.
7. Maintaining ecological security requires costs.In other words, the threat to ecological security often comes from human activities, which cause damage to their own environment and lead to their ownecosystemHuman beings need to pay the price and invest to remove the threat to themselves.This should be included in the cost of human development and development.
Safety status
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Ecological security refers to the state in which a country's ecological environment ensures the health of its citizens and provides good support and security for the national economy.The internal elements of ecological security include adequate resources and energy, stable and developed biological populations, healthy environmental factors and food.In other words, if a country has diverse and stable biological population systems, sufficient resources and energy, fresh air, clean water, pollution-free offshore, fertile land, and pollution-free food, then the country's ecological environment is safe.On the contrary, the ecological environment of the country is threatened.[3]
China's ecological security situation is very serious: land degradationEcological imbalance, vegetation destructionEcological diversityThe ecological security has sounded an alarm bell to us!At present, China's ecological security crisis is concentrated on four issues:
Land resources
Land and resources security means that the quantity, quality and structure of land and resources are always in the sameEffective supplyState, that is, to meet the development needs of contemporary and future generations dynamically.
1. According to the second national remote sensing survey, Chinasoil erosionIt covers an area of 3.56 million square kilometers, accounting for 37.1% of the land area.amongHydraulic erosionThe area is 1.65 million square kilometers, and the wind erosion area is 1.91 million square kilometers.Water and soil loss spreads all over the country. Almost all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government have water and soil loss to varying degrees, not only in mountainous areas, hilly areas, wind and sand areas, but also in plain areas and coastal areas, especially in river network, ditch, slope loss andCoastal erosionRelatively common;Water and soil loss in rural areas, cities, development zones, transportationIndustrial and mining areaIt all happened.
2. The natural grassland area of China is 393 million hectares, accounting for 41.7% of the total land area, of which the available grassland area is 331 million hectares, accounting for 84.3% of the total grassland area.The per capita grassland area is 0.33 hectares, half of the world average.At present, 90% of China's available natural grasslands are degraded to varying degrees, increasing at the rate of 2 million hectares every year. The overall deterioration trend of grassland ecological environment has not been reversed.
3. By 2004DesertificationThe total land area is 2.6362 million square kilometers, accounting for 27.46% of the total land area, affecting the production and life of nearly 400 million people;The area of sandy land is 1.7397 million square kilometers, accounting for 18.12% of the total land area;The land area with obvious desertification trend is 318600 square kilometers, accounting for 3.32% of the total land area.
4. The Sixth NationalForest resource inventoryThe results show that the national forest area reaches 174.91 million hectares, and the forest coverage rate is 18.21%,Volume of standing treesIt reached 13.618 billion cubic meters, and the forest stock reached 12.456 billion cubic meters.China's forest area accounts for 4.5% of the world, ranking fifth, and its forest stock accounts for 3.2% of the world, ranking sixth.Forest resources in ChinaGreat changes have taken place, with the forest area and stock increasing, the structure improving gradually, and the quality improving.The forest area and accumulation are in the forefront of the world.However, the forest coverage rate only ranks 130th in the world, the per capita forest area ranks 134th in the world, and the per capita forest stock ranks 122nd in the world.The regional distribution of forest resources is extremely uneven, and the forest coverage rate of the five northwestern provinces (autonomous regions), which account for 32.19% of the land area, is only 5.86%.
5. From 1997 to 2004, China's cultivated land area decreased by 5.7%, with a net decrease of 7.467 million hectares in 8 years.The area of basic farmland is only about 100 million hectares, and the per capita cultivated land area in China is only 0.1 hectares, less than half of the world average.The overall quality of China's existing arable land is low, with soil nutrient imbalance, declining fertilizer efficiencyenvironmental deteriorationAnd other prominent problems.everythingfarm-land that provides low or medium yieldsThe proportion is relatively high, with only 35% of the total cultivated land in the country being high and stable yield fields.Second, cultivated landOrganic matterThe content is low, and the soil nutrients are unbalanced.Third, the phenomenon of "taking advantage of the advantages to compensate for the disadvantages" is serious.In the process of "balance of occupation and compensation" of cultivated land, some regions only pay attention to the quantity balance, ignoringCultivated land qualityBalanced, the quality of newly added cultivated land is low, making the proportion of medium and low yield fields continue to increase.Fourthsoil acidification Aggravated and seriously degraded.becausesoil erosion, impoverishmentsecondary salinization 、GleyingAnd soil acidification, which has caused more than 40% of cultivated landsoil degradation 。
6. In addition, a large amount of land resources will be occupied to store garbage, and some difficult to degrade, toxic and harmful chemical pollution will cause environmental hazards in a long time.
water resource
Water resources security refers to the sustainable use of water resources, or the dynamic balance of supply and demand of water resources.
1. China's water resources account for 8% of the world's total water resources, but the per capita water resources account for only 1/4 of the world's average level, which is one of the 13 water poor countries in the world.our countryAvailable water resourcesIt is 800-900 billion cubic meters, and the total annual water consumption has reached 560 billion cubic meters.At present, 2/3 of the cities are short of water supply, and hundreds of cities are even seriously short of water;There are still more than 300 million rural people whose drinking water has not yet reachedhygienic standard 。
2. China's existing water resources are seriously wasted.Mainly used in low efficiency, with emphasis on agricultureFlood irrigationAnd low reuse in industrial production. The water consumption per 10000 yuan of GDP is generally 50 cubic meters in developed countries, but 730 cubic meters in China.
3. Water pollution has aggravated the shortage of water resources in China.In 2004, the total amount of waste water discharged nationwide was 48.24 billion tons.amongindustrial waste water22.11 billion tons;towndomestic sewage26.13 billion tons.The up to standard rate of industrial wastewater discharge and the reuse rate of industrial water were 90.7% and 74.2% respectively;The urban sewage treatment rate is 45.6%.
4. In the 412 water quality monitoring sections of the seven major river systems in 2004, the proportion of sections with Class I - III, Class IV - V and worse than Class V water quality was 41.8%, 30.3% and 27.9% respectively;The water quality of the Pearl River and the Yangtze River is good,Liaohe RiverHuaihe RiverYellow River、Songhua RiverThe water quality is poor,Haihe RiverThe water quality is poor.The main pollution indicators areAmmonia nitrogen、Five day biochemical oxygen demand、Permanganate indexAnd petroleum.
5. Of the 27 key lakes and reservoirs monitored in 2004, 2 meet the requirements of Class II water quality, accounting for 7.5%;There are 5 lakes and reservoirs with Class III water quality, accounting for 18.5%;There are 4 lakes and reservoirs with Class IV water quality, accounting for 14.8%;There are 6 lakes and reservoirs with Class V water quality, accounting for 22.2%;There are 10 lakes and reservoirs with water quality inferior to Class V, accounting for 37.0%.Among them, "three lakes" (Taihu LakeChaohu Lake、Dianchi Lake）The water quality is inferior to Grade V.The main pollution indicators areTotal nitrogenandTotal phosphorus。
6. In 2004, a total of 246 stations were monitored in the coastal waters nationwide, and the proportion of Class I and Class II seawater accounted for 49.6%;Class III seawater accounts for 15.4%;Class IVInferior to Class IV sea waterAccounting for 35.0%.Compared with the four major sea areas, the water quality of the Yellow Sea and the South China Sea is generally good,the bohai seaAnd the East China Sea.
7. In 2005, 82 red tides were found in the whole sea area, with a cumulative occurrence area of 27070 square kilometers. The East China Sea is still the worst red tide disaster area in China.Red tide mainly affects coastal fish andAlgae cultureCaused by red tideDirect economic lossMore than 69 million yuan.
Atmospheric resources
Atmospheric resourcesSafety meansAir qualityIt shall be maintained at a level acceptable to the recipient or at a level not threatening or harming the recipient.
one
Of the 342 cities monitored in 2004, 132 reached the secondary standard (residential area standard);141 cities have reached the third level;69 cities are inferior to the third grade cities.The population of cities with air quality up to standard accounts for 33.1% of the statistical population;The urban population exposed to substandard air accounted for 66.9% of the statistical population.
two
At present, all kinds of exhaust gases discharged into the atmosphere in China far exceed the carrying capacity of the atmosphere, and there is an increasing trend.In 2004, the national emissions of sulfur dioxide in waste gas were 22.549 million tons, including 18.914 million tons of industrial emissions and 3.635 million tons of domestic emissions.The emission of smoke and dust is 10.95 million tons, including 8.865 million tons of industrial emissions and 2.085 million tons of domestic emissions.The industrial dust emission is 9.048 million tons.Among them, sulfur dioxide emissions exceedenvironmental capacityNearly double, the sulfur dioxide emission per unit of GDP is 68.7 times that of Japan, 26.4 times that of Germany, and 6 times that of the United States.
three
In 2004, there were 298 cities with acid rain, accounting for 56.5% of the statistical cities.The cities with the frequency of acid rain more than 40% accounted for 30.1% of the statistical cities, of which the frequency of acid rain in Changde, Hunan, Dexing, Jiangxi, Lishui, Zhejiang, Anji and Kaihua was 100%.
four
In 2004, China became the fourth largest producer and the third largest consumer of automobiles in the worldInventoryThe output and ownership of motorcycles reached 17 million and 79 million respectively, and the output and ownership of agricultural transport vehicles reached 2 million and 25 million respectively.In 2004, China consumed 310 million tons of oil, one third of which was used for motor vehicles.
5. In the spring of 2004, there were 15 dust weather processes in China, significantly more than the same period of the previous year.
1. Biodiversity is a huge treasure house of material resources.China is one of the countries with the richest biological species in the world. There are 1431 species of animals and plants in endangered or near endangered status. 354 species of rare and endangered wild plants are published in the List of National Key Protected Plants, and 354 species of rare and endangered wild plants are published in the List of National Key Protected AnimalsRare and endangered wild animals405 kinds.Due to the decreasing of wild resources, there is a shortage of about 20% of more than 500 kinds of medicinal materials frequently used in the country every year, especially the serious shortage of wild medicinal materials that account for 80% of the supply of medicinal materials in the market, which has a negative impact on the development of the traditional Chinese medicine industry.
2. The national wetland resources survey shows that China's existing wetlands are 38485500 hectares (excluding paddy field wetlands), ranking first in Asia and fourth in the world, but only about 40% of the natural wetlands are included in 353 protected areas, which are well protected.
3. In addition, the emergence of genetically modified biotechnology and organisms related to species may lead to unpredictable catastrophic consequences, and safety issues should be given high attention.We should take a cautious attitude towards the application of this technology.Issued by the Chinese government in 2003《National Outline of Ecological Environment Protection》China has raised the issue of national ecological security to an unprecedented strategic height.Its goal is to curb ecology through ecological environment protectionenvironment disruption, reduce the harm of natural disasters;Promote the rational and scientific use of natural resources to realizeNatural ecosystembenign circle;Safeguard the national ecological environment security and ensure the sustainable development of the national economy and society.
In order to consolidate the core key link of improving national ecological security, the Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences carried out innovative research on new varieties and improved varieties of five major afforestation species and three major economic forest species in China, took the lead in drawing high-quality genome maps of larch, walnut, camellia oleifera and eucommia ulmoides, and excavated key genes that regulate the formation of wood and the synthesis of oil, starch and eucommia ulmoides gum,We have developed efficient somatic embryo breeding technologies such as spruce and catalpa, and bred 60% of major new varieties of poplar, eucalyptus, walnut, camellia oleifera, eucommia ulmoides and other major forests in the same period of the country, covering more than 90% of the million mu of promoted varieties.The country's only national forest and grass germplasm resource bank was built, and 137000 pieces of resources were collected and preserved.More than 50 new varieties of poplar, the world's largest industrial tree species, have been independently bred, and the world's first multi gene poplar "multi resistant poplar" and other stress resistant new varieties have been created. The results have been popularized and applied in 20 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), with more than 20 million mu, which has increased the afforestation and conservation rate of poplar under difficult site conditions such as drought, salt and alkali by more than 20%.[4]
Investigating cases
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Since 2022, the Ministry of Public Security has successively listed and supervised more than 130 major cases, and investigated and handled more than 3100 criminal cases of environmental pollution nationwide, effectively safeguarding the national ecological security and the legitimate rights and interests of the people.[5]
