This entry is missingOverview, add relevant content to make the entry more complete, and it can also be upgraded quickly. Hurry upeditCome on!
[1]Ecological value refers to the special embodiment of "general value" in philosophy, economic judgment, human treatment andecological environmentEthical judgment on the relationship between subject and object, andNatural ecosystemAs a system function judgment independent of human subject, it exists independently.
Chinese name
ecological value
Foreign name
ecological value
Terminology
Ecological and environmental science
Include
Human subject
Meaning
The special embodiment of "general value" in philosophy
Only by reducing human consumption of nature and maintaining the self-healing ability of natural ecosystems can human beings survive sustainably.
At the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the construction of ecological civilization was put forward as one of the strategic tasks of China's development, marking the Chinese characteristics of ChinaSocialist Modernization Drive Has entered a higher stage of development.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the historical significance of "ecological civilization construction" in China from the basic issues of ecological civilization theory.
brief introduction
Announce
edit
The axiological basis of ecological civilization construction
The concept of "ecological value" is a basic concept of "ecological philosophy", soResearch ecologyCivilization must clarify the meaning of ecological value.The concept of "ecological value" was used for the first time in the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, marking the“Scientific Outlook on Development”Has surpassedoccidentThe unsustainable concept of development based on industrial civilization has become a sustainable "new concept of development" in line with the era of ecological civilization.
"Ecological value" mainly includes the following three meanings: first, any biological individual on the earth not only realizes its own survival interests in the survival competition, but also creates the survival conditions of other species and individual life. In this sense, any biological species and individual has a positive significance (value) for the survival of other species and individuals。Second, the existence of any species and individual on the earth plays a role in the stability and balance of the entire ecosystem on the earth, which is another manifestation of ecological value.Third, the overall stability and balance of the natural system is a necessary condition for human existence (survival), so it has "environmental value" for human survival.
There are two points to understand the concept of "ecological value" that deserve our attention: first, ecological value is a kind of "natural value", that is, the system "function" between natural objects and natural objects to the whole natural system.This natural system function can be regarded as a "generalized" value.For human survival, it is the "environmental value" of human survival.Secondly, ecological value is different from what we usually call "resource value" or "economic value" of natural objects.Ecological value is the "environmental value" of natural ecosystem for human beings.Man is also a living body, and he must live in nature.People's life needs natural conditions suitable for people: land that can live, clean water, air composed of various gases in a certain proportion, appropriate temperature, certain necessary animal and plant partners, appropriate ultraviolet radiation and temperature, etc.The natural system formed by these natural conditions constitutes the environment of human life.As an indispensable condition for human survival, this environment is the "home" and "living base" of human beings. Therefore, "ecological value" is "environmental value" for human beings.
There are always two different basic relationships between man and nature: first, from the perspective of the relationship of practice theory (humanism), man is the subject, and nature is the object of man's practice and consumption.In this relationship, only when natural objects enter the field of human production practice and are transformed as raw materials for production, can they have value.This is often referred to as "resource value" and "economic value".The practical relationship between man and nature leads to the consequences. On the one hand, it enables people to obtain the means of life and meet their consumption needs and desires;On the other hand, it also makes natural things completely destroyed in human production and consumption, losing their original existence.Secondly, there is an ontological relationship between man and nature.In this relationship, human, like other natural species, is an ordinary "existential" in the whole natural ecosystem, and they must rely on the natural system as a whole to exist (survive).The stability and balance of the whole natural ecosystem is a necessary condition for the existence of all natural things (including people). In this sense, natural things and the whole natural ecosystem have "environmental value" for human survival.
For people, the "economic value" and "environmental value" of nature are two different values: the economic value or resource value of nature is a“Consumer value”。Consumption means the complete destruction of the consumption object, so the resource value or economic value of natural things to people is realized through the "destruction" of natural things by practice;The "environmental value" is a kind of "non consumption value", which is realized not through the consumption of nature, but through the "preservation" of nature.For example, forests have "economic value" and "resource value" for people.To realize this value of forests, they must be cut down.Only in this way can the forest become "wood" and enter the production field to realize its economic value.On the contrary, forests have "environmental value" for talents only if they are preserved (not cut down).When people consume forests as wood, forests and their environmental value to people no longer exist.This makes human existence fall into an insurmountable "survival paradox": if we want to realize the economic value (consumption value) of natural things, we must destroy natural things;To realize the "environmental value" of nature, we cannot destroy it, but protect it.In other words, human beings cannot survive without transforming nature;However, if we transform nature and destroy the living environment of human beings, we cannot survive either.The only way to solve this paradox is to limit human development and consumption of nature within the tolerance of the stability and balance of the natural ecosystem.To achieve this, we must reduce human consumption of nature in order to maintain the self repair ability of natural ecosystems.On this point, the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly pointed out that "we should adhere to the basic national policy of saving resources and protecting the environment, and adhere to the policy of giving priority to conservation, protection, and natural recovery", in order to "leave more space for natural restoration" and promote green development, circular development, and low-carbon development.
Responsibility system
Announce
edit
Basic principles of "system construction" of ecological civilization
The construction of ecological civilization should first be guaranteed by the system.The report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly proposed to "strengthen the construction of ecological civilization system", and the "responsibility principle" and "fairness principle" are the basic principles of the construction of environmental civilization system.
As mentioned earlier, nature has two different values for people, namely“economic value”And "ecological value" (or environmental value).The environmental value has "publicity", that is, the same natural environment has the same environmental value for everyone living in this environment: it provides everyone with the same environmental conditions for healthy survival;If this environment is damaged, it will also affect everyone's health and survival, and there is no exception for anyone.The earth ecosystem is the living environment of all the earth people, not just the living environment of a country, region, group or individual;Similarly, the local natural environment of a country or region is not the environment of some people in the country or region, but the environment of all people in the country or region.This is the "publicity" of environmental value.Therefore, if the economic activities of some enterprises or individuals damage the natural environment, they will not only damage their own living environment, but also the living environment of all people, thus violating the right of other people to enjoy the environment, that is, the right of others to live healthily.The first principle derived from the "publicity" of environmental values is the principle of fairness: any enterprise or individual's destruction of the environment for economic self-interest violates the right of others to enjoy environmental values, which is unfair.
From the perspective of economic value, as long as an economic subject has the right to use natural resources, he has the right to dispose of the natural resources, because no matter how he disposes of the economic resources (such as deforestation), he does not harm the economic interests of others, and is economically fair to others.Western modern development view and contemporary mainstream economics only see the "economic value" of nature to people, but not its "environmental value", so its "fairness" is only "economic fairness", and the "unfairness" of environmental issues hidden behind economic fairness has been ignored.In order to solve this unfairness, we must ask the question of responsibility for this "unfairness": whoever damages the public environment for economic self-interest should bear the responsibility for infringing on the rights of others to enjoy environmental values.The principle of responsibility is another important principle derived from the principle of fairness.To solve the problem of fairness, we must pursue responsibility: whoever damages the natural environment should bear economic responsibility for his behavior and should be punished, which is fair.
The system construction of ecological civilization must adhere to the principle of the unity of compensation and punishment: countries, regions, enterprises and individuals who sacrifice their own economic interests to protect the public environment should receive economic compensation.For example, if countries or regions with primitive forests are required not to develop (cut down) these primitive forests, then other countries that enjoy this public environment should give economic compensation to these countries or regions, because these countries have sacrificed their economic interests to protect the public environment of all mankind.As far as China's interior is concerned, areas that sacrifice their own economic interests in order to protect the public environment should receive corresponding economic compensation;The funds needed for compensation should come from developed areas and enterprises with high energy consumption and high pollution. Because they have consumed more economic resources and caused greater pollution to the environment, they should be economically responsible for destroying the public environment.This is also clearly stated in the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: "To protect the ecological environment, we must rely on the system. We should include resource consumption, environmental damage, and ecological benefits into the evaluation system of economic and social development, and establish a target system, assessment methods, and reward and punishment mechanisms that reflect the requirements of ecological civilization.".The specific measures are "deepeningResource productsThe reform of prices and taxes will establish a paid use system of resources and an ecological compensation system that reflect market supply and demand and the degree of resource scarcity and reflect ecological value and intergenerational compensation. "
Ecological enlightenment
Announce
edit
Cultural basis of ecological civilization construction
The institutional construction of ecological civilization is necessary, which provides institutional guarantee for ecological civilization.However, it is not enough to regulate people's actions only by relying on the "system", the compulsion of social public power.The construction of ecological civilization will reach a higher level only when the broad masses of the people realize the importance of protecting the ecological environment and turn the protection of the environment into a conscious act of the people.Therefore, in addition to the institutional construction of ecological civilization, there is also a need for cultural construction of ecological civilization to form a new culture compatible with ecological civilization.The report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to "strengthen the publicity and education of ecological civilization, enhance the awareness of saving, environmental protection and ecology of the whole people, form a social trend of reasonable consumption, and create a good atmosphere of caring for the ecological environment." The author believes that this mainly involves the cultural construction of ecological civilization.
The emergence of a new civilization must be accompanied by a cultural enlightenment to gradually mature.Western historians usually call the 18th century, especially those years before the French Revolution in 1789, the Age of Enlightenment.This enlightenment opened the western modern civilization (namely industrial civilization), so it can be regarded as an enlightenment of industrial civilization.It has formed the political concept of freedom and equality, as well as the philosophy concept of western subject metaphysics and the western modern development concept of disdaining, conquering, dominating and plundering nature.This kind of philosophy and development concept should bear the ideological responsibility for the ecological crisis and environmental crisis in the world today.Therefore, the construction of ecological civilization must have a fundamental change in world outlook, values and ethics.In this sense, it can be said that ecological civilization is another "enlightenment" in human history.
The "first enlightenment" of human beings has re established the subjectivity, while the "second enlightenment" of human beings needs to make people realize that only by standardizing and restricting the subjectivity, and making human practice not exceed the control of the natural ecosystem, can the ecosystem maintain stability and balance, and human beings can survive sustainably.As advocated in the report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, we must "establish the concept of ecological civilization that respects nature, conforms to nature, and protects nature, place the construction of ecological civilization in a prominent position, integrate it into all aspects and the whole process of economic, political, cultural, and social construction, and strive to build a beautiful China and realize the sustainable development of the Chinese nation."
