Pinger Grass（Ophioglossum vulgatum50. ) is a small perennial herb of the genus Papilospermumherb, whichRhizomeIt is short and upright, with a cluster of fleshy thick roots, walking horizontally in all directions like a stolon, giving birth to new plants;The leaves are usually solitary, the petiole is deeply buried in the soil, and the lower half is grayish white, relatively thick;The vegetative leaves are oval oblong or narrow ovate, the apex is obtuse round or acute, the base is sharply narrowed and slightly extended downward, sessile, slightly fleshy to herbaceous, entire, and the reticulate veins are obvious.The sporophylls are thick and healthy, growing from the base of the vegetative leaves, with a sharp tip, far beyond the vegetative leaves.[7]
Pinger grass is grown in provinces in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Hubei, Sichuan, southern Shaanxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Taiwan and Tibet, and widely distributed in Europe, Asia, America, etc;[8]Born in the shady and humid places under forests or shallow grasslands in Sichuan, Longchi, Wannian Temple and other places with an altitude of 600-1000 meters, it does not like sunshine and is cold resistant and suitable for acidic or slightly acidic soil with rich humus.Pinger grass is propagated by sowing, separating and cutting.[9]
Pinger Grass has the effect of clearing heat, cooling blood, detoxification and analgesia. It is commonly used in cough due to lung heat, carbuncle, tuberculosis, vomiting blood, high fever and convulsion in children, red swelling and pain in eyes, stomach pain, furuncle and carbuncle, snake and insect bites, bruise and pain caused by falls, etc.[10]
Chinese name
Pinger Grass
Latin name
Ophioglossum vulgatumL.[5]
Alias
A gun、A single leaf arrow、A single gun and an arrow、One spear and one shield、Contradictory grass、Snakeweed、Snake bite、An arrow, etc[1]
The rhizome is short and erect, with a cluster of fleshy thick roots, such asStolonThe same goes in all directions, producing newBotany。Leaves usually solitary, totalpetioleIt is 6-9cm long, deeply buried in the soil, and the lower half is grayish white, relatively thick.The vegetative leaves are oval oblong or narrow ovate, 4-6 cm long and 1.5-2.4 cm wide, with blunt round or acute apex, sharply narrowed and slightly downward extended base, sessile, slightly fleshy to herbaceous,entire, reticular vein is obvious.SporophyllIt is 9-18 cm long or longer, relatively thick and healthy, and grows from the base of the vegetative leaf. The spore spike is 2.5-3.5 long, about 2 mm wide, and its apex is sharp, far above the vegetative leaf.[2]
Growth environment
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Pinger grass grows under the forest, with a vertical distribution of up to 3000 meters.[2]It likes to grow on mountain grass slopes, river banks, ditch sides, under forests or near hot springs with low temperature and high humidity. It has the characteristics of moisture preference and barren resistance, and has strong adaptability. It can also grow in gravel fields or rock cracks;It can withstand low temperature of - 40 ℃ in Northeast China.[1]
Pinger Grass
Distribution range
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Widely distributed in Europe, Asia, the Americas and other places, mainly including Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France (Corsica, mainland France), Germany, Greece (mainland Greece), Guernsey, Hungary, IrelandIsle of Man, Italy (Sicily, Sardinia, mainland Italy), Jersey, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Northern Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal (mainland Portugal), RomaniaRussia (Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Northern Europe, Northwest Europe, Southern Europe, Kaliningrad), San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain (mainland Spain), Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, Britain (Great Britain, Northern Ireland), Oran Islands, etc.In China, it is distributed in provinces in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Hubei, Sichuan, southern Shaanxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Taiwan and Tibet.[2-3]
Growth habit
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Pinger grass can grow for many years when its roots are completely submerged in water.In the beginning of spring, new buds grow from the soil roots, and in the summer, plant growth gradually becomes vigorous. In early summer, a piece of spore leaf grows from the vegetative leaf base, and in the middle of summer, the sporangium spike gradually matures and splits;The spores are gray white.In autumn and winter, the stems and leaves of the plant with sporangium spikes gradually turned yellow and withered.Due to the lack of adventitious roots and fine roots in the rhizome of Pinger grass, mycorrhizal symbiosis is required to obtain nutrition.Xiaocao Pinger is a typical shade plant with low light efficiency. It has obvious cluster distribution and obvious patch phenomenon, and is in a disadvantageous position in the competition with other plants.The disturbance to the environment will lead to the invasion of weeds such as Artemisia selengensis, and the spread of these plants will pose a threat to the survival of Pinger grass, which limits its distribution range and growth ability.[1]
Narrow leaf bottle grassThe diurnal variation curve of net photosynthetic rate is a "single peak" type. The photosynthetic rate gradually rises in the morning, reaches its peak in the afternoon, and then gradually decreases, mainly due to non stomatal restrictions. Its net photosynthetic rate is closely related to photosynthetic effective radiation, air relative humidity and air CO2 concentration, of which photosynthetic effective radiation is the direct main factor affecting the net photosynthetic rate,There was a very significant positive correlation between them.[1]
Reproductive methods
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Pinger grass shall be sown and separated,cuttageThe reproduction mode of.[9]
Tissue culture toHot spring bottle grassNewborn young leaves were used as explants, and the uniform design method was used to select the most suitable medium for in vitro culture and in vitro conservation of germplasm.The results showed that the most suitable medium for callus induction was WPM+ZT0.50mg/L+2，4-D1.90 mg/l, the induction rate was 96.5%;The medium for bud differentiation is WPM+ZT1.70 mg/l+NAA0.10 mg/L, the differentiation rate is 99.0%;Rooting medium 1/4 MS+IAA0.05 mg/L+IBA0.03 mg/L, the rooting rate is above 97.8%;The test tube preservation medium was WPM+KT1.10mg/L+phloridzin 3.20mg/L. After 24 months of preservation, the growth rate of buds was only below 6.5%.The experiment successfully established the in vitro culture system of Herba Spaghetti, and proved that it is feasible to preserve the germplasm of Herba Spaghetti in vitro by delaying growth at room temperature.[1]
cultivation techniques
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Xiaocao Pinger belongs to thick cystic development with thick sporangia wall. In the wild, the sporangia wall needs to decay before releasing spores. Moreover, the number of sporangia is small, and the sporophyte has no real root. Its growth needs to be symbiotic with some fungi, so it mainly grows in a humid environment.It has also been reported that pure (fresh) sawdust organic soilless cultivation has been successfully used to breed Pinger grass.The laboratory cultivation of Pinger grass has also been successfully realized by transplanting Pinger grass separately and cultivating it in a simulated natural environment.[1]
Key values
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Medicinal value
Pinger Grass is an important traditional Chinese medicine with the functions of clearing heat, detoxifying, swelling and pain relievingInfantile pneumoniaAbdominal distention and pain, snakebite, furuncles, swelling and poisoning;External treatmentAcute conjunctivitis, corneal nebula, blepharitis, cold and fever, epilepsy, pneumonia, stomachacheImpotence, stomach pain, burns, acute conjunctivitis andBruise injuryEtc.[1]
Lai Yuan'ai et al. studied the relationship between the activity and the changes of molecular conformation of OPA at different temperatures, pH values and different quenching agents.The results showed that OPA had strong tolerance to temperature and pH, and its molecular conformation did not change significantly, but at pH12, its molecular conformation changed significantly, and its activity was basically lost.Lin Jing et al. observed the in vitro anti neuroinflammatory activity of the metabolites of endophytic eugenia of Herba Pinger, and found that its endophytic eugenia has certain anti neuroinflammatory activity, which is a natural screeningbiological activityComposition orLead compoundPotential resources.In addition, the extract of Herba Pinger has other activities such as treating gastric ulcer and anti-cancer.[1]People flocked to Taiwan to call it "King of Grass".[1]
Ornamental value
Pinger grass has a beautiful shape and can be introduced as ground cover plants for wetland greening such as lakeside, river bank and pool side.In India, a kind of pink Pinger grass is found, and its plant morphology is of ornamental value.[1]
Scientific research value
Pinger grass is a rare and ancient fern, which has important scientific value in plant systematics and fern phylogeny.[1]
economic value
The market price of fresh Pinger grass is 200 yuan/kg.If it can be cultivated artificially, it is very meaningful to protect ecological security, promote sustainable development, and promote local agricultural, economic and social development.[1]
Pinger grass is scattered, and the plants are small and rare.In addition, due to extreme mining and environmental degradation, its distribution range is shrinking and its number is getting smaller and smaller.[1]The population can be best protected through habitat protection, although ex situ protection can also be selected due to the ease of planting.It exists in the reserve and is listed as the "least concerned" species in the UK and Finland.[3]
Endangered causes
Pinger grass is widely distributed but rarely in quantity.One of the causes of danger is its own reason: that is, the conditions required for seed germination are relatively special. The niche width of the herb itself is narrow, and the thick walled sporangia formed by thick cystic development has no special sporangia cracking mechanismVegetative reproductionAs an important mode of transmission, the low light efficiency of shade and the smaller surface area, protruding area and total length of roots than the companion plants may be the important reasons for the narrowing of the population distribution of Paeonia pinger.[1]
The second is external factors: on the one hand, the tender leaves of Pinger grass are very easy to be eaten by insects; on the other hand, its habitat has been artificially destroyed, such as unreasonable deforestation, unreasonable land use under forests, and its medicinal value and ornamental value have caused artificial indiscriminate mining, further aggravating the endangered situation of this species.Many places in Sichuan, China reported that the market price of fresh Pinger grass reached 200 yuan/kg, and some places in Sichuan even sold it for 300 yuan/kg.[1]
Related reports
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Zhao Jizu reported that a 13-year-old boy who was bitten by a snake while playing in the grass was shocked 0.5 hours later.The patient was given 30 grams of Chinese herbal medicine bottle grass and washed with water. After about 1 hour, the patient became clear and his blood pressure was normal.Continue to take 10g of bottled grass, and apply fresh bottled grass to the affected area, and recover after 3 days.[1]
