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History of Switzerland

Record the history of European Alpine battlefield events

Switzerland A series of historical events Complex events Which has led to Switzerland's cultural difference 。 Because it is located in Central Europe , crossing The Alps The only way of France 、 Germany as well as Italian Peninsula The intersection of. So Switzerland is spied by the powerful enemies around. It can be said that its history is a record of Europe The Alps The history of various events on the battlefield is also a legend that records the local people's efforts to prevent foreign invaders from occupying their land.

Chinese name: History of Switzerland

Nature: A legend that records the local people's efforts to prevent foreign invaders from occupying their land

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Brief History

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Switzerland has been inhabited by human beings since 40000 to 50000 years ago. From the 9th century BC to the end of the 1st century BC Hallstatt Culture and Bin Laden culture 。 In the second century BC, most of Switzerland was celtic Occupied by the Helveti tribe in 58 BC Caesar The army of Imperium Romanum Its rule lasted for 400 years. From the 3rd to the 7th century, Germanic The tribe Alemanni invaded the east and north of Switzerland and settled here, which became the German speaking area of Switzerland later; Burgundians invaded the west, which became the French speaking area of Switzerland. Rhine The area to the north still remains the legacy of Rome, becoming a Romance speaking area. later Ticino Joined the Swiss Confederation and became the Italian speaking region of Switzerland. In 774, all Swiss territory was incorporated into the Frankish Kingdom. Since the 11th century, jura East of the mountains Burgundy Region, the Principality of Alemanni and The Alps All areas to the south belong to Holy Roman Empire Rule. Since then, the Swiss territory has been divided into many independent and semi independent earl territories Feudal lord Territories and noble republics. Zelingen, Kibu, Sava and Habsburg The four families fought for power and profit in Switzerland, and finally Habsburg Family Become the largest feudal lord in Switzerland.

In 1291, Switzerland Three forest states in central China Schweitz , Uri, Ont Walden Habsburg Family Formed at the time of decline“ Everlasting League ”, signed Mutual defense treaty , laying the foundation for Switzerland as an independent country (see Swiss Permanent Alliance ）。 During the 14th and 15th centuries, the Alliance expanded its territory and strengthened Military strength 。 Lucerne 、 Zurich , Zug, Glarus berne The states successively joined the Alliance, and in 1370, they signed the Charter of Priests of eight states, forming a federation. Freiburg and Solotune Joined the Federation and signed the Stance Agreement. In 1499, the Swiss Confederation refused Maximilian I Of Imperial reform The plan led to the Schwaben War. As a result, the Swiss won, signed the Basel Peace Treaty, and achieved actual independence. Basel Schaffhausen In 1501 and 1513, Appenzell successively joined the Federation, which increased to 13 states. At this time, there was no permanent Swiss Confederation Central institutions , just holding regular all federal meetings.

Switzerland Thirty Year War China adheres to neutrality, which is conducive to national stability and economic development 。 After the Thirty Year War, Switzerland was internationally recognized as an independent country according to the Peace Treaty of Westphalia signed in 1648. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Swiss economy was in recession, and farmers broke out many uprisings, protestantism Civil war broke out between the states and Catholic states. The victory of Protestantism in Switzerland promoted Switzerland capitalism Development of.

Since the 18th century, major cities in Switzerland have successively opposed cities Oligarchy The uprising of. In the spring of 1798, French troops entered Switzerland and occupied berne The federation of 13 Swiss states collapsed. In April of the same year, 22 states participated Haier Weidi Republic It was established with the support of France and passed the French model constitution. Since then, Switzerland has become a unified centralized country, but attached to France. In February 1803, Napoleon abolished the Republic of Helveti and restored Switzerland federalism 。 Napoleonic Empire After the collapse, the Swiss Confederation formulated a new alliance treaty and declared strict neutrality. On November 20, 1815 congress of vienna Confirm that Switzerland is Permanent neutrality 。 thereafter, Valais 、 State of Geneva 、 Nashatel And joined the Federation one after another. With Bern as its capital, Switzerland has become a unified country Federalism 。 The new constitution passed in 1848 strengthened centralization And guaranteed capitalism Development of. twice World War Both China and Switzerland remained neutral and had survived the war without invasion.

the Second World War Later, the political situation was relatively stable. Since 1959, the radical Democratic Party Christian Democratic Party The Socialist Party and the Central Democratic Alliance are in power jointly. Switzerland joined the United Nations in 2002 and also participated in European Economic Community and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 。 Established with China on September 14, 1950 diplomatic relations 。

From prehistory to Switzerland

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Celtic Switzerland

Since 850 BC in the Iron Age, this land will become Switzerland Celt Man, Lei lives in the east Tia People. The approximate boundary between tribes is from Lake Constance From Linth River Valley to Gotha. Helvetii, the most powerful of the Celtic tribes, controls the Jura and The Alps Between most areas. Because from Germanic Tribal pressure, in 58 BC they tried to migrate to southwest Gaul, but the Romans did not allow them to leave. Gaul War The first battle of the war was defeated by Caesar, and the survivors of Helveti had to return to their Swiss land as Roman appendages (privileged allies) to fill a gap, otherwise they might urge the Germanic people to further encroach.

Roman Period

From AD 101 to 150, Celts, Retians and Romans lived together and almost never had a disagreement. The Romans expanded the original Celtic settlements and built new towns. They improved the water supply and built arena And theaters, best examples can be found in Augst and Awash (Avenches)。 Villas (a type of fortified farm) was also established to provide a base for agricultural development and for spreading Roman forces to surrounding villages.

There are new fruit crops and vegetables transported from the south to the north. Although Roman legislators prevented The Alps Production to the north Wine However, grape vines are still introduced to the north. In order to increase wheat, cattle and cheese In order to provide a better traffic route between Rome and the northern outposts of the Empire, the road was extended and passed through the central region, and was improved.

Barbarian invasion

The first barbarian invasion took place in AD 259. By 400 AD, Rome and Switzerland had disintegrated and romanized Celts The land of Burgundy People and Alemanni, etc Germanic Tribal occupation. The Burgundians are small in number and occupy western Switzerland. Although they maintained political control, they lost contact with their original homeland and were assimilated by the Roman Celts. The French speaking area of Switzerland is almost the land settled by Burgundians after the 5th century.

From the 6th century to the 7th century, the people of Alemanni migrated on a large scale Rhine to the south of. Their number is much larger than that of Burgundians, and they keep in touch with their relatives in the north of Rhine. Only part of the land they explored was affected by Rome, so it is easier to impose their culture and language on the Celts. Germanic hegemonism Gradually from Royce River Infiltrate westward to Sarine River. The Alemanni also pushed all over the upper reaches of the Rhine River, driving the Celts to the Alps. stay Graubindon These Celtic descendants of the valley speak the fourth language of Switzerland -- Romance 。

In the late 5th and early 6th centuries, the Burgundians and Alemannians were under the control of the Franks, and later became Charlemagne Empire Part of. In 843, less than 30 years after Charlemagne's death《 Treaty of Verdun 》Divide Switzerland among his grandchildren. Lothair I The Middle Kingdom of (Lothar I) includes the settlements of Burgundians, namely Ale River Ezekies, while Alemannia (i.e Rhine To the north and south) Germanic Louis II Of East Frankish Kingdom 。 By the year 1000, the land that later became Switzerland was divided into 12 dioceses, with Lausanne Konstanz 、 Valle and Kuer 。

Dynasty Switzerland

Habsburg Family

Germanic Holy Roman Empire Switzerland was reunified in the 11th century, but the gradual decline of the empire produced a similar situation independent state The loose federation of Zahringen, Savoy, Kyburg and Habsburg (Habsburg) and other families Feudal dynasty At the beginning of the 13th century, it emerged as a regional force. The new cities built by these families in the 11th and 12th centuries provided a safe place to stay for the growing number of merchants who were involved in the rapidly expanding trade in Western Europe. Many fortification centers have dual functions, which can defend newly acquired land and serve as outposts for further expansion of the dynasty.

Late 13th century Habsburg Family Become the dominant family in Switzerland. Their castle, originally built in 1020, is strategically located in the Ale River 、 Royce River Within a few miles of the confluence of Limmat River. Habsburg And Territorial expansion Threatening the independence of some small associations in central Switzerland, various unexpected events contributed to the establishment of the Swiss Confederation.

Growth of the Federation

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In 1273, Uri Schweitz (Schwyz) and Ont Walden (Unterwalden) Direct attribution Habsburg have jurisdiction over. The dynasty has controlled from Rhine to Lucerne At the north entrance of St. Gotha Road Switzerland The central river valley is incorporated into its own territory, so as to fully control this channel. The representatives of the association were shocked by this invasion Forest State Rutli, upstream of Lake Vierwaldstatter, held a meeting and signed a convention on August 1, 1291 to ensure that all enemies would be dealt with together. This convention is Everlasting League The beginning of the Everlasting League is also the foundation of the Swiss Confederation. In 1991, the Swiss celebrated the 700 year history of their country.

Early 14th century Habsburg Family Eager to win the Royce Valley and St. Gotha Pass Of control power Is to launch a complex struggle against the forest states. It was defeated in 1315, and the alliance in 1291 was affirmed and strengthened again, which became the legal basis for the relationship between the states before 1798. The original purpose of war is to prevent Habsburg Further encroachment thus far directly points to the elimination of all feudal rights of Habsburg in the federal area. This struggle has been going on intermittently for 150 years.

The geographical area of the Federation expanded rapidly, and the original community could not stand being surrounded for a long time. By the end of the 14th century, the Union had crossed the Alps Valley Central region Expanding westward, from the north Zurich River up to Swiss French The eastern boundary of. Lucerne (1332), Zurich (1351) Zug (Zug, who became a permanent member of the Federation in 1365) and Glarus (who became a permanent member since 1388) became part of the Alliance (some materials record that Zug and Glarus joined the Federation in 1352). New members strengthen the Union by providing additional tax, human, and political and strategic capabilities. However, the original three mountain states lost their old identity. Fortunately, yes Habsburg The common strong hostility is enough to overcome the differences that make the young alliance nervous. In 1394, after two decisive military defeats, Habsburg was unable to maintain its position against Uli Schweitz and Lower Walden And the urgent thing is to hold the rest Rhine The territory to the south.

In the early 15th century, eight states found that they were Habsburg Dynasty The ruled land is surrounded by Milan Savoy and Burgundy 。 Due to their vulnerability to attack, the Swiss shifted from their original defensive tactics to offensive tactics to protect their territory. The last one south of the Rhine Austria Outpost Aargau is between Zurich , Lucerne and Bourne were captured in 1415, and the threat from Savoy in the southwest Valais He was shunned when he joined the Federation. In the middle of the 15th century, there were repeated moves in and out of the franchise, such as Saint Gall, Appenzell Schaffhausen Joined the Federation with Milus. Milus Free Empire City controls Vosges Mountains (Vosges) and Jura Mountains Belfort Gap (Burgundy Pass). The Austrians and dissident factions in the city tried to control the Rhine Valley and the Paris Basin Profitable trade between the two countries. In order to reduce this danger, the public, together with Bourne and Solotune (Solothurn) Defence treaty 。

Burgundy War

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The next series of events directly led to the Burgundy War. The Swiss are doing Unsuccessful After the attack on Waldshut, the Austrians promised the Swiss a large sum of money as part of their reconciliation. Duke of Burgundy Charles the Bold Provide this money to obtain Austria The control of territory, that is, from Alsace (Alsace) to Rhine town Rhinefelden (Rheinfelden) and Wartshut. The Austrian power along the Rhine was soon replaced by the Burgundians.

Austria formed an alliance with Switzerland and France after realizing that the Burgundians had no intention of helping them return to Switzerland, but took over their own territory. After a series of decisive encounters, Burgundy ended up in the defeat of the walled city of Murten, which defended the west gate to enter Bourne, and the Swiss smashed Cha's dream of rebuilding the Lotharingian empire.

He helped Fribourg and Solotune He joined the Union in 1481. Thus, Bourne, Lucerne Zurich , Fribourg and Solotune are now linked with Uri Schweitz 5 rural states, including Ont Walden, Glarus and Zug, maintained balance.

Schwaben War

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Maximilian I

After Bourne repulsed Burgundy in the west, Holy Roman Empire The fledgling ruler of Maximilian I (Maximilian I, 1493-1519) attempted to regain control of his territory, including Switzerland. Eastern Swiss states With Graubinden The Alliance responded with a defensive stance. Graubindon is a mini federation organized by three communities. Maximilian joined the Swabian League Germany An alliance organized by the southern principalities to thwart the expansion of Switzerland, and in 1499 attacked Graubindon. The state of Graubinden invited the Swiss, so the last war for Swiss independence, the Schwaben War, followed Rhine From Basel to Fuhrer Begg (Vorarlbefg). On September 22, 1499, peace was announced in Basel, and Maximilian gave up his plan, thus informally recognizing Switzerland's independence. Basel and Schaffhausen The Rhineland became federal full member In 1513, Appenzell also became a member of the Federation. stay French Revolution The situation that 13 independent states united to become a federation has not changed.

War with France

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Battle of Marignano

After the Schwarzenegger conflict, Switzerland fell back into conflict with France Austria And Italy for the life and death struggle of the Po Valley（ Italian War ）。 In the early 16th century, France turned against Italy. At first the Swiss supported France, but later they allied with Italy. The result of the armed conflict drove France out of the Poe Valley, but the victory was short-lived. The French army soon returned to set up camp and was affected by the Poe Valley Poplar tree Masking. In September 1515, a depressed and divided Swiss army was in the southeast of Milan Battle of Marignano It suffered a devastating blow and lost more than 8000 people. For Switzerland, which lost the war, the peace clause was very generous. They kept most of Ticino today and all the territories they demanded in the south, except Domodosola, which is the south gate to guard the entrance to Simplon Pass. This kind peace clause has enabled the two former belligerents to maintain a harmonious relationship for 250 years, and has brought great benefits to Switzerland Economic achievements 。 Because the two countries have always promised free trade Therefore, a large market has become a driving factor for Swiss industry. Whenever France tries to protect Tariff law Swiss businessmen invoked the Peace Clause. France's continued need for Swiss mercenaries provided Switzerland with the means to maintain its trade privileges, thus giving them conditions superior to Germany and Italy. Before the French Revolution, France had always reserved a major market for Swiss products.

The failure of Mariniano marks the first step towards neutrality. Switzerland recognizes that no policy can be agreed by their linguistic and religious groups with respect to territories beyond their borders. They may be involved in neighboring countries Austria In the affairs of France, Italy and other countries, which will destroy the federation or maintain independence, the two must be one of them. That ravaged Europe in the 16th century Religious war During this period, this view was strengthened.

Reform movement

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Soon after reaching reconciliation with France, Switzerland was influenced by the reform movement. Then there was a period of internal struggle, which was crucial to the formation of the country human geography The aspect has its role. Cities (especially Bourne , Basel Geneva , Lausanne Schaffhausen and Zurich And other major centers) are far more acceptable than conservative rural states Zwingli (Huldrych Zwingli), John Calvin and John Knox ( John Knox ）And others. As a result protestantism And the irregular pattern of the Catholic region beyond language and physical geography As we can see today.

Peace of Westphalia

Despite the struggle between two religious sects in the 16th century, Zwingli died Wars of Kappel , plus Thirty Year War , a great civil war was finally spared. In addition, both religious sects are more loyal to Switzerland than to Switzerland ideological system In the destructive Thirty Year War, they cooperated with each other to maintain Switzerland's neutrality. Finally, the Peace Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 finally ended the war and recognized Switzerland's independence. After 350 years of struggle, Switzerland finally got rid of Austrian Empire The rule of.

industrialization

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The 17th and 18th centuries were peaceful and prosperous. The industry that existed in some Swiss societies dates back to the 14th century and has now expanded further, laying the foundation for future development and diversification. Switzerland Thirty Year War China's neutral position is of great benefit to the economy. The influx of refugees is particularly important for the improvement of old industries (such as textiles) and also for the establishment of new enterprises. Swiss businessmen sell their products and Belligerents China acts as an intermediary for foreign freight forwarding.

Mainly from business and Handicrafts The accumulated capital can finance industrial expansion. Since inland Switzerland has neither shipping enterprises nor colonies, industry is the natural goal of economic development. Therefore, by the end of the 17th century, 1/4 of the 1.6 million Swiss were engaged in the textile industry and the watch industry.

In 1785 Jura In the eastern and central regions, silk, linen and cotton Textile mill 。 Before the French Revolution, cotton manufacturing was the most important industry in Switzerland. Although the textile industry originated in the 14th century, it did not achieve success until the 17th century, when refugees were introduced Spinning The textile industry has been improved by peaceful weave spinning. The cheap woven thread freely imported from Britain sent out the last spark of prosperity before the chaos of the French Revolution swept across Switzerland.

French and Italian refugees introduced watchmaking in the 16th century Geneva By the end of the 18th century, the city had 1000 masters and thousands of apprentices. But, yes Nashatel Refugees did not play a role in the establishment of the watch industry; Nashatel Accuracy of Metallurgy As early as the 16th century.

The impact of the Great Revolution

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Despite its economic development, Switzerland's political institutions were unprepared for the violence unleashed by the French revolution. None of the 13 states' Helvetic Association central government Each state has its own army, religious opposition still exists, rural states are suspicious of towns, and small states are jealous of large states.

Although pro French and anti French sentiments coexist, Switzerland still tries to remain neutral. The country is in the Paris -The strategic position on Milan's main road is vital to France, as well as control Great Saint Bernard Pass It is also crucial. So Napoleon invaded Switzerland after conquering northern Italy and occupied it on March 5, 1798 berne 。 This is the end of the old 13 state federation.

Founded by the French Helvetic Republic Its duration is 1798~1803 years. The government collapsed because of internal discord. A constitution drafted in Paris was forcefully adopted in disregard of Swiss tradition. The occupying forces are treated like Vassal state Treat Switzerland the same way, and turn it into a battlefield for the French and their enemies. The international chaos worsened, and Switzerland fell into Anarchy in At this critical moment, Napoleon intervened with the mediation resolution, and the country was stabilized.

Although some territory was lost, Switzerland remained almost untouched. 13 states were rebuilt, plus 6 new states Saint Gallen 、 Graubindon , Algol thurgau 、 ticino and Wozhou 。 These 19 states form the Helveti Federation.

stay Napoleonic Wars Switzerland remained neutral for the rest of the time, but because continental blockade Industry (especially textile industry) suffered a lot. 1815 Napoleonic Empire After collapse, congress of vienna Recognize the permanent neutrality of the Federation. Three ancient allies: Valle Nashatel and Geneva After joining, 25 states were formed (Rula, the 26th state, was separated from the French speaking Catholic District of Bourne, joined the Union in 1974, and became a state in 1979).

economic development

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The main period of economic development began in 1815. Agriculture has generally improved, and tourism has begun to develop, especially because of tourists from Britain. But in the economy industrial sector The harvest is most significant. The mainland blockade excluded Britain from European market In addition, initially textile industry It brought harmful factors and forced Switzerland to modernize its textile machinery.

The first large factory was built in 1802 Zurich 。 cotton textile industry cause Machine manufacturing The number of machine spinning mills increased sharply with the birth of. By 1810, 25% of the lines needed by the cotton textile industry were supplied by families. Soon after that, Switzerland completely stopped relying on foreign supplies.

Switzerland's future economic life model has begun to take shape. Swiss industry can develop only by exporting. It relies on cheap raw materials and Cheap labor 。 therefore free trade It is a need. To foreign countries Protectionism Instead of imposing retaliatory tariffs, more and more specialized and more thorough vocational training will deal with the threat of. Also, Swiss companies have begun to set up factories in other countries.

Internal political difficulties

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Unfortunately, this era of material prosperity cannot be avoided political issue The trouble of. The mediation resolution disappeared with Napoleon, and it was replaced by a new federal convention, which once again established Switzerland as Sovereign state Their union is only for common defense and maintaining internal order. Therefore, a unified foreign policy It is still impossible. In addition, Switzerland is also separated by legal barriers, because each state has its own laws, currency, postal service Weights and measures And the army. The right to live freely in any state also ends with the mediation resolution, so residents of each state regard residents of other states as nationals of other countries. What's more, Civil liberties Almost non-existent, religious differences have resurfaced.

These deep religious differences led to the formation of a Catholic state in 1845 Separatist Alliance (Sonderbund), whose members are Lucerne, Uli Schweitz , Ont Walden, Zug, Fribourg and Valle. In July 1847, the Federal Parliament announced on behalf of other states the Separatist Union and the Federal Convention Incompatibility Shall be dissolved immediately. The civil war lasted only 25 days and ended in the victory of the Union army. Fortunately, there were no heavy casualties, making reconciliation more smoothly achieved.

with Constitution of the United States A new constitution was born in 1848 and was revised in 1874. The political institutions clearly stated in the Constitution still exist. Dominion Division between state and federal governments. Representatives who participate in the federal government are either elected by the majority of the national population or elected by the states, thus providing small states with national representation. A unified foreign policy has finally become possible. In addition, the state is now in charge of customs, currency Weights and measures And the postal service, which also protects the rights and freedoms of all citizens and promotes the improvement of national welfare.

Turning point Switzerland

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1848 was a turning point in modern Swiss history. Before this period, the internal struggle was a fact of Swiss political life. Since then, the major internal crisis on the two lines of race and religion has disappeared, and the country has begun to prosper. because Political stability Switzerland can spend more time and energy on developing industry, agriculture and communications and transportation industry On.

Railway expansion

railway network The rapid expansion of strategic role So as to help it maintain the neutral position of the country. In 1847, the first railway Zurich And Baden. By 1860, 966 kilometers (600 miles) of railway had been built by private corporation It is laid between cities in the central region. By 1876, the route used had exceeded 2000 kilometers (1200 miles).

For With the Sennisi Mountains across the Alps and Brenner Pass Competition of railway lines, and Switzerland has negotiated with Italian and German industries on construction Saint Gotha Tunnel 。 After 10 years of excavation, marked by labor unrest and the death of about 167 workers, the 15 km (9.3 mile) tunnel was finally opened in 1882, which was the longest tunnel in the world at that time. In the early 20th century Valais Brig 19 km (12 mile) long Simplon Tunnel between (Brig) and Domodosola in Italy and berne 14 km (9 miles) from Brig to Milan Lucky Mountain Tunnel (Lotschberg) is also open to railway traffic.

Switzerland's neutrality

Switzerland remained neutral during the Franco Prussian War. the First World War China remains neutral despite ethnic differences. After the war, Switzerland's neutrality was once again confirmed by the Treaty of Versailles, which confirmed that Switzerland's neutrality was an important part of peacekeeping. The London Declaration in 1920 further consolidated its neutrality. At that time, the Conference of the League of Nations recognized Switzerland's permanent neutrality and, based on the Treaty of 1815, claimed to guarantee its territorial integrity, which was in line with the general interests of peace and therefore the principles of the League.

In May 1920, Switzerland voted to join the League of Nations, with its headquarters in the President of the United States woodrow wilson The insistence of Geneva 。 In the turbulent 1930s, the disintegration of the League of Nations made Switzerland abandon collective security And reaffirmed his old position of absolute neutrality. They are afraid of the worst, so they are psychologically, economically and militarily ready to deal with any Possible Preparation for conflict. the Second World War Outbreak, issued by the Federal Parliament declaration of neutrality This declaration is backed by a strong army and air force. Of the total population of 4000000, 850000 soldiers were killed Mobilize 。 The Alps One of the fortresses, called Reduit, was ready, so even if the cities in the central region were lost, the Swiss army could still fight the Nazis. Although it was fascist Surrounded by the army, Switzerland is Central Europe The only surviving democracy. There are three factors. First, if an invasion occurs, Switzerland will destroy roads and railway lines in the Alps. Second, the Swiss army is a formidable force Combat troops 。 Finally, the Swiss army will take full advantage of its high mountain terrain.

Switzerland has been strictly neutral until now, although in 1991 Persian Gulf War Middle station the United Nations This side. In 1986, Switzerland voted 3-1 against joining the United Nations. But Swiss troops are trained for UN peacekeeping missions.

Postwar economic situation

The Swiss economy developed at full speed for a long time after the Second World War, and there was little unemployment. However, due to the recession in the early 1970s, it adopted the policy of reorganizing Swiss industry to rationalize it, especially focusing on the construction industry and the watch industry, and repatriating foreign workers to their home countries. According to statistics, more than 400000 jobs were canceled between 1973 and 1976. However, in the early 1990s, there were more than 1 million foreigners among Swiss residents.

Switzerland is European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1973 European Community (EC) Reach an agreement to gradually establish a Duty free trade zone 。 Several important terms of the Swiss perspective have been included in the contract. Switzerland's Autonomy It does not endanger neutrality, so it is reserved; Foreign workers in Switzerland are not allowed to move freely; Switzerland is not subject to the European Community Common agricultural policy Constraints; Switzerland is not involved European Community Relations with other countries. The contract with the European Community was valid until January 1993 to help further consolidate the Swiss economy. Switzerland cooperates with the European unity while preserving freedom of action in political and foreign trade affairs related to neutrality. However, exports were tax-free to enter the market with 325 million European Community consumers (more than 340 million after Germany's merger), which was close to 58% of Switzerland's exports in 1991. At this time, Switzerland claimed that its average national income was the highest among the world's industrial countries.

As a result of the implementation of a basically changed policy on December 31, 1992, an open boundary line was created for 12 EC countries Single market 。 European Free Trade Association Was forced to reach an agreement with the European Community to create a European Economic Area , become a member of the European Free Trade Association and enter a stronger European Community Prelude 。 although federal government Support such action, but any agreement needs to be formally approved by the states. So this is the case. If Switzerland joins the European Community, it will obviously weaken its neutrality and the tradition of governing Switzerland so well since 1815.

Existing challenges

Switzerland's historical development can be roughly divided into three stages. First, residents must adapt their lives to the rugged and mountainous terrain. Second, in order to defend the territory, the people must resist the aggression of powerful neighboring nations. Third, they must create a set of economic system 。 On the whole, the performance of the Swiss in these three stages is remarkable.

The challenges facing Switzerland, however, are much more complex. First natural environment Challenges. In the face of modernity industrial society The Swiss must try to maintain their unique geographical and environmental unity. The modern industrial society has produced serious air pollution and transformed large areas of the countryside into quarry 、 Landfill And cement buildings. The second is the challenge from humanity. On the one hand, the state must address the growing number of political refugee The establishment of fair policies and the rising number of political refugees reflect Switzerland's commendable democratic system Features. On the other hand, such as Alcoholism 、 drug abuse And AIDS social problem Must also be humanitarianism Position to deal with. Various attempts and efforts to solve these challenges will be a major subject for Switzerland until the 21st century.

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