At the beginning of the 11th century, a unified kingdom of Sweden was formed.[1-2]Since 1397DenmarkDominantKalmar UnionMembers.In 1523, it regained its independence.The period from 1611 to 1721 was the peak of national strength, known as“Swedish Empire”。[1]In 1805, participated inNapoleonic Wars In 1809, it was defeatedRussian EmpireFinland was later ceded.In 1814, it was signed《Treaty of Kiel》, fromDenmarkHand acquiredNorway, establishing the Sweden Norway United Kingdom.[1]Sweden twiceWorld WarBoth sides remain neutral.In 1995, Sweden joinedEuropean Union。[1]Sweden has a long and narrow terrain, sloping from northwest to southeast.In the northNorland Plateau, most of the southern and coastal areas are plain orhill。[1]As of July 2021, Sweden has 21 provinces and 290 municipalities.The provincial governor is appointed by the government, and the municipal leadership is elected. Both provinces and cities have greater autonomy.StockholmIt is the capital of Sweden.[1]Sweden is a developed countrycapitalist country, alsoNobel Prizehost city.[1]
Sweden, 2022gross domestic product5962.8 billion SEK (about 558.4 billion US dollars),GDP per capita: 567000 SEK (about 53000 US dollars), GDP growth rate: 2.6%.
On March 7, 2024 local time, Sweden officially joined NATO, becoming the 32nd member of NATO.[34]
Ice AgeSweden ushered inStone AgeAt that time, there were already human beings living in Sweden, who were engaged inhuntingAnd food gathering tribes.Northern SwedenYemtran ProvinceFound rock paintings about 9000 years ago.With the help ofthe Balticreachmediterranean seaThe trade routes ofScandinavia。The skins and amber of northern Europe were sold to Greece and Rome.
Roman Empire
3th-4th centuryImperium RomanumAt the end of the period, it was called "ethnic workshop"ScandinaviaThe tribes exported a large number of immigrants to Western and Southern Europe.GothsIt is said to come from Gotland, Sweden.Su WeihuiIt comes from the southern coast of Sweden.[2]
Pirate Period
Rome, 10th centuryCatholicismIt was introduced from Denmark to Sweden and soon consolidated.[2]
At the beginning of the 11th century, Sweden began to form a country.[1]
In 1157, Sweden annexed Finland.After Sweden's independence, the Protestant Lutheran sect gained a dominant position.Early legends left the names and deeds of several early Swedish kings, such as the Erik family and the Swak family, untilHouse of Folkung Establishment of rule.[2]
And close neighborsDanesandNorwegianIn contrast, the Swedes in the pirate period paid more attention to commercial trade than to conquest and colonization, and were committed to operating in the east and southeast of Europe. Their influence once reached as far as the coast of the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.Here Swedes andarabEven more eastward ethnic groups exchanged furs, metal and other products, reaching Constantinople, Jerusalem and Baghdad.The Swedish Royal Palace Coin Exhibition Hall collects the coins of ancient Western Asian countries unearthed locally.
The Swedes arrived firstGulf of FinlandNorth bankNeva RiverandLadoga LakeOne Belt.They established a stronghold here and continued to push southward, establishing the principality of Novgorod in Novgorod.According to the records of Kiev friars, a group of Swedes entered the hinterland of Eastern Europe and established Kiev Ross. They are calledVaryag。The process was like this: the Vikings were expelled because they imposed heavy taxes on Slavs, but the Slavs fell into chaos.Some people proposed to invite a king from another country to rule them.So the envoy came to Sweden, and three brothers became candidates. They were Liurik, Xinyus and Truff.They became later rulers of Novgorod, Belarus and Izbesk.After the death of Xinyus and Truffaut, Liurik took over their land.His successor Oleg conquered Kiev and founded the Kiev Rose State.[2]
late middle ages
"Non violence" Bronze Carving in Segal Street, Stockholm
At the beginning of the formation of the Kingdom of Sweden, Sweden was a loose kingdom composed of some provinces with strong independence.Each province passes its own laws.The king was responsible for the coordination among provinces and the organization of foreign wars.In the 12th century, the royal power had been relatively strong, forming a unified national tax and law.At this time, Sweden had conquered the southwest coastal area of Finland and continued to expand to the southeast.[2]
In 1397, in order to fight against the powerfulHanseatic Leaguestaythe north seaandthe Baltic's power,Denmark、Norway, SwedenKalmarThe meeting was held and it was decided to establish theKalmar UnionFrom then on, Sweden and Norway submitted to the rule of the Danish king, while retaining the status of the kingdom.However, during the alliance period, the conflict between Swedes and Danes continued to occur.[1-2]
1520 King of DenmarkChristian II of Denmark Enter the Swedish capitalStockholmAn independence movement was pacified.Later, local aristocratsGustav Vasa Organized a movement against the Union countries in Dalana Province.Soon, the forces resisting Danish rule controlled most of Sweden.The resistance movement won the Hanseatic League, the main city states hostile to DenmarkLübeck And attacked Stockholm with the help of.[2]
In 1523, the Danish army failed to suppress armed resistance.Sweden gained independence, Gustav Vasa was elected king of Sweden and foundedVasa Dynasty。Norway will remain in the alliance and become a political district of Denmark, while Sweden's southern coastal areas are still under Danish control.After assuming the throne, Gustav Vasa announced that he would break off relations with Lubeck.[1-2]
In 1593,LudezongBecame the national religion of Sweden.[2]
Beihai hegemony period
Sweden in the 16th century
In the 16th century, after several wars, Sweden defeatedDenmarkThe Polish army has become the military of Northern Europehegemony。During the 30-year war, Sweden joinedprotestantismThe camp joined the war and sent troops in depthHoly Roman EmpireHinterland.[2]
In 1634, the Swedish army was defeated in the Battle of Narlingen and returned to the country.
In 1642, Sweden sent troops againGermany。In 1648, the French and Swedish allied forces finally defeated the Holy Roman Empire and signed《Treaty of Westphalia》The war is over.Before Sweden gained German territoryPomerania, Wismar, Felden andBremen。After 30 years of war, Sweden's power in the Baltic Sea reached its peak.[2]
From 1654 to 1719, Sweden was in its heyday. Its territory included Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Baltic coastal areas of Russia, Poland and Germany.
In 1658, Sweden recovered from Denmark the southern coastal areas of Skona and Bleguine.
In 1700, Russia, Denmark and Poland allied and fought with Sweden,Great Northern WarStart.
1709, King of SwedenKarl XIIIn what is now UkrainePoltavaBy the Russian tsarPeter I Defeat and flee toOttoman Empire。Russia began to replace Sweden as a new power in Northern Europe and the Baltic region.
In 1718, Sweden gradually declined after the defeat of the war against Russia, Denmark and Poland.[1]
In 1721, Sweden was defeated and lost its Baltic dependency and its status as a military power.LivoniaThe region was incorporated into Russia.[2]
Napoleonic Wars
In 1805, he joined the Napoleonic War.
In 1809, Sweden was forced to cede Finland after being defeated by Russia.czarAlexander I He is also the Grand Duke of Finland.[1-2]
On January 14, 1814,DenmarkSigned with Sweden《Treaty of Kiel》Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden.Norway took the opportunity to declare independence and promulgate the Constitution.Sweden launched a war against it, and Norway was forced to agree to submit to the Swedish king as a countryNorwegian Swedish Union。[1]
In 1905, Norway became independent from the Union.Sweden twiceWorld WarBoth sides remained neutral and did not participate in the war.
In 1995, Sweden joined the European Union.[1]
On May 16, 2022,The Swedish government has officially decided toNATOApply for joining。[10-11]
On June 29, 2022, NATO leaders formally invited Finland and Sweden to join NATO.On the 28th, Turkey changed its position and gave a "green light" to the process of Sweden and Finland's accession to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.[16]
30 June 2022, Secretary General of NATOJens StoltenbergAt the end of the NATO Summit in Madrid, Sweden and Finland joinedNATOThe Protocol to the Convention will be signed on July 5.[18]
On July 4, 2022 local time, Sweden officially confirmed its willingness to join NATO and assume its political, legal and military obligations under the Covenant.
On July 5, 2022 local time, NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg and Swedish Foreign Minister Linde officially signed the protocol to join NATO in Brussels, NATO headquarters.
On July 5, 2022 local time, according to Swedish television, 30 ambassadors to NATO have signed the agreement on Sweden and Finland's accession to NATO.[21]
On August 9, 2022 local time, US President Biden signed the agreement between Sweden andFinlandProtocol on Accession to NATO.[17][22]
On March 29, 2023, Zoltan Kovac, spokesman of the Hungarian government, said that Hungary had temporarily suspended the procedure for approving Sweden's application for NATO membership.[27]
On March 5, 2024 local time, President Shuyuk of Hungary signed the bill approving Sweden's accession to NATO.[33]
On March 7, 2024 local time, Swedish Prime Minister Christson submitted the document of Sweden's accession to NATO to Secretary of State Blinken of the United States, the custodian of NATO documents, marking Sweden's official accession to the Treaty and becoming the 32nd member of NATO.[35]
NATO Holds Sweden's Accession Ceremony[35]
geographical environment
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Regional location
Sweden is located in Northern Europescandinavian peninsulaIn the east, and borders Finland in the northeast, with a border length of 586 kilometers;West andNorwayThe adjacent border is 1619 kilometers long;To the eastGulf of Bothniaandthe BalticAndRussiaAcross the sea, to the southwestthe north sea, and withDenmarkandbritainAcross the sea.It covers an area of 450000 square kilometers.The territorial sea is 12 nautical miles, the coastline is about 2181 kilometers long, and about 15% of the land isarctic circleInside.[1]
Sweden
topographic features
Swedish landform[1]
East of Swedenthe Baltic, southwestthe north sea, the terrain inclines from northwest to southeast, and the north is plateau.Sweden has a long and narrow terrain, sloping from northwest to southeast.In the northNorland PlateauThe highest peak in China, Kebunekesai Peak, is 2123 meters above sea level, and most of the southern and coastal areas are plain orhill。[1]
climate
Sweden is close to the ocean and affected by the Atlantic Warm Current. Most areas are temperate coniferous forest climate, and the southernmost part is temperate broad-leaved forest climate.Affected by the North Atlantic Warm Current, the average temperature in January is - 16 ℃ in the north and - 0.7 ℃ in the south;In July, 14.2 ℃ in the north and 17.2 ℃ in the south.[1][3]
hydrology
The main rivers in Sweden areYota River、Dar River、Oneyman River。There are about 100000 lakes and few navigable rivers.[1]maximalLake WinnenWith an area of 5585 square kilometers, it ranks third in Europe.[3]
natural resources
Sweden hasiron ore, forests andwaterpowerThree resources.As of 2014, Sweden's proven iron ore reserves were 3.65 billion tons, making it the largest iron ore exporter in Europe.Uranium oreThe reserve is 250000 to 300000 tons.The forest coverage rate is 54%, and the stored material is 2.64 billion cubic meters.The available water resources in normal years are 20140000 kW (176 billion kWh), 81% of which have been developed.In addition, there are sulfur, copper, lead, zinc, arsenic and other minerals in the north and central regions, with small reserves.[1]
administrative division
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Main term: Swedish administrative division
The country is divided into 21 provinces and 290 cities.The provincial governor is appointed by the government, and the municipal leadership is elected. Both provinces and cities have greater autonomy.[1]
Swedish administrative divisions
Major cities in Sweden
Stockholm
StockholmIt is the capital of Sweden, with an urban population of 990000 (by the end of 2023).[1]be situatedthe BalticandLake MalarenThe intersection is called "Venice of the North".In 1463, Stockholm was designated as the capital of Sweden and gradually developed into the largest city in Sweden.yesSwedish Palace, the Royal Opera House, the Royal Opera House, the Houses of Parliament, andstockholm city hall And other medieval buildings.[3]
Stockholm
Gothenburg
GothenburgIt is the largest port in Northern Europe and the industrial center of Northern Europe.Located on the west coastKattegat Strait, facing the northern end of Denmark.Gothenburg Port is not frozen all the year round and is the main port for trade between Sweden and Western Europe.Gothenburg has an oceanographic research institute and various other cultural facilities.Chalmers University of TechnologyandUniversity of Gothenburg Located here.Royal residence built in the 17th century, old city government built in 1699, and built in the middle of the 18th centurySweden East India CompanyAnd the cathedral built in 1815.[3]
Gothenburg
Malmo
MalmoIt is the third largest city, naval base and traffic hub in Sweden.The city is located in the southernmost part of Sweden.SeptumOresund StraitWith the capital of DenmarkCopenhagenLook at each other.The two cities are only 26 kilometers apart.[3]
Malmo
Uppsala
UppsalaIt is a city in eastern Sweden.It is located in the east of Sweden, just north of Stockholm, close to the Ferris River andLake Malaren。The railway is connected with the capital Stockholm in the south and the seaport Yevle in the north. Airplanes also provide convenient shipping. Some important meetings are often held here.[3]
Uppsala University
National symbol
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Country name
The word "Sweden" comes fromSwedishThe meaning of "kingdom of peace".The name of the country comes from the starting area of Sweden (today's central Sweden).Nicknames: "Forest Kingdom", "Lake Kingdom", "European Sawmill", "Nordic Snow Country", "Prohibition Kingdom".[3]
The national flag of Sweden is rectangular, with a length to width ratio of 8:5.The flag is composed of blue and yellow.The bottom color of the flag is blue, and the yellow wide strip cross divides the flag into four blue rectangles.The upper and lower rectangles on one side of the flagpole are equal in area, and the upper and lower rectangles on the right side are also equal in area.[13]
The national flag of Sweden was officially formulated on June 22, 1906.In 1157, the king of SwedenEric IXPray to God before the expedition to Finland, and see it as goldencrossThe light across the blue sky.According to this legend, the blue gold cross and the blue gold crown became the national symbol of Sweden.It also refers to the Golden Cross from SwedenHouse of Folkung The golden cross in the blue background is designed based on the blue background.
Swedish National EmblemThere are two types: large and small.The Swedish national emblem (large) has a medieval design.The coat of arms with a national flag on one side is arranged in a magnificent and noble tent.The pattern behind is divided into two groups: one is blue, and three beautiful crowns appear on the ground.Since 1364, the Kingdom of Sweden has taken this as the symbol of the country, which represents the still retained monarchy;The other group of patterns is a golden lion standing on the background of blue and white stripes, which symbolizes the ancientHouse of Folkung 。
The center of the Swedish national emblem pattern is inlaid with a small national emblem pattern: a gold pot is held on a silver broadband on a red background;A golden eagle flew in the starry night sky;Under the blue sky, a silver and white twin tower castle stands tall.They respectively represent the Vasa dynasty and its successor, the Bernardo family.On both sides of the coat of arms stands a male lion with a golden crown. The crown of the royal family on the top is made up of six winged angelsmedalThe chain is surrounded by a vivid angel image.
Turdus merula, as the name implies, the whole body has black feathers.The song is gentle and beautiful, and can imitate the call of other birds“A hundred tongues”The good name of.
Guoshi
Swedish national stone is crystal,crystalBecause of its beauty and high hardness, Swedes regard it as a national stone.
Population and nationality
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population
Sweden's population is unevenly distributed throughout the country. 90% of the country's population is concentrated in the south and central regions. The population density of Malm ö rhus Province is 151 people per square kilometerYemtran ProvinceThere are only 3 people per square kilometer.One of the main reasons for uneven population distribution is the populationUrbanization；Second, affected by natural geographical conditionsHigh latitudeThe area is sparsely populated.
Sweden fromSouthern EuropeThe proportion of refugees in the Middle East, Asia and Central America is increasing. They are difficult to get along with local residents. The increase of immigration has also led to the rise of crime rate in Sweden. After the 1970s, the Swedish government strengthened restrictions on immigration.After 2008, the number of immigrants has exceeded the number of Swedish immigrants.Most of the immigrants came from Scandinavian countries in the 20th centuryFinnMost.
10.56 million (October 2023).Most of them are Swedes, and most of the immigrants come from the Middle East, Southeast Europe, Africa and other regions.The Sami nationality in the north is the only ethnic minority, about 20000 people.The official language is Swedish and English is widely used.The main religion is Lutheran Christianity.
nation
Swedes who are good at singing and dancing
Among the Swedes, the Swedes account for 90%.There areFinnishAbout 30000 people, including nearly 20000 Lapu people.In additionDanes、Norwegian、German、IsraelEtc.
SwedeAs one of the Nordic peoplesEuropaNordic type, tall, fair skin, blond hair and blue eyes.The unified Swedish nation was formed in the 9th and 11th centuries, mainly composed of Swells and Goths, and constantly absorbed immigrants and someLapseandFinnAnd formed.
sami Also known as Lapu peopleUralRaceMongolianMixed type with the European race.Use Lapi.The Sami people are gathered near the Arctic Circle, and most of them have already lived a peaceful life and are engaged in raising deer.
Finns are one of the Nordic nationalities, belonging to Urals, a mixed type of Mongolian and European races.[3]
Politics
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regime
Sweden is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy.In September 2022, Sweden will hold national parliamentary elections.In October, the moderate party, the liberal party and the Christian Democratic Party formed a minority coalition government, and the Swedish Democratic Party was the government support party.The administration's priorities include combating crime, promoting employment and economic growth, ensuring energy supply security and joining NATO.[1]
constitution
The current Constitution of Sweden consists of four basic laws: the Government Code (enacted in 1809 and revised in 1974), the Law on Succession to the Throne (enacted in 1810 and revised in 1979), the Law on Freedom of the Press (enacted in 1949) and the Law on Freedom of Expression (enacted in 1991).In addition, there is the Organic Law of Parliament (enacted in 1866 and revised in 1974 and 2014).The Constitution stipulates that Sweden adopts a constitutional monarchy.As the head of state, the king only performs representative or ceremonial duties as a national symbol, and cannot interfere in the work of parliament and government.Parliament is a legislative body, elected by universal suffrage.The government is the highest administrative body of the country and is responsible to the parliament.The king's eldest child is the legal heir to the throne.[1]
Swedish ParliamentThe unicameral system is implemented, with a total of 349 members.Members are elected by universal suffrage for a four-year term.The Organic Law of the Parliament stipulates that political parties must obtain 4% of the national votes or 12% of a constituency to enter the Parliament in the general election.The current parliament, elected in September 2022, is composed of the Social Democratic Party, the Environment Party, the Left Wing Party, the Moderate Party, the Liberal Party, the Middle Party, the Christian Democratic Party and the Swedish Democratic Party, and has 16 standing committees.Andreas Norl é n, a moderate, was the Speaker of the Parliament.[1]
government
In October 2022, the moderate party, the liberal party and the Christian Democratic Party formed a new coalition government.There are 24 cabinet members.The main cabinet members include Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson (moderate party), Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Energy, Industry and Commerce Ebba Busch (female, CDP), and Foreign Minister Tobias Billstr ö m (moderate party).[1][7][15]
judicial
Sweden's courts are divided into three levels: the Supreme Court, six intermediate (appellate) courts, 72 courts of first instance, and 28 administrative courts. The Royal Supreme Court is composed of 16 government appointed lifelong judges.There are national procuratorates, 6 intermediate procuratorates, 38 district level procuratorates and 11 procuratorates specializing in economic crimes. The chief procurator of the country is appointed by the government.There is an independent ombudsman who is responsible to the Parliament and supervises government agencies and officials at all levels.[1]
party
The main political parties are:
(1) Moderaterna: The ruling party.It was founded in 1904.Formerly known as the Moderate United Party, it was renamed in 2006.He advocated adhering to private ownership and reducing taxes for enterprises, and actively participating in international cooperation.At present, there are about 50000 Party members.Ulf Kristersson, Chairman.
(2) Liberalerna: The ruling party.Founded in 1934.Formerly known as the People's Party, it was renamed in 2015.Advocate free competition and loose immigration policy.At present, there are about 11000 Party members.Johan Pehrson, Chairman.
(3) Christian Democratic Party (Kristdemokraterna): the ruling party.It was founded in 1964, formerly known as the Christian Social Democratic Party, and changed its current name in 1996.At present, there are about 25000 Party members.Adhere to Christian values and attach importance to family.President Ebba Busch (female).
(4) Sveriged demokratna: the opposition party (supporting the government).Established in 1988.There are about 36000 Party members.The extreme right-wing political parties require the government to implement a stricter immigration policy.It entered the National Assembly for the first time in 2010.The chairman is Jimmy Ole kesson.
(5) Social Democratic Party (Social Democratic Party): Social Democratic Party for short.It was founded in 1889.Sweden's largest political party, once in power for a long time, is now the opposition party.At present, there are about 80000 Party members.It advocates maintaining and developing the welfare system and actively participating in international cooperation.Chairman Magdalena Andersson (female).
(6) Milj ö party: opposition party.Founded in 1981.At present, there are about 15000 Party members.It emphasizes environmental protection, advocates closing nuclear power plants, and opposes joining the euro zone.The collective leadership system is implemented. The main leaders are M ä rta Stenevi (female) and Per Bolund.
(7) Center party: the opposition party.It was founded in 1913, formerly known as the Farmers' Association, and changed its current name in 1958.There are about 23000 Party members.Oppose centralization and emphasize environmental protection.Chairman Muharrem Demirok.
(8) V ä nsterpartiet: the opposition party.Founded in 1917.Formerly known as the Left Wing Communist Party, it was renamed in 1990.At present, there are about 11000 Party members.He called for shorter working hours, paid attention to women's rights and opposed to joining the European Union.President Nooshi Dadgostar (female).[1][36]
Dignitaries
Carl XVI Gustaf
Carl XVI Gustaf : King.Born in Stockholm on April 30, 1946.After graduating from high school in 1966, he received military training in the army. In 1968, he studied in Uppsala University and Stockholm University.He ascended the throne on September 15, 1973.Love sports.In June 1976, he married German Sylvia Somerlat.There are two daughters and one son. The eldest daughter, Princess Victoria, is the crown prince.She visited China with the Queen in September 1981 and July 2006, attended the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008, attended the Shanghai World Expo in May 2010, visited China with the scientific and technological delegation of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering in November, and paid a private visit to Shanghai with the Queen in February 2011.
Ulf Christson: Prime Minister.Born in 1963.In 1985, he joined the Youth League of the moderate party.From 1988 to 1992, he served as the Chairman of the Youth League.In 1991, he was elected as a member of Parliament, and successively served as a member of the Social Security Committee, the Education Committee, the Labor Market Committee, and the auditor of Parliament.In 2010, he became Minister of Social Security.In 2017, he became the chairman of the moderate party.In October 2022, he was elected Prime Minister.Married with three daughters.[23]
Economics
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overview
After the 19th century, withcapitalismWith the economic growth and the neutrality in world politics, Sweden's economic development has gradually accelerated.By the middle of the 20th century, it had developed rapidly and became a capitalist country with developed industries.Since the 1970s, Sweden has implemented a new industrial adjustment strategy, increased efforts and investment in scientific research, developed modern high-tech industries, and become a modern welfare society.
From the beginning of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century, the position of agriculture in Sweden's national economy continued to decline, and Sweden's agricultural labor population accounted for only about 3% of the national employment population.
In the early 1990s, Sweden experienced recession due to the global economic crisis.In 1994, the economy began to recover. Since then, electronic and information technology industries have been developed, and the economy has maintained a growth rate of 2-4%.After 2008, the Swedish economy was affected by the international financial crisis and faced adverse situations such as declining economic growth, impact on the real economy, continued weak market confidence, increased business closures, and rising unemployment.After 2009, the Swedish economy stabilized and recovered, and the output value of the tertiary industry accounted for more than half of Sweden's GDP.[3]
Highly developed.The "Swedish model" with high income, high tax and high welfare as its main content has played a positive role in safeguarding the national economic development.The main economic indicators in 2023 are as follows:
The Swedish currency isSwedish krona（Svensk kronor）。
Agriculture
Swedish Agriculture
The total area of cultivated land in China is 2.85 million hectares, accounting for about 7% of the land area.The self-sufficiency rate of food, meat, eggs and dairy products is more than 80%. Vegetables and fruits are mainly imported.[1]
Sweden is rich in forest resources, and forestry plays an important role in the national economy. In addition to the export of wood raw materials, it has also established a large number of supporting deep processing industrial sectors such as pulp, paper, furniture, forest chemicals, and its output and export volume are among the top in the world.[3]
Industry
While Sweden retains its traditional industries with characteristics, its advantageous sectors have turned to highly technology intensive machinery and chemical industries to develop emerging industries such as information, communication, biology, medicine and environmental protection.Sweden has its own aviation industryNuclear industry, automobile manufacturing, advanced military industry, and the world's leading telecommunications industry and pharmaceutical research capabilities.Sweden also leads the world in software development, microelectronics, telecommunications and photons.[3]
Sweden mainly includes mining industry, machinery manufacturing industry, forest and paper industry, electric equipment, automobile, chemical industry, telecommunications, food processing, etc.[1]
Finance
Sweden has a good financial situation and a moderate government debt burden. In 2022, the ratio of public debt to GDP will be less than 18%.
Service industry
The service industry in Sweden is developed, and the practitioners are mainly distributed in medical care, commerce, transportation and communication, finance, enterprise services, education, scientific research, public administration, cultural services and family services.[1]
In 2011, Swedish service industry practitioners accounted for 70.7% of the total population.In 2011, the output value of the service industry accounted for 71.3% of the gross domestic product, which was 383.665 billion US dollars.
tourism
The tourism industry has developed steadily. The main tourist destinations are Stockholm, the capital city, nature reserves in the north, Gothenburg in the west and Skona in the south.[1]
In 2011, Sweden received about 7.75 million foreign tourists.
Stonehenge in Skona
foreign trade
The dependence on foreign trade is high. In 2023, the total volume of foreign trade in goods will be SEK 4.151 trillion, up 2.45% year on year, including imports of SEK 2.048 trillion, down 0.28% year on year, and exports of SEK 2.103 trillion, up 5.26% year on year.Exports mainly include machinery and transportation equipment, wood and paper products, chemical and plastic products, industrial machinery, electronic and telecommunications equipment, mineral products, etc.[1][36]
outbound investment
Exchange control was officially lifted in 1989.The main investment targets are the United States and European countries. As of 2011, Sweden has invested 26.2 billion dollars abroad.
foreign capital
Sweden has attracted a large amount of foreign capital with good infrastructure and sufficient high-tech talents. The foreign capital mainly comes from the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom and Nordic neighbors.As of 2011, the amount of foreign direct investment was 12.2 billion US dollars.
foreign aid
In 2011, the amount of Swiss foreign aid was 35.2 billion kroner, accounting for 1% of GDP.The main recipient countries are Ethiopia, Congo, Mozambique, TanzaniaUganda、Afghanistan、Sudan、Kenya、PalestineEtc.
Culture
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language
SwedishEnglish is the official language of Sweden.[1]Sweden has a long north-south distance, so there are different dialects in different places. The language of Stockholm is the standard language of Sweden.English is a compulsory course in Swedish schools. Most Swedes born after the 1940s can speak English.English and Swedish are the common business languages.Used in SwedenFinnishOf the population mainly lives inStockholm、GothenburgAnd other big cities.[3]
Swedish genusIndo EuropeangenusGermanic languagesScandinavian.Swedish andDanishandnorwegianYes, but the pronunciation and writing are different.English is a second language.Since 1849, English has been a compulsory course for senior high school students, and in the late 1940s, it became a compulsory course for all Swedish students.Most Swedes also master one or more other languages, and there are foreign language courses in schools other than English, such as Spanish, German, French, Italian, etc.[3]
custom
Fashion Etiquette
Swedish national costume
Sweden's traditional national costume is that men wear jackets and vests on the upper body and tight pants on the lower body.Girls generally don't wear hats, while married women wear different styles of caps.In formal ceremonial occasions, men usually wear suits and shoes, plus a long coat;Women usually wear a suit jacket with a short skirt, or a long skirt with low chest and bare shoulders.[4]
Manners etiquette
Swedes usually keep a distance of about 1.2 meters when talking with guests. They are not used to getting too close.They like to look at each other directly when talking, and think it is a sign of respect for each other.[4]
Etiquette of meeting
Swedish Etiquette
In Sweden, acquaintances will take the initiative to greet each other and greet each other when they meet.When meeting foreign guests, they usually shake hands and sometimes kiss. Generally, people who do not know each other should be introduced when they first meet.The principle of introduction is to introduce men to women and young people to the elderly.[4]
Wedding etiquette
Swedish weddings can be divided into religious weddings and non religious weddings.Religious weddings are generally conducted according to the rites of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, while non religious weddings are presided over by a judge or other person who has the right to preside over the wedding, and two marriage witnesses are required.[4]
At the end of May or the beginning of June every year, the seventh Monday after Easter.
June 6 every year, National Day[1](Sweden passed its first modern constitution on June 6, 1809. In 1983, the Parliament officially declared June 6 as Sweden's National Day.)
Every Saturday at the end of June, the summer solstice——Midsummer Festival。
Every August, there is a shrimp festival.
Every Saturday in late October or early November is the Saint's Day.
Every December 13, Sweden's traditionalLucia Goddess FestivalThe Swedes said that the goddess Lucia came to the world on the night of December 13 every year, bringing light to people;In Stockholm, the capital;On this day, the sun did not rise until 9 o'clock in the morning, and set early at 3 o'clock in the afternoon. But since then, the long night has shortened, and the bright days have grown day by day.
Christmas Day is on December 24 every year (Christmas Day in Sweden is one day earlier than that in other western countries. Christmas Day is on the 24th and Christmas Eve is on the 23rd in ghdh).
Before the 11th century, Swedes believed in NorwayPolytheism, believe inAsa ProtossUppsala Temple is the religious center of Sweden.With the Christianization in the 11th century, the national law was also modified accordingly, prohibiting the practice of other religions, which was not abolished until the end of the 19th century.191530sReformationLater, Sweden no longer believed in Roman Catholicism,Xinyi Sectreplace.In the late 18th century, believers of Judaism, Catholicism and other sects were allowed to live and work in Sweden.In 1951, freedom of religion was written into Swedish law.About 75% of Swedes belong toSwedish Lutheran ChurchHowever, this number is decreasing every year, as are the regular church goers.According to statistics, about 275000 Swedes belong to free churches, and about 92000 immigrants living in Sweden believe in themCatholicism100000 people believe inThe Orthodox Church, 500000 people areMuslim。In Sweden, some schools carried out religious education for students in, and textbooks also included religious content.But at ordinary times, only 3% of ordinary Lutherans go to church to worship, and most of them only go to church when they hold baptisms, weddings and funerals.whenEasterAnd at Christmas, most believers go to church to pray.[3]
Christianity
Lutheran ChurchIt is Sweden's national religion.The king believes in the state religion.The law stipulates that citizens who do not believe in the state religion are not allowed to serve as prime ministers.The church is divided into 13 dioceses, 2365 parishes and 3249 parishesminister。In 1993, the number of church members accounted for about 88% of the national population.The Swedish church enjoys privileges in the country. The king is the highest head of the church and has the right to designate three candidates recommended by the religious conferencearchbishopAnd the bishop.The state collects church tax, which is used by the Swedish church for civil expenditure.In 1951, believers were allowed to leave the church.
exceptLudezongApart from churches, Sweden has quite a number of independent churches, the most important of which is the Swedish Church Union (310 churches, 20124 believers);Methodist Church (3665 members);Swedish Mission Covenant Church (75000 believers), etc.The Swedish Pentecostal Movement is currently the largest Protestant sect in Sweden.In 1991, there were 95800 believers.During the Second World War, due to the influx of foreign immigrants, the number of church members in the Eastern District increased, reaching 100000 in 1991.[3]
Catholicism
Sweden banned people from believing in it between 1604 and 1873Catholicism。According to the statistics on December 31, 1992, there are 148440 believers in the country, accounting for 1.7% of the total population.[3]
Judaism
In 1870,JudaismObtain legal rights,Stockholm、GothenburgandMalmoBoth have synagogues of Judaism.There are about 15000 to 20000 Jews in Sweden, most of whom live in Stockholm.[3]
Islamism
By 1991, there were about 73000 Muslims in Sweden.In addition, there are several Buddhist organizations in Sweden.So far in Sweden, there are 14 Tibetan biographiesSouthern Buddhism "Temple".[3]
Swedish film has a history of more than one hundred years. Foreigners have been shooting newsreels in Sweden since 1896.The Swedes made their own films in 1898.In 1907, a film company was established in Stockholm.In 1917, the feature film Serge Wigan (also translated "The Day of the Big Wave", adapted from the poems of H. Ibsen) shot by Szostrom began a new stage of Swedish film development.
After the beginning of the Second World War, neutral Sweden was isolated, foreign film imports were stopped, and the country's film production increased.Since 1940, Swedish film has revived.Although most of the films during this period were entertainment films, modern themes reflecting acute social problems also got some development, such as A Crime (1946), Train 56 (1944), directed by A. Henrikson, and Promise by Mollander.In the 1960s, a new generation emerged in the Swedish film industry.
In 1963, the Swedish government carried out a policy reform on the film industry, creating some good conditions for new directors who began to engage in creative work.In this period, the so-called new Swedish film school appeared.Many directors of this genre are writers themselves, and they make films based on their own literary screenplays.In the contemporary Swedish film world, the older generation of film workers have never stopped making films. For example, Bergman also made Face to Face (1976), Autumn Sonata (1978), Fanny and Alexander (1982), and gradually restored the traditional narrative structure.Many young directors active in the 1970s and 1980s were trained by the Swedish Film Society.
Since the 1980s, Sweden has produced 15-20 feature films every year.[3]
Swedes mainly eat western food. Bread and potatoes are their staple food, especiallyBrown bread。The breakfast of ordinary people is bread, coffee and black tea with jam and cream;For lunch, we have bread, meat, vegetables, potatoes andsaladEtc;Dinner is similar to breakfast, with only one soup added.Swedes also like to eat Chinese food, such as all kinds of cold dishes, peanut kernels, braised cabbage with ham, braised fish, crispy fried duckHot and Sour Sea Cucumber, shredded pork and pickle soup, braised wheat, steamed dumplings, flower rolls, crisp cakes, etcGuangdong CuisineQuite interested.Swedes like fresh, tender and fragrant dishes very much, but the taste is heavy, and the saltiness of food and the sweetness of desserts are often high.He likes to eat lean and tender meat and fresh vegetables, and drink thick soup.Its cuisine is mainly fish, among whichherring、MackerelThey also eat chicken, eggs, beef, pork, game and other aquatic products.
Swedes have a unique habit of eating, that is, they have to eat fixed dishes every day.For example, Thursday's dish is "Atalu, Mead, and Flask", which uses beans and pork as the main raw materials."Silubra" is a Monday dish, with beef herring as the main material.They also have a typical way of eating, that is, they put dozens of dishes on a large table and sort them out according to their hobbies. The cooking quality of the dishes is only medium, which is called "pirate table".
military
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Sweden has long pursued a policy of military non alignment.The application for joining NATO will be formally submitted on June 18, 2022, and will be formally entered in March 2024.In peacetime, we should pay attention to the overall national defense construction, including military defense, civil defense, economic defense and psychological defense.The king is the highest representative of the national armed forces.The commander in chief of the three services is responsible for proposing military strategies, leading the training of the troops and commanding the operations of the whole army.The country is divided into four military regions.On July 1, 2017, Sweden began to implement compulsory military service.Military industry is developed.General Micael Byd é n, commander in chief of the armed forces.[1][36]
On December 5, 2023, the United States and Sweden signed the Defense Cooperation Agreement (DCA), which came into force before and after Sweden's accession to the NATO Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA).[28]
traffic
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Railway
Swedish Railways
Railway plays an important role in Swedish domestic transportation.By 2019, the railway has a total length of 15568km, of which electrified railway accounts for 2/3.The national railway freight volume is 69.35 million tons, 54% of which are domestic goods.The passenger volume of rail transit reached 230 million person times.The main lines are the loop line connecting the big cities in the south (Stockholm Gothenburg Malmo Stockholm) and the Luleo Kiruna Narvik (Norway) line exporting iron ore in the north.The Swedish railway is connected to Denmark, Norway and other countries. With the valid Eurorail pass in Sweden, you can take the train from Gothenburg and Stockholm to Oslo for free.[24]
water transport
Sea transportation is the main mode of water transportation in Sweden.In 2020, the total throughput of all Swedish ports will be 170 million tons, and the passenger volume will be 14.02 million person times.The main seaports are Gothenburg, Stockholm, Luleao, Uxelsund and Malmo.Most ports have advanced storage equipment for storing dry goods, agricultural products and frozen products.Inland distribution is the responsibility of large shipping contracting companies, and even the most remote areas in China can be reached quickly.Inland navigation plays a secondary role in Sweden. The total length of the national canals is about 2603 kilometers. The Swedish and Norwegian Canal Associations are jointly composed of 9 canals in Sweden and 2 canals in Norway. They are responsible for improving river courses, surrounding environmental protection, tourism and other services.[24]
aviation
Swedish Airlines
Sweden has many large, medium and small airlines, with many routes and convenient shipping.Sweden has 32 commercial airports (airports that transport more than 15000 passengers annually).Sweden, Denmark, the United States and Norway jointly own SAS, of which the Swedish government holds 14.82%.The company has 157 aircraft in service, with routes covering more than 100 cities in more than 50 countries on five continents and 24 cities in China.In addition, Sweden also has more than 10 small airlines engaged in commercial travel services and domestic short trips, such as Andersson BusinessJet and Business Jet.The route from Germany to Dutch or British ports is the busiest route in Sweden.The direct flight from China to Sweden (Beijing Stockholm) is operated by Air China, and there are flights almost every day.China Eastern Airlines opened the Shanghai Stockholm direct flight in June 2018.[24]
highway
Swedish Highway
Sweden has a total length of 230000 kilometers of roads, including 106000 kilometers of national and provincial roads.In 2019, the national road freight volume was 449 million tons.Highway transportation has now undertaken about 90% of domestic passenger traffic and 50% of freight traffic.Sweden's road network connects Finland to the north, Norway to the west, and Denmark to the European continent to the south.[24]
Drive with lights on during the day.This measure has been implemented as a decree since 1977.Experts believe that people's eyes are particularly sensitive to moving lights.When vehicles drive with lights on in the daytime, it is easy for pedestrians at long distances, corners and uphill and downhill places to see, especially in rainy and snowy days.Since the implementation of this measure, the accident rate has dropped significantly.To prevent rain, snow and sludge from covering the headlights, Swedish cars are equipped with wipers on the headlights.
Sweden uses international traffic regulations and signals, and traffic signs on the road are easy to understand.As long as you are careful when driving, you will not go wrong.Different from many other countries, the signal lights in the urban area here are generally only two meters high, so that pedestrians and drivers do not have to look up. Four signal lights are set up in the same direction at important intersections, no matter from which angle, it is clear at a glance.
The roads in Sweden are flat and solid, but the speed is strictly limited. The maximum speed should not exceed 110 kilometers per hour, usually 70 kilometers, and 20 to 30 kilometers near schools, residential areas, and hospitals.Near the residential area where children often play, "barriers" are specially set up on the road, and several 10 cm small ridges are built to force vehicles to reduce their speed.It is seldom seen in SwedenTraffic policeBut in fact, the surveillance is very strict.Therefore, you must not take chances when driving. Helicopters in the air and closed-circuit televisions on the ground all strictly watch the traffic.Those who drive too fast will receive a ticket the next day.
As of 2011, Sweden has a total length of 216000 kilometers of roads, including 139000 kilometers of national and provincial roads.In 2011, the highway freight volume was 350 million tons.As of 2011, Sweden has 4.401 million cars, 14000 buses, 547000 trucks, 321000 tractors and 281000 motorcycles.
Sociology
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education
Ten year free compulsory education is implemented.In 2020, 84% of the population will be educated to senior high school or above.There are 48 colleges and universities of all kinds in China (including 11 comprehensive universities and 5 art colleges).Famous universities include Stockholm University, Uppsala University, Lund University, Royal College of Technology, etc.[1]
Stockholms universitet
science and technology
overview
Sweden has developed scientific research.The national scientific research force is mainly concentrated in the national universities at all levels, professional research institutes, the Royal Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Engineering and the subordinate research and development departments funded by enterprises.[1]
Invented in Sweden:matchHigh voltage direct current transmission technology, ball bearings, robots for caring the disabledAdjustable wrench, anti gambling addiction technologyzipperBluetooth, free daily newspaper reading, rear facing child safety seat, cream separator, three-point seat belt, network voice chat toolSkype, satellite navigation system GP&C, greenhouse effect, virtual medical record, music websiteSpotify、Dynamite、Smart helmet。[3]
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Sports
Sweden is rich in national sports and fitness activities. Tennis, ice hockey, table tennis, football, handball, golf, horse racing and other competitive events are popular and have a high level. There are about 27000 sports associations and clubs in the country.[1]
media
Sweden annually publishes more than 16000 books and 170 daily newspapers.The main newspapers are Daily News, Swedish Daily News, Evening News, etc.The news media include the Swedish News Agency, which was founded in 1921 and is a semi official news agency, with Swedish National Radio, Swedish Television and Education.
As of July 2021, Sweden has 692 public libraries, 373 museums and 415 cinemas.[1]
Swedish News AgencyIt is Sweden's largest news agency, founded in 1921.It is a joint-stock company jointly owned by Swedish newspapers and radio stations. Its mission is to provide domestic and foreign news to more than 140 Swedish newspapers, radio stations and television stations.The head office is located in StockholmMalmo、Gothenburg, Sonzwal, Luleau andYan Xueping5 cities have branches.The head office has nearly 180 employees, including about 150 journalists, and Ruitong's domestic news accounts for about 2/3.In 1954, as the first European news agency, it began to use telex to send articles.
medical care
In 2010, there were 34000 doctors and 102000 nurses in Sweden.The average life span of men and women is 78.8 years and 83.5 years, respectively, with serious aging.
People's livelihood
The living standard is high, the social security system is perfect, and the medical and health system is developed.The aging is serious.[1]
Sweden has a high living standard, a perfect social security system and a developed medical and health system.Sweden is one of the few countries that did not participate in the Second World War. After the war, Sweden focused on economic development, implemented extensive social welfare policies, and established a relatively completeSocial welfare system。Social welfare programs range from parents' paid long-term maternity leave to medical security and sick leave subsidies, from unemployment security andold-age pension, and compulsory education, which has a wide range of contents, is called the guarantee of "from cradle to grave".
Sweden passed the highIndividual income tax rate, through high taxes, to realize the funds of welfare security.There are many kinds of taxes in Sweden. For individuals, besides personal income taxInterest tax、Estate taxThe income from other business activities, such as speculation in stock funds and buying and selling houses, should also be taxed.Purchase of goods is subject to VAT.Companies pay employer tax.Every year from April to June, Swedes take the initiative to declare all their annual income to the tax bureau.
Some scholars believe that thisscandinavian peninsulaThe welfare model is based on socialism andcapitalismIt is a mixed economy.SwedishWelfare systemBecause of EuroperecessionIn the face of difficulties,ageing of populationYoung people lack employability.These are all highwelfare stateSweden is carrying out a series of reforms to enhance its economic vitality and improve its system.[3]
International Relations
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Pursue "small country big diplomacy" and regard human rights, democracy and multilateral cooperation as the cornerstone of foreign policy.We support economic globalization, advocate multilateralism and free trade, and oppose protectionism and populism.Attach importance to the role of the United Nations and other international organizations, and actively promote the reform of the United Nations.Pay close attention to international hot issues, and hope to exert influence by providing development assistance, participating in international peacekeeping and other ways. Foreign aid accounts for about 1% of gross national income.Actively participate in EU affairs, support European integration, and serve as member states of EU and NATO.He advocated strengthening trans Atlantic cooperation.In recent years, attention has been paid to developing relations with emerging countries.[1][36]
Same as China
Bilateral political relations
Karl XVI Gustav (third from left) and Hu Jintao
On January 14, 1950, Sweden recognized New China and established diplomatic relations with China on May 9, 1950. It was the first Western country to establish diplomatic relations with China.In the same year, the two countries exchanged ambassadors. Geng Biao was the first Chinese ambassador to Sweden.Since the establishment of diplomatic ties, China Switzerland relations have developed steadily. The exchanges and cooperation between the two countries in political, economic, cultural and other fields and at all levels have increased day by day and achieved remarkable results.
Bilateral economic and trade relations and economic and technological cooperation
Since the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and Switzerland, bilateral economic and trade relations have developed significantly.In 1957, the two countries signed an intergovernmental trade agreement.The two countries have established a joint economic and trade committee mechanism and have held 20 meetings so far.
In recent years, the economic and trade relations between the two countries have developed steadily, and the two countries are each other's largest trading partners in Asia and Northern Europe.In 2023, the bilateral trade volume will reach 18.85 billion US dollars, down 8.2% year on year.Among them, China's export volume was 9.47 billion US dollars, down 16.7% year on year, and its import volume was 9.37 billion US dollars, up 2.5% year on year.Bilateral investment was active.By the end of December 2023, Switzerland had invested 1918 projects in China, with an actual amount of 6.88 billion dollars;China's total investment in Switzerland reached 19.48 billion US dollars.
Rui's main enterprises in China include: Electrolux (China) Appliance Co., Ltd., SKF (China) Investment Co., Ltd., AstraZeneca Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nanjing Ericsson Communication Co., Ltd., Beijing Ericsson Communication System Co., Ltd., IKEA, etc.[37]
Bilateral exchanges and cooperation in culture, science and technology, education and military
In 2006, the Swedish "Gothenburg" antique ship returned to China and held cultural activities.In 2010, the two countries signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Cultural Cooperation, which was renewed in 2015.In 2012, the two countries confirmed the establishment of a Chinese cultural center in Sweden by exchanging notes.In 2015, the Swedish National Symphony Orchestra toured China.In 2016, the Chinese Cultural Center was completed in Stockholm, Sweden.China has held "Happy Spring Festival" activities in Switzerland for many consecutive years.In addition, Chinese table tennis, speed skating, track and field and other sports teams have also visited Switzerland many times.
Sino Swiss scientific and technological exchanges began in the 1970s.In 1978, China and Switzerland established a mixed committee for scientific and technological cooperation (at the level of department and bureau), signed a protocol for scientific and technological cooperation in 1981, and signed the Agreement on Scientific and Technological Cooperation between China and Switzerland in 2004.In 1992, China launched the scientific experiment satellite "Freya" for Sweden.At present, the scientific and technological cooperation between the two sides has expanded to more than 80 projects in more than 20 fields, such as communication, environmental protection, medicine, agriculture and forestry, aerospace, etc.Since 1980, Sweden has trained more than 2000 technical and managerial personnel for China.In September 2007, the first meeting of the China Switzerland Joint Committee on Science and Technology and the "China Sweden Science and Technology Week" were held in Beijing.In 2012, China Development Bank set up a € 1 billion special loan for China Switzerland innovation cooperation;China and Switzerland jointly hold the "Green Innovation Forum";China Switzerland Traffic Safety Research Center was established.In January 2022, the 6th meeting of the China Switzerland Joint Committee on Science and Technology was held by video.
China and Switzerland have officially exchanged foreign students since 1964.Since the 1980s, bilateral exchanges in the field of education have increased.The two countries signed the Framework Agreement on Cooperation in Higher Education.In 2017, the two sides signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Sino Swiss Education and Scientific Research Cooperation.In 2018, the Ministries of Education of the two countries held the first education policy dialogue.By the end of 2021, China has about 7820 public and self funded overseas students in Switzerland.In 2012, Chinese writer Mo Yan won the Nobel Prize for Literature.In 2015, Chinese female pharmacologist Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
China Switzerland military exchanges started earlier.In the 1950s, the Chinese and Swiss military began to contact.[25]
consular relations
In 1996, Rui opened the Consulate General in Shanghai.In 1997, China opened its Consulate General in Gothenburg, the second largest city in Switzerland.In 1997, the two sides reached an agreement on the retention of the Swiss Consulate General in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and exchanged notes.Rui opened the Consulate General in Guangzhou in November 2002 and then closed it in November 2009.At present, Rui has consulates general in Shanghai and Hong Kong.[25]
Same as the Baltic Sea
Sweden has a traditional multi-level and multi form close consultation and cooperation relationship with the Nordic countries, and regards Nordic cooperation as the basis of foreign policy.Advocate to further eliminate various barriers within Northern Europe and develop the Nordic Ring RoadBaltic States And regional cooperation.Switzerland, Finland and Denmark have established a consultation mechanism before the EU Summit.Served in 2008Nordic Council of Ministers chairman.
Same as EU
Joined the European Union in 1995 and began to implement in March 2001Schengen agreement 。We support the deepening of EU integration and the eastward expansion of the EU, and support Turkey's accession to the EU.Promote the reform of EU agricultural policy and oppose the establishment of EU president.Support the European common security and defense policy.On September 14, 2003, the referendum rejected the accession to the euro.Signed in December 2007《Lisbon Treaty 》。
With NATO
In 1994, Sweden joined NATO's "Partnership for Peace" program.Recognize NATO's leading position in the European security structure.yesnato expansion No objection, and attach importance to deepening the "Partnership for Peace" with NATO.It is believed that NATO is usingmilitary forceIn principleInternational lawIn addition to catastrophic humanitarian disasters and self-defencesecurity councilAuthorization of.He has participated in NATO peacekeeping operations in Kosovo and Afghanistan.
On March 8, 2022, Swedish Prime Minister Andersen said at a press conference that Sweden's application for NATO membership would worsen the situation[8]。
On March 30, 2022, Swedish Prime Minister Magdalena Anderson said that after the Russian Ukrainian conflict, Sweden would not rule out the possibility of joining NATO.Before that, Andersen had always adhered to Sweden's military nonalignment policy.[9]
On May 15, 2022, the Swedish ruling party, the Social Democratic Party, announced that the Social Democratic Party Committee had formally decided to support Sweden's accession to NATO.
On May 17, 2022, Swedish Foreign Minister Linde officially signed his country's application for NATO membership.[12]
On June 29, 2022 local time, NATO announced in the communiqu é that NATO member countries had formally agreed to invite Sweden to join NATO.[17]On July 4 local time, Finnish Foreign Minister Havesto and Swedish Foreign Minister Lindh completed the final talks on the two countries' accession to NATO at NATO headquarters in Brussels with NATO Assistant Secretary General Kadenbach. Finland and Sweden officially confirmed their willingness to join NATO and assume the political, legal and military obligations under the alliance.[19]On July 5 local time, NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg, Finnish Foreign Minister Havesto and Swedish Foreign Minister Linde officially signed the protocol on the accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO at the NATO headquarters in Brussels.According to the procedure, the protocol will then be submitted to the 30 existing NATO member countries for ratification.[20]On August 9, US President Biden signed the protocol for Sweden and Finland to join NATO.
On March 22, 2023, the Swedish Parliament voted to approve the government's proposal for Sweden's accession to NATO.[26]
On January 25, 2024 local time, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan signed a formal agreement on Sweden's accession to NATO, which was published in the Turkish Official Gazette.[29]
On February 26, 2024 local time, the Hungarian Parliament voted to approve Sweden's application to join NATO.[31-32]
On March 5, 2024 local time, President Shuyuk of Hungary signed the bill approving Sweden's accession to NATO.[33]
On March 7, 2024 local time, Sweden officially joined NATO, becoming the 32nd member of NATO.[34]
With Russia
Sweden believes that Russia is more important to Switzerland's security.Greece and Russia will establish a true partnership on the basis of common values.Support the EU and Russia to adopt a package of documents on the "road map" for the establishment of four European Russian unified spaces.Is willing to see Russia more closely integrated into European cooperation and support Russia's accessionWorld Trade Organization。Stressing that Russia must respect human rights and safeguard human fundamental freedoms,ChechnyaThe conflict must be resolved through political means, and the Russian government should correctly handle the relationship with the domestic media.He advocated that the OSCE should play an important role in the Russian Georgian conflict and did not support itsouth ossetia andAbkhaziaIndependence, calling on Russia and Georgia to resolve the conflict peacefully through political contacts.
Same as other countries
Sweden attaches great importance todeveloping countryPolitical and economic relations.opiniondeveloped countryAid to developing countries should be increased, debts of poor countries should be reduced, trade barriers to agricultural products, textiles, clothing and other products should be lifted, and agricultural subsidies to this country should be substantially reduced.He said that during the current government's term of office, foreign aid will reach the level of 1% of GDP.Conflict prevention, anti drug, prevention and controlAIDSAnd the protection of women's rights as the focus of cooperation with developing countries.[3]
On October 3, 2014, Stefan Levin, the new Swedish Prime Minister and Chairman of the Social Democratic Party, announced that the Swedish government would recognize the national status of Palestine and support the solution of the Palestinian Israeli conflict through the two state solution.
On January 24, 2024, President Biden of the United States sent a letter to the leaders of several important committees of the United States Congress, saying that once Turkey completed the process of approving Sweden's accession to NATO, he would formally notify the Congress to sell F-16 fighters to Turkey.[30]
Travel?
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Nobel's House
Nobel's House Located in Karskuga, central Sweden, the Birch Villa is more than 200 kilometers away from Stockholm.1894Alfred NobelHe returned to the motherland to settle down after ending his overseas wandering career and spent most of the last two years of his life here.Since the old residence where he was born in Stockholm has now stood tall buildings, Birch Villa has become the only Nobel residence that is completely preserved today.
Since the establishment of the memorial hall in 1975, it has become a tourist attraction and the center of Nobel academic activities.The Nobel Symposium is held here once a year, where scientists from all over the world jointly discuss new topics in the field of science and Nobel's academic idea of "benefiting mankind".In the memorial hall, there are photos of Nobel's activities before his death, various technical invention patents, gold medals and wills he obtained.
Kungliga Slottet
Kungliga Slottet
Kungliga Slottet It is the place where the king works and holds ceremonies, and the main tourist attraction of Stockholm.It is located in the center of Stockholm.Built in the 17th century, it is the work of Swedish architect Triar.The main entrance is separated by two stone lions. Two guards wearing red tassel military caps and medieval clothes stand with guns, which is very powerful.There are many exquisite reliefs on the four walls of the palace, with a large courtyard in the middle.The royal palace church and the national hall in the southern half of the Que and the banquet hall in the northern half of the Que remain the original furnishings and are open to the public.In the magnificent hall of the palace, large portraits of kings and queens of all dynasties are hung on the walls, and the dome is decorated with magnetic burials, sculptures and gorgeous paintings.It is said that most of them were created by German artists in the 17th century.Some rooms are also decorated with ancient chariot weapons, jewelry, gold and silver utensils, and the solid models of medieval knights with spears and full body armor.The Royal Palace Guard held a grand shift ceremony at noon every day in accordance with the ancient tradition.
Alfred Bernhard Nobel, Swedish chemistNitroglycerin explosiveinventor.In Nobel's will, he proposed to use part of his legacy (9.2 million dollars) as a fund, and set up five kinds of prizes at the interest of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace, to award scholars from all over the world who have made significant contributions to mankind in these fields.In June 1900, the Swedish government approved its establishmentNobel Prize Foundation。
Selma Lagerlf , Swedish writer.It was awarded in 1909 for "successfully calling the human heart"The Nobel Prize in LiteratureWas elected in 1914Swedish AcademyThe first female academician is the representative of Swedish romantic literature in the 1890s.
