The Republic of Nauru, referred to as Nauru for short.Located in the Central Pacific Ocean, about 42 kilometers south of the equator, it is composed of an independent coral reef island and surrounding waters.There is no capital, and the administrative center is in Aaron District.The land area is 21.1 square kilometers, and the marine exclusive economic zone covers 320000 square kilometers.The whole island is 6 kilometers long, 4 kilometers wide, and the coastline is about 30 kilometers long.It has a tropical rainforest climate.As of January 2024, the total population is about 13000, mostly Micronesians, and English is the official language.[1]
Nauru people live on the island for generations.In 1798, the British ship "Hunter" arrived in Nauru for the first time.In 1888, it was incorporated into the Marshall Islands Protected Area in Germany.At the beginning of the 20th century, the British were allowed to mine phosphate here.In 1920, the League of Nations put Nauru under the joint management of Britain, Australia and New Zealand, and Australia exercised its powers on behalf of the three countries.From 1942 to 1945, Nauru was occupied by the Japanese army.In 1947, Nauru became the trusteeship of the United Nations and was still under the joint management of Australia, New Zealand and Britain.On January 31, 1968, the Republic of Nauru became independent.[1]
Nauru has a single economic structure, mainly relying on phosphate exports, issuance of fishing licenses and export of tropical fruits.Due to the sharp decline of phosphate export income, the financial situation is very difficult, and it is heavily dependent on foreign aid and debt.In 2022, Nauru's GDP will be 150 million US dollars and per capita GDP will be 12121 US dollars.[1]
Chinese name
Nauru[1]
Foreign name
The Republic of Nauru[1](English) Ripublik Naoero(Nauru)
Nauru is acoral island；It is the smallest island country in the world. Nauru people have lived on this island for thousands of years.Although Nauru is small, it has been occupied by other countries for many times.
In 1798, the "Hunter" (the American whaling ship Hunter) under the command of British captain John Finn discovered Nauru Island, which was namedHappy Island。
In 1888, the island was annexed by Germany and becameGerman EmpireThe colony, formerly known as Nauru, was incorporated into the Marshall Islands protectorate in Germany.In the 1890s, it was found that there were abundantphosphateIn 1901, the British were allowed to mine phosphate here.
In November 1914,the First World Warperiod,BritisherThe Australian Expeditionary Force was hired to occupy the island, ending German rule.
In 1919,League of NationsPut Nauru underAustralia、britainandNew ZealandThe joint trusteeship is exercised by Australia on behalf of the three countries, andphosphateMining is controlled by the British Phosphate Council.
In 1942,the Second World WarDuring this period, Nauru wasJapanOccupation: In 1945, Australia occupied Nauru, ending Japanese rule.
In 1947, Nauru became the trusteeship place of the United Nations. Nauru was once again entrusted to the joint trusteeship of Australia, Britain and Singapore, and managed by Australia on behalf of the three countries.
In 1964, Nauru began its struggle for independence and phosphate control.the United NationsThe proposal to move Nauru people to settle on Curtis Island in the north of Australia was strongly opposed by Nauru people.
On January 29, 1968, Nauru adopted its Constitution.On January 31, the Republic of Nauru was approved by the United Nations to declare independence, and Hammer de Robert became the first president.In November of the same year, Nauru becameCommonwealthSpecial Member States (not entitled to attend Commonwealth Heads of Government meetings).
In 1970, Nauru redeemed the assets of the British Phosphate Company and obtained control of phosphate.
In 1995, to protestFranceRecovery in the South Pacificnuclear testThe Nauru government announced that it would suspend diplomatic relations with France as of September 6.
On September 15, 1999, Nauru was admitted as a member of the United Nations, becoming the least populousMember States of the United Nations。
In June 2000,Group of SevenNauru was included in the money laundering blacklist by the Financial Working Group of the Anti money Laundering Agency.
On December 20, 2002, the Bush administration announced that it had begun to prevent terrorists from using its banking system to launder moneyUkraineTake punitive measures with Nauru.Many banks opened outside Nauru were forced to close in 2003 for money laundering.
geographical environment
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Regional location
Nauru is located inthe pacific oceanCentral, NorthingequatorAbout 41km away from the eastHawaii4160km, separated from the southwestSolomon IslandsdistanceAustraliaSydney4000km, eastKiribati306 km.It is an ellipsecoral islandThe whole island is 6 kilometers long, 4 kilometers wide, and the coastline is about 30 kilometers long.The land area is 21.1 square kilometers, and the marine exclusive economic zone covers 320000 square kilometers.[1]NauruIt is the smallest island country, republic and the third smallest country in the world,[7]
Nauru
topographic features
Nauru is flat with the highest elevation of 61 meters.[1]
Nauru topographic map
climate
NauruTropical rainforest climateThe forest accounts for 40%, the temperature is 24~38 ℃, and the annual average precipitation is 1500 mm.[1]
hydrology
There is no river on Nauru Island, the only lakeLake BuadaSamesalt water lakeAlthough there is a lot of rainfall, the surface of the island is highly permeable, so there is almost no fresh water on the island, and drinking water needs to be imported.[1]
natural resources
For thousands of years, countless seabirds have come to this island to live, leaving a large amount of bird droppings on the island. Over the years, bird droppings have undergone chemical changes, becoming a layer of high-quality fertilizer up to 10 meters thick, which is called "phosphate mine".Three fifths of the island is covered by phosphate, and only a narrow strip of flat land is along the coast.
Phosphate resources are abundant, and the main source of income is the export of phosphate to Australia and New Zealand.In the 1970s and 1980s, its annual output and export volume were about 1 million to 1.5 million tons.Since the 1990s, the output has declined year by year.Due to overexploitation, the resource is gradually exhausted.
In 1989, Nauru sued Australia to the International Court of Justice for compensation for the ecological damage caused by phosphate mining before Nauru's independence.In 1993, Nauao Australia reached an out of court settlement, and Australia agreed to compensate Nauao 107 million Australian dollars, of which 57 million Australian dollars were paid in cash to establish a trust fund, and the other 50 million Australian dollars were allocated year by year over 20 years (an average of 2.5 million Australian dollars per year) for projects agreed by both parties.[1]
administrative division
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Nauru is divided into 14 districts.They are Aiwo District, Anabar District, Anetan District, Anibare District, Baiti District, Boad District, Denigomodu District, Ewa DistrictIjuw District, Yaren District, Meneng District, Nibok District and Uaboe District.
Districts of Nauru
Nauru has no capital.The administration center is in Yaren District.
National symbol
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national flag
Nauru flagIt is a horizontal rectangle, and the ratio of length to width is 2:1.The flag ground is blue, with a yellow stripe running across the flag in the center and a white 12 pointed star at the lower left.Yellow bar symbolequatorThe blue in the upper part represents the blue sky, the blue in the lower part represents the sea, and the 12 pointed stars represent the original 12 tribes in Nauru.
national emblem
Nauru
Nauru National EmblemThe central design is a coat of arms.The upper half of the shield is composed of small squares, in which the cross connected triangle pattern is the symbol of the phosphate miner.The left side of the lower half of the shield isWarship birdOn the right is a "Tomano" green branch and flower.At the top of the coat of arms is a white star with 12 points. On the ribbon above the star is written "Nauru", and on both sides are green coconut leaves and blue banana leaves.On the ribbon at the lower end is written in English: "The will of God is supreme".
The Constitution was adopted on January 29, 1968 and came into force on May 17.According to the Constitution, Nauru has a republican presidential system.
Implemented by Nauru ParliamentUnicameral system, composed of 19 members, with a three-year term.The Speaker is elected by the Members.The President is elected by Parliament.The current parliament will be formed in September 2022.The current speaker is Marcus Stephen.[1]
government
Nauru has a presidential system.The President is both the head of state and the head of government, elected by the Parliament.The Government is composed of the President and his appointed ministers and is accountable to Parliament.
Nauru Government Building[5]
judicial
According to the 1968 Constitution, the Supreme Court was established, and Nauru has district courts and family courts.In most cases, the High Court of Australia is the Court of Final Appeal.The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body, presided over by the Chief Justice, and has jurisdiction of first instance and appeal.The District Court is presided over by a resident magistrate.Both the Supreme Court and the District Court are litigation courts.The Family Court is composed of three judges.The Chief Justice is also the Chairman of the Public Service and Police Appeals Board.The current Chief Justice Daniel Vafo'ou Fatiaki will take office in 2021.[1]
party
Nauru has no official political party.In 1987, former President Kennan Adeng founded Nauru's first and only political party, the Nauru Democratic Party.[1]
president
David Adeang was elected president in October 2023.[4]
Economics
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overview
Nauru, with a single economy, was once the richest Pacific island country. Its main source of income was the export of phosphate to Australia and New Zealand.Agricultural products are very limited, mainly coconuts (in 1992, the output of coconuts was 2000 tons, and 3000 pigs were raised).Almost all food and drinking water are imported.Fishery resources are rich and to be developed.As the phosphate mine is about to dry up (another two to three years at most), Nauru has made a lot of real estate investment abroad using the income from export of phosphate, but most of the projects are poorly managed and have poor benefits.In 1989, the Nau government began to run a fiscal deficit.
In 1995, the Nauru Bank collapsed, and the Nauru government fell into a serious financial crisis.In the 1995/1996 fiscal year, the Nauru government received $23.4 million in revenue and spent $64.8 million.In order to solve the financial problem, the government of Nauru has taken measures such as selling five planes and three ships of its airline company, as well as the passports of Nauru, limiting the outflow of currency, and has begun to implement a comprehensive reform plan with the support of the Asian Development Bank.In 1994, Nau sued the British Phosphate Commission (Australia, Britain and Singapore were members) to the International Court of Justice for destroying farmland and environment during phosphate excavation from 1920 to 1968, and received Australian compensation of 107 million Australian dollars, which was paid year by year within 20 years.
Nauru mainly relies on mining and exportphosphateTo maintain the high income of residents, the annual average income was up to US $8500.The per capita GDP ranks first in South Pacific.In order to improve the situation of relying solely on the income of phosphate rockPhosphate rockAfter drying up, Nauru has a large amount of real estate investment abroad.The financial revenue mainly comes from the huge income of phosphate mine and long-term investment in foreign real estate.
The economic structure is single, mainly relying on phosphate export, issuance of fishing licenses and export of tropical fruits.Due to the sharp decline of phosphate export income, the financial situation is very difficult, and it is heavily dependent on foreign aid and debt.The main economic data in 2022 are as follows:
GDP: 150 million US dollars.
GDP per capita: US $12121.
GDP growth rate: 1.6%.
Currency: no local currency, Australian dollar.
(Source: International Monetary Fund)[1]
Agriculture and fishery
Nauru has very limited agricultural products, mainly coconuts, bananas, pineapples, etc.Almost all food and drinking water are imported.The fishery resources are rich, including tuna, but the fishing capacity is limited.The fishery income mainly comes from the fishing license fee of foreign fishing vessels, which is about AUD6 million to AUD8 million per year.[1]
foreign trade
Nauru's main trading partners include Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Japan, the United States and other countries and regions.It mainly exports phosphate and imports food, household appliances, daily necessities, hardware and building materials.
China Nauru Trade
In 2022, the trade volume between China and Nauclea will be 13.193 million US dollars, up 15.89% year on year.The export volume of China was 13.087 million US dollars, up 16% year on year;The import volume was 107000 US dollars, down 0.39% year on year.From January to November 2023, the trade volume between Nauclea and Nauclea will reach 5.488 million US dollars, a year-on-year decrease of 52.5%.Among them, the Chinese export was 5.485 million US dollars, down 52.1% year on year;Imports were US $3442, down 96.8% year on year.Chinese exports mainly include machine parts, semiconductor devices, plastic tableware, etc., while imports mainly include equipment accessories, characteristic clothing, etc.[6]
Culture
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language
English is the official language and is widely usedNauru。Nauru is the national language of Nauru, which is a special languagePacific Island CountriesLanguage, about 96% of Nauru people use it at home.Since Nauru is only used in ChinaEnglishIt is widely used, especially in government and business.
Religion
The main religious beliefs of Nauru people areChristianity(2/3 Yesprotestantism, 1/3 YesCatholicism）, accounting for the highest proportion in the world, and 9% of people believe inBuddhismAnd 2.2% areMuslim。The Constitution clearly states that people enjoy religious freedom, but in some cases the government will restrict this right, such asChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter day SaintsActivities andJehovah's WitnessMembers, mainly foreign workers, are employed by the government's Nauru Phosphate Company.
festival
New Year: January 1
Independence date: January 31
Easter: March 29~April 1
Constitution Day: May 17
Angam Day (Homecoming Day): October 26
Christmas: December 25-26
diet
Nauru is an island country with rich seafood, including sea urchins, sea cucumbers, octopus, yellowfin tuna and other seafood.For Nauru people, in addition to eating from the sea, they also retain the traditional cooking method of "pit barbecue".The barbecue ingredients are locally sourced, which is a folk "state banquet" for Nauru people to entertain friends.The local people wrapped the meat with tin foil, put it into the mud pit, add bananas, coconuts, plantain leaves, cover it with blankets, and bake food with charcoal fire on the blankets.[10]
military
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Nauru has no army, and its defense is assisted by Australia.There are about 100 policemen.[1]
traffic
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highway
Nauru has an asphalt road around the island, which is 24 kilometers long, and other roads are 6 kilometers long.[8]
Railway
The total length of Nauru railway is 3.9 kilometers, which is used to connect the phosphate mining area in the middle of the island and the processing plant on the southwest bank.[8]
water transport
Nauru has cargo ships regularly sailing between Australia and Nauru.Nau Fisheries Bureau has 2 fishing boats.There are two wharves in Nau, one of which is a freight wharf, which can be used to transport and load goods through barges, and the other is used for fishing boats.[8]
air transport
Nauru Airport
Nauru Airways relies on an old aircraft leased from Norfolk Airways, AustraliaBoeing 737-300The Type A airliner remained in operation and was renamed OUR Airlines.Round trip once a week along the Brisbane Nauru Kiribati Tarawa Fiji Nadi route.[1]
Sociology
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education
Nauru provides free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 16.A small number of students receive higher education in Fiji, and the government provides scholarships.Australia, ThailandPacific Island Countries ForumScholarship provided by, etc.University of the South PacificThere is a branch school in Nauru. Before that, students must go to Australia, New Zealand and other places to study at universities.
Sports
In 1996, Nauru sent three weightlifters to participate in the Atlanta Olympic Games for the first time.On subsequentSydney Olympic Games Nauru's first female Olympic athlete also appeared on the weightlifting platform.Nauru participated in the three Summer Olympic Games from 1996 to 2004, and their athletes were all concentrated on weightlifting.Among them, 3 in 1996, 2 in 2000 and 3 in 2004.
hygiene
Nauru government implementsFree medical careThere is one hospital and three doctors.have otherCuba11 doctors were assisted in Nauru.Non communicable diseases such as diabetes and cancer occur frequently.[1]
In November 2010,world health organization(WHO) released the ranking of "the countries with the highest obesity rate in 2010". Nauru has 95% of the populationHeight and body mass indexIt is higher than the world average and becomes the world's "fattest country".[2]Nauru is also the most afflicted in the worldType 2 diabetesAbout 40% of people are affected, andAmerican Samoa 47%,Tokelau 44%.Other related important diseases such as heart disease and kidney disease.In 2009, the average life expectancy in Nauru was 60.6 years for men and 68 years for women.
media
The Nauru government publishes the Gazette irregularly for free.Nauru Radio and Nauru TV are official agencies, broadcasting parliamentary meetings, Nauru news, etc.Radio Nauru broadcasts Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC).Nauru TV broadcasts ABC, STAR-SPORTS and other foreign TV programs.[1]
communication
Nauru has free domestic and international telephone services, including Internet services.In 2004, there were about 400 telephones, but telecommunications facilities were backward, and services were often interrupted.
public security
The security situation in Nauru is generally OK, but theft occurs from time to time.Nauru is often haunted by stray dogs, who bark at passers-by. When walking, you can carry sticks for emergencies.[8]
International Relations
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foreign policy
Nauru pursues a non aligned policy and advocates friendly coexistence with other countries.It is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth, the International Bureau of Exhibitions, the Asian Development Bank, the Pacific Islands Forum, the Pacific Community and other organizations.It has established diplomatic relations with more than 50 countries, including Britain, the United States, France, Japan, Australia, Singapore, Canada, Russia, Thailand, China and other Pacific island countries.Australia is the largest donor country to Nauru, and has set up a refugee screening center in Nauru, providing about 27 million Australian dollars of assistance to Nauru every year.In September 2018, Nauru hosted the 49th Pacific Island Countries Forum Leaders' Meeting.[1]
external relations
Relations with Australia
Australia has close relations with Nauru and is Nauru's largest partner in trade, investment, security and development assistance.The Australian government upgraded its consulate general in Nauru to the Office of the High Commissioner in August 2009.Nau has a Consulate General in Brisbane, Australia, and a High Commissioner's Office will be established in Australia in March 2022.
In September 2017, Nauru and Australia signed a memorandum of understanding on security cooperation, confirming Australia's status as Nauru's main security partner.In October 2021, Australia and Nauru signed the Memorandum of Understanding on the Sustainable Regional Processing Capacity of the Republic of Nauru.Nauru also participates in Australia's Pacific Labour Mobility Programme (PALM).
Relations with China
In May 1980, Nauru "established diplomatic relations" with the Taiwan authorities.On July 21, 2002, China and Nauru established diplomatic relations.On May 14, 2005, Nauru "resumed diplomatic relations" with the Taiwan authorities, and the Chinese government immediately announced the suspension of diplomatic relations with Nauru.
Nauru and the United States established diplomatic relations in 1976.The United States has no consular or diplomatic office in Nauru.Nauru is a party to the United States Pacific Islands Multilateral Tuna Fisheries Treaty, which stipulates that American fishing vessels can fish in Nauru, and American related enterprises pay licensing fees.
Travel?
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Nauru, the Pacific island country, is located about 42 kilometers south of the equator. It is an oval coral island, known as the "Paradise Island".It has various natural scenery such as sea water, beach, coral reef, coconut tree waterfall, coral reef, etc.[9]It also has a long history and culture, such as stone stairs and well preserved traditional buildings.It is a tourist attraction in the Pacific Ocean.[11]
Nauru is one of the smallest countries in the world. You can drive around the island for a week in less than an hour.There are no large shopping malls, no prosperous business districts, and even few supermarkets and hotels.Meinen Hotel is one of the largest and oldest hotels in Nauru, with more than 100 rooms.[11]
Main attractions
Aaron: Although not the capital, Aaron is the political center of Nauru, famous for its white beaches and beautiful seascape.Tourists can experience deep-sea fishing, snorkeling and other activities here.
Aaron
Anibajaya Bay: Located in the east of Nauru Island, it is considered to be one of the best beaches on the island.Tourists can enjoy water activities, such as surfing and snorkeling, or enjoy the beach style in the moonlight.
Buada Lake: This is an inland lake with slight salinity. It is the salt lake on Nauru Island and the largest lake.The surrounding environment of the lake is quiet, surrounded by coconut trees, and houses are reflected on the water surface. The lake water is clear, suitable for swimming and observation of aquatic life.
Command Ridge: The highest point of Nauru, once a Japanese controlled site, still has weapons and communication bunkers during World War II.[11]
