Webpage Journalism Post Bar know Online disk picture video Map library information purchase Encyclopedias
Baidu homepage
Sign in
register
help
home page
Second encyclopedia
Featured encyclopedia
Knowledge topics
Join Encyclopedia
Encyclopedia team
Authoritative cooperation
Personal Center

Ryukyu Kingdom

Announce discuss Upload video
Historical countries of Ryukyu Islands
open 2 entries with the same name
Collection
see My Collection
zero Useful+1
zero
synonym Ryukyu (Ryukyu State) generally refers to the Ryukyu Kingdom (a country in the history of Ryukyu Islands)
Ryukyu Kingdom（ Ryukyu : Ryukyu/ Rūchū kuku ）It existed in Ryukyu Islands The name of the feudal regime originally refers to Shannan, Zhongshan and Shanbei countries established in the Ryukyu Islands. In 1429, the three countries were unified into the Ryukyu Kingdom. [1]
Ryukyu Kingdom is located between Taiwan Island of China and Kyushu Island of Japan, meandering 1000 kilometers with a total area of 3600 square kilometers. Due to its special geographical location Northeast Asia and Southeast Asia It is famous as a transit station for trade and has developed trade, known as "Jinliang of all countries". [2]
In 1372, Ryukyu became vassal states of the Ming Dynasty of China. In 1429, the unified Ryukyu Kingdom still maintained a suzerain vassal relationship with China. After the death of the Ming Dynasty, Ryukyu continued to pay tribute to the Qing government. In 1663, Ryukyu was officially canonized by the Qing Dynasty. Since then, Ryukyu has used the title of the Qing Dynasty to pay tribute to the Qing Dynasty. All previous Ryukyu kings have applied to the Chinese emperor for canonization without interruption. [1]
1609, Japan Samo clan He led troops to invade Ryukyu and forced Ryukyu to pay tribute to Japan. The Ryukyu Kingdom formed a state of "Two Belongers", which was gradually under the actual control of the Samo clan and became a vassal of the Samo clan. In 1872, the Japanese government borrowed Meiji Emperor In order to be close to the government, the name of Ryukyu was changed to "Ryukyu Vassal". In July 1875, Japan forced the Ryukyu Kingdom to stop paying tribute to the Qing government and use the Japanese year title instead. In 1879, Japan announced that Ryukyu would abolish vassals and set up counties, completing the so-called“ Ryukyu punishment ”, incorporated Ryukyu into Japan by force, set up "Okinawa" County, and the Ryukyu Kingdom fell. [1-2]
Reference for overview map: Map of 36 islands in three provinces of Ryukyu drawn by Lin Ziping [3]
Chinese name
Ryukyu Kingdom
Foreign name
Ryukyu Kingdom
Abbreviation
Ryukyu
State
Asia
Capital
Shouli City
major city
Zhongshan Mansion, Nanshan Mansion, Beishan Mansion
official language
Ryukyu, Fuzhou
Political system
Absolute monarchy
National leaders
Shangtai 、 Still round
population size
About 286787 people (1879)
Major ethnic groups
Ryukyu people, Han people
Major religions
Ryukyu Shinto 、 Shinto 、 Buddhism 、 Taoism 、 Christianity
land area
About 3600 km ²
administrative organ
Evaluation Institute . Material practice institute and applicant
military system
Coulee? ヒキ System
Officialdom
Eighteenth stage of ninth grade
administrative division
Thirty five counties in three prefectures and five states
Royal coat of arms
Left imperial pattern

catalog

  1. one Country number
  2. two history
  3. ▪ mythological age
  4. ▪ Three Mountain Age
  5. ▪ First Shang
  6. ▪ Second Shang
  7. ▪ Internal vassal period
  8. ▪ Abolish vassals and establish counties
  9. ▪ Post Ryukyu Period
  10. three territory
  11. ▪ Territorial scope
  1. ▪ administrative division
  2. ▪ capital
  3. four Politics
  4. ▪ Political structure
  5. ▪ Official system
  6. ▪ laws and regulations
  7. five military
  8. six Economics
  9. ▪ overseas trade
  10. ▪ currency
  11. seven Culture
  1. ▪ Religion
  2. ▪ Art
  3. ▪ a martial art
  4. ▪ Medical Science
  5. ▪ science and technology
  6. ▪ Languages
  7. ▪ literature
  8. ▪ education
  9. eight nation
  10. nine International Relations
  11. ▪ And China
  1. ▪ And Japan
  2. ▪ And North Korea
  3. ▪ With Asian countries
  4. ▪ With Western countries
  5. ten Sociology
  6. ▪ folk custom
  7. ▪ Clothes & Accessories
  8. ▪ diet
  9. eleven Lineage

Country number

Announce
edit
National Emblem of the Kingdom
In the middle and late sixth century, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty Order Yu Qiwei Zhu Kuan Go abroad to look for overseas customs. Travel to the north today Amami Island , south to And that island (Today's Diaoyu Island is 170 kilometers southwest of Diaoyu Island.) When I saw a pearl like island floating in the sea, "like a dragon floating on the water", I named it Liuqiu. Compiled in Tang Dynasty《 Sui Shu 》At that time, because "Qiu" means a small dragon, the place was renamed Liuqiu to avoid the taboo of the emperor dragon. In the fifth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1372), the place was named Liuqiu, which means glazed jade and pearl ball. [3-4]

history

Announce
edit

mythological age

Ryukyu Kingdom has three historical records of itself -《 Zhongshan Shijian 》《 Zhongshan genealogy 》And《 Bulbous yang 》。 These three books all record the myths and legends of the founding of Ryukyu.
It is said that the god of heaven, Amomi, came down to earth for a long time and was given vegetation and earth by the Emperor of Heaven to make islands. Later, he asked God to bestow population on him, so the Emperor of Heaven bestowed two of his children on Amomeijiu, who gave birth to three men and two women. The eldest son, the Tianshun family, established the Tianshun Dynasty. There were twenty-five kings in the Tiansun Dynasty, and Sijinsong, the twenty fifth king, was also the king. He killed important officials for Li Yong, and the dynasty perished. Later, there was Zun Dun who raised an army to kill Li Yong, and was elected king, called King Shun. This event probably happened in the Song Dynasty in Chinese history. [5]

Three Mountain Age

Ryukyu map
According to the historical records of the Ryukyu Kingdom such as the "Chronicle of Zhongshan", Yingzu (1229-1299 AD) for Ryukyu Yingzu Dynasty The founder of the Shenhao Yingzu Yuezi. Yingzu is the chief of Yizu City Huizu His son, Huizu, is a descendant of the Tiansun Dynasty, the earliest dynasty in Ryukyu. In 1253-1259 AD, Yingzu served as Shuntian Dynasty The regent of King Yiben. Yiben "claimed to lack virtue". Zen was located in Yingzu, who succeeded to the throne in 1260 AD and established the Yingzu Dynasty. At the end of the Yingzu Dynasty, Ryukyu was divided into Shannan, Zhongshan and Shanbei, which were respectively located in the south, middle and north of Ryukyu Islands. This period is called“ Three Mountain Age ”。 Among the three countries, Zhongshan is the strongest and Shanbei the weakest. [6]
According to Ryukyu's "Zhongshan Shijian" and China《 Explicit record 》And North Korea《 Record of Li Dynasty 》According to the records of, Nanshan Kingdom takes Dali as its center, including Dali, Zuofu, Zhinian, Yucheng, Juzhitou, Dongfengping, Daojiedali, Xiewu, Mowenren, Zhenbi, Jiancheng, Fengjian. The approximate territory is equivalent to the area south of Guochangchuan and Nayuan at the southern end of Okinawa today. The Kingdom of Zhongshan takes Shouli as its center, including Putian, Shouli, Naha, Beigu, Dugu, Yuen, Zhongcheng, Shenglian, and Gouzhichuan. Its general territory extends from Guochangchuan in the south to the line with Nayuan, and Zhongbo Isthmus in the north. The Beishan Kingdom, centered on today's Guirenzhisi, includes today's Guiren, Yudi, Minghu, Guotou, Jinwu, Yijiang, Yipingwu (Yishiming) and other cities. Its general territory is the part to the north of Chungpo Isthmus on Okinawa Island, as well as nearby Yijiang Island and Yipingwu Island. The power of the three countries is mainly concentrated in the Ryukyu island, not developed to the north Amami Islands And Bachongshan Islands and Gonggu Islands in the south.
Ryukyu tribute ship
Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty in the first month of 1372 (the fifth year of Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty) Zhu Yuanzhang Dispatch people Yang Zai It was the first time that the Ming Dynasty sent envoys to Ryukyu. In December of the same year, the king of Zhongshan State in Ryukyu Satto He sent his younger brother Taiqi and others to join Yang in the court and contribute to the party. [7-8]
In the year of 1373 (the sixth year of Hongwu's reign), the King of Shanbei Panizhi and the King of Shannan Ofusato They also paid tribute to the Ming Dynasty. So far, Beishan, Zhongshan and Nanshan three countries began to pay tribute to the Ming government and use the Ming Dynasty year title to become the vassal state 。 [9-10]
In 1383 (the 16th year of Hongwu's reign), the king of Zhongshan and the king of Shannan in Ryukyu paid tribute together, and Zhu Yuanzhang "ordered the two kings to be gilded with gold and silver seals". During this time, the Shannan King and the Zhongshan King joined forces with the Shanbei King to fight and attack each other. The Emperor Taizu ordered the Chief of Internal History, Liang Min, to give an edict to the three sides, and the three kings were ordered to send envoys to pay tribute. [11]
In 1385 (the 18th year of Hongwu's reign), the Ming Dynasty successively gave seals to the King of Shannan and the King of Shanbei.
In 1390, Miyako Island chief Meet with Naha Momentum Tribute to Zhongshan. Soon, the chief of Bazhong Mountain also came to pay tribute to the King of Zhongshan Satto 。 In order to obtain the technology to build large ships, so as to avoid the damage of messenger ships by waves.
In 1392 (the 25th year of Hongwu's reign), Ryukyu accepted the 36 surnamed technicians from Fujian sent by Zhu Yuanzhang who were good at shipbuilding and navigation. [12]
In 1395 (the 28th year of Hongwu), Chadu, the king of Zhongshan, died. In 1403 (the first year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty), the son of Wu Ning sent his nephew, Sanwu Liangdi, to obituate China. In February of 1404 (the second year of Yongle), Wu Ning, the son of Zhongshan King, came to the court to inform his father of his funeral, and Zhu Di, the Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, sent people immediately Time median He went to Ryukyu to pay tribute to the emperor, and then issued an edict announcing that his son Wu Ning "inherited the title". This is the beginning of Ryukyu being canonized by China. [7] [13]
In 1415 (the 13th year of Yongle), Shannan King Wang Yingzu A descendant Ta Lumei Because his father was murdered, he sent people to pay tribute to the Ming Dynasty and invited Xi Jue, which was the first time Ryukyu made a request to China for canonization. In May of the same year, Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty sent Chen Jifang and others to Ryukyu to issue an edict and make Tamei King of the South of Ryukyu Mountains. Since then, every Ryukyu king who succeeded to the throne will ask the Ming Dynasty to confer the title, and the Ming government will also send officials to preside over the ceremony of conferring the title, thus forming the system of tribute and conferring the title between China and Ryukyu. [14]

First Shang

In 1416, the son of King Zhongshan, who was in charge of state affairs Shang Bazhi Conquer Shanbei. [15]
In 1429, King Shang Bazhi of Zhongshan conquered Shannan and established the capital Shouli City , established a unified Ryukyu Kingdom, and still paid tribute to China. The King of Zhongshan State was conferred as the King of Ryukyu by the Ming Government. Since then, Ryukyu has been paying tribute every other year in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Ming Dynasty, and strictly observing the official festival. According to Ryukyu and the Ming Dynasty vassal state Relationship, every generation of Ryukyu kings need to accept Canonize 。 [12]
In 1430, Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty The official surname "Shang" was given to the ruler of Ryukyu. Before, people in Ryukyu only had a first name. Since then, they have had a surname. [16]
From 1400 to 1550, the Ryukyu Kingdom entered the golden age with highly developed commerce and trade with Fujian, Taiwan, Korea, Southeast Asia and Japan.
From the 15th century to the 16th century japanese pirates Pirates harass the Ryukyu Islands. Ryukyu suffered huge losses and its maritime trade was hindered. [15]
1469 (Ming Dynasty Chenghua Five years), civil unrest occurred in Ryukyu, King Suntech The First Shang Dynasty was killed.

Second Shang

In 1469, the King of Shangzhen of the Second Shang Dynasty in Ryukyu
In 1470, Ishimi Island The gold pill (one is called gold dollar) in the interior of the imperial lock side official (the court official who manages the finance) who was born in the palace was elected as the king by the officials, and was renamed as Still round In 1471, he reported his father's death to the Ming Dynasty as a "son". In 1472, envoys of the Ming Dynasty conferred Shangyuan the title of king, known as the "Second Shang Dynasty". [17]
In 1500, Shangzhen King It's settled Bachongshan Islands Of Far Miji Red Bee The chaos. In 1506, they conquered Kumi Island The power of press and the power of press with ambition.
1522 (Ming Dynasty Jiajing In the first year), after King Shangzhen pacified the "Ghost Tiger Rebellion" with that island, the Ryukyu kingdom expanded its power to Miyako Island The Bachongshan Islands basically determine the territory of the southern part of Ryukyu. [18]
In 1537, King Shang Qing Lead the army in the Northern Expedition to capture Amami Islands 。 It expanded its influence to the whole Ryukyu Islands and determined to start from the north Xijie Island 、 Amami Island , south to the boundary of Gonggu Island and Bachongshan Islands. [19]
1640 (Ming Dynasty Chongzhen May 4th, Ryukyu Shang Feng Wang Death. The next year, his third son exaltation of the virtuous He ascended the throne as the son of the world. In March of 1642 (the 15th year of Chongzhen's reign), Shangxian sent a customized task Zhengyi Doctor Cai Jin and others went to China to pay tribute and ask for the seal. However, due to the frequent wars in the Ming Dynasty, it was impossible to send a team of sufficient size to confer titles. As a result, Cai Jin and others failed to achieve their wish and had to return home first. [20]
In February of 1644 (the 17th year of Chongzhen's reign), Shang Xian sent Jin Yingyuan, a senior official of Zhengyi, an envoy of Jishifeng, and Zheng Sishan, a general official of the capital, to pay tribute to China and again requested to be canonized. But when Jin Yingyuan and his party arrived in Fujian, Emperor Chongzhen had committed suicide in Meishan. May, Fuwang Zhu Yousong Emperor in Nanjing Hongguang 。 So Jin Yingyuan and others arrived in Nanjing and paid tribute to Emperor Hongguang. Emperor Hongguang sent envoys to Ryukyu to tell about the death of Emperor Chongzhen and the proclamation of King Fu. In addition to the Hongguang Dynasty in Nanjing, descendants of Zhu Ming also built Longwu Dynasty. Ryukyu's son still looks up to him Nanming regime As the Zhengshuo regime in China, it has always maintained a tributary relationship with the Hongguang and Longwu dynasties, and the Hongguang and Longwu dynasties also sent envoys to Ryukyu several times to send edicts and edicts, but it is still impossible to confer the title of a son of noble virtue. [20]
In September 1646 (the third year of the reign of Emperor Shunzhi of the Qing Dynasty), the Qing army invaded Fujian and destroyed the Longwu regime in the Southern Ming Dynasty. At this time, more than 50 people, including Ryukyu envoys sent by the Ryukyu prince Shang Xian to celebrate the Emperor of the Tang Dynasty, remained in Fujian. Wang's uncle Mao Taiyun, Chang Shijin Siyi, etc. saw that the Ming Dynasty was over, and joined the Qing army in Beijing to surrender. Emperor Shunzhi's special T-shirt. The Ministry of Rites ordered Xie Bizhen, a messenger, to go to Ryukyu. Finally, he arrived in Ryukyu on September 13, 1649 (the sixth year of Shunzhi's reign). But at this time, the son of Ryukyu, Shang Xian, died on September 22, 1647 (the fourth year of Shunzhi's reign in the Qing Dynasty). As a result of the war and the change of dynasties, Shang Xian became the only son in Ryukyu who had applied to China for the imperial seal but failed to complete the formalities for it. The younger brother of Shang Xian, Shang Zhi, became the son in 1648 (the fifth year of Shunzhi's reign). In November 1649 (the sixth year of Shunzhi's reign), the prince sent Liang Tinghan, the governor of the capital, and Zhou Guosheng, the governor of the capital, to escort Xie Bizhen to return to the country and surrender to the emperor. But this time, he did not deliver the imperial seal of the late Ming Dynasty. [21]
At the end of February in 1653 (the 10th year of Shunzhi's reign), the son of Ryukyu, Shangzhi, sent his uncle Ma Zongyi to lead a congratulatory mission to China. In addition to gifts for the emperor, the mission also carried the inscription, memorial and imperial seal of the Ming Dynasty. At the same time, Shang Zhi also asked for a new imperial seal in his memorial to Emperor Shunzhi. [22]
On April 20, 1654 (the 11th year of Shunzhi's reign), Emperor Shunzhi issued a decree to confer the title of Ryukyu. On the first day of July, Emperor Shunzhi issued an edict and an imperial edict to confer the title of Shizi Shangzhi as Ryukyu's Zhongshan King, gave a gold plated camel button with a silver seal, and sent Zhang Xueli, the deputy military officer, to Ryukyu. But when we arrived in Fujian Zheng Chenggong And other anti Qing forces in the coastal areas of Fujian failed to do so. [23]
In October of 1662 (the first year of Kangxi's reign), due to Zheng Chenggong's death, the rest of the Southern Ming Dynasty fled to Myanmar. The Qing government relieved its worries, so the issue of conferring the title of Ryukyu son of honor was brought up again. At the beginning of November, Zhang Xueli and others set out and arrived in Ryukyu in June of 1663 (the second year of Kangxi's reign) to complete the coronation. From then on, Ryukyu began to pay tribute to the Qing Dynasty by using the year title of the Qing Dynasty. Since then, for more than a hundred years, Ryukyu has been sending envoys to pay tribute. When the new kings of Ryukyu ascended the throne, they had to send envoys to be granted, without interruption. [1] [12] [24]

Internal vassal period

Ryukyu Kingdom Treasury
1609 (the 37th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, Japan Qing Chang The Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan sent the Samoan army to invade Ryukyu. After the Samoan army captured the capital of Shouli, all movable property was packed and transported away for seven days. The king of Ryukyu Shangning More than 100 people were captured to Kagoshima until September 19, 1611 (the 16th year of the Japanese Emperor's reign), when King Suning was forced to sign the Fifteen Articles with the Samoan clan, recognizing the Samoan clan's control over Ryukyu. At the same time, the five islands of Yamei (namely, Xijie Island, Tozhi Island, Yamei Island, Chongyong Liangbu Island and Helun Island) were put under the jurisdiction of the Samo clan, and then they were released alive. In addition, Ryukyu was forced to send envoys to meet the shogunate general, which was called "Shangedo". Since then, Shimadzu has become the master of the Sino Ryukyu trade. Since then, Ryukyu has entered the period of "one country, two genera". However, considering the special position of Ryukyu in the future, the Edo shogunate and the Samoan government, though they included Ryukyu in the Japanese Chinese foreign order, adopted a tacit attitude towards the existence of the Ryukyu kingdom in terms of foreign relations. Therefore, although Ryukyu was controlled by the Edo shogunate and the Samo clan, it had its own independent system and culture, and the tribute system between China and Ryukyu did not change fundamentally. [19] [25-26]
1632 (Japan Kuan Yong In the ninth year of the 19th century, the Shimadzu family set up "Zaiban" in Naha, Ryukyu, to monitor the internal affairs of Ryukyu, supervise trade and pay tribute. [25]
In May 1853, Brigadier General of the United States Navy Perry For the first time, our fleet reached Ryukyu. In March 1854, Perry《 Convention of Kanagawa 》During the signing process, Japan was required to open the port of Naha in Ryukyu. Japan said to Perry that Ryukyu is a sovereign country and has no right to decide the right to open its ports.
On July 11, 1854, the government of Ryukyu Kingdom and Perry signed a treaty to open Naha Port in both Chinese and English《 Ryukyu US Treaty of Restoration 》。 [19]
In 1855, French governor Gueran led his fleet to Ryukyu and forced Ryukyu to sign a treaty《 Ryukfa mends the treaty 》。 [27]
In 1859, Van Kappeler, the Dutch commander, led the Dutch fleet to Ryukyu and signed《 Ryulan Treaty of Restoration 》。 [27]
1871（ Meiji On July 12, the Samo clan submitted to the government the so-called "Investigation Report" on Japan Ryukyu relations according to the Meiji government's injunction. There were many false statements about Japan Ryukyu relations in the report, but later it became the basis for Japan to forcibly occupy Ryukyu. On May 30, 1872 (the fifth year of Meiji era), the Japanese government constantly exerted pressure on Ryukyu through Kagoshima Prefecture to implement the so-called "reform policy". At the same time, when he was in charge of Dazang Dafu Inoue He suggested to the Meiji Government that measures should be taken to change the Ryukyu Kingdom to Japan. At the same time, under the direction of the Japanese government, Kagoshima Counsellor Dashan Gangliang The county officials were sent with their letters to persuade the Ryukyu King Shang Tai to send envoys to Tokyo to celebrate the new Meiji regime.
On September 14, 1872 (the fifth year of Meiji era), Ryukyu was making an envoy to Prince Shang Jian of Yijiang, and vice envoy Yi Yewan was close to the party Xiang Youheng When they arrived in Tokyo to pay a visit to the Emperor, the greeting list of Ryukyu said, "The King of Ryukyu Shangtai ”, Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Go to its country name without authorization and change it to "Ryukyu Shangtai". The Japanese government also took advantage of the fact that the Ryukyu envoys did not know the truth, and suddenly announced that the previous Japan Ryukyu relations would be changed, and the Ryukyu king would be granted the title of vassal king and included in the Chinese family. [28-29]
In 1873 (the sixth year of Meiji), the Japanese Emperor Meiji issued an edict to Ryukyu Ministry of Interior Jurisdiction, tax payment Tibet And put it on the track of Japan's internal affairs, which was not approved by Ryukyu. [29]
In September 1871, 66 people from Ryukyu's Taipingshan Island encountered strong winds and their ships drifted to Taiwan , mistakenly entered the Peony Society aboriginal township, and 54 people were killed by the aborigines. The remaining 12 people were saved because they hid in the home of Yang Youwang, a native, and were escorted back to China by the Qing government. In 1873, the Japanese envoy Sub island seed minister and Yanagiwara Sakimitsu I came to China in exchange for the text of the Treaty of Tianjin Restoration and the Articles of Commerce signed with the Qing Government in 1870. After the two arrived in Beijing, the deputy minister of the island went to the Ministry of Rites to discuss the etiquette of meeting the Emperor Tongzhi. The deputy envoy Liu Yuanguang went to the prime minister's office to pay a visit to the Mao Changxi and Dong Xun Two officials of the Qing Dynasty. The two officials of the Qing Dynasty had nothing to say but told the Japanese envoys about the killing of Ryukyu envoys by Taiwan natives not long ago. He also used to use the disrespectful words of feudal dynasties that discriminated against ethnic minorities, and casually said in the conversation that "the killers are all born", and they are foreigners ". The speaker has no intention, but the listener has intention. At this time, Japan was deliberately trying to annex Ryukyu, and was worried about where to start. Suddenly, it caught the words "Shengfan" and "outsiders". Vice island and Liuyuan reported back to Tokyo immediately after their return, finding an excuse for Japan to send troops to Taiwan on behalf of Ryukyu. [30-31]
In 1874, the Japanese government announced that it would punish Taiwan for killing "Japanese refugees"“ Born ”He also occupied the residence of "Shengfan" in Taiwan and passed the Outline of Punishment of "Shengfan" in Taiwan. Finally, the minister in Britain Witoma On October 31, 1874, Qing government Prince Gong yixin And Japan Okubo Toshimichi The Beijing Special Article was officially signed. In the special article, the Qing government recognized that Taiwan's wrong killing of Ryukyu people was "an indiscriminate act of aggression against Japanese people". Japan sent troops to Taiwan "to protect its citizens, China cannot blame Japan", which caused the Qing government to be in a disadvantageous position in the Sino Japanese negotiations. On December 15, 1874, Okubo Ritong, soon after returning to Japan, sent a letter to the Minister of Taisho of Japan Sanjō Sanetomi He put forward new suggestions on dealing with Ryukyu and asked for instructions to Ryukyu to clear up relations with China. [30]
On July 10, 1875, under the direct command of Okuboro Tomitong, Matsuda, the interior minister, and others arrived at Naha, Ryukyu, and announced that the Japanese government had decided to prohibit paying tribute to China, sending envoys, or sending congratulatory envoys when the Qing Emperor ascended the throne; When the vassal king changes, it is forbidden to accept Chinese titles; Ryukyu should follow the Meiji year, and the mid year etiquette should follow the proclamation; Set up Zhentai branch camp in Ryukyu; And asked the Ryukyu King to come to Beijing to thank him and implement the vassal system reform in accordance with the provisions of another paper. In this regard, the Ryukyu side repeatedly negotiated with Matsuda, refused to break off relations with China, and demanded to maintain the Ryukyu state and regime. [30-31]

Abolish vassals and establish counties

In June 1876, the Japanese government sent the Interior Minister, Shinichiro Muli, to Ryukyu to control the judicial jurisdiction of Ryukyu, led by police officers and inspectors. On December 10, as the situation of national subjugation intensified, Ryukyu King Shangtai sent his brother-in-law to his side Xiang Dehong ）Wait, go to Fuzhou secretly. Xiang Dehong will arrive in Fuzhou in April of the next year, that is, to the Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang He Jing And the governor of Fuzhou Ding Richang Submit the secret consultation of Ryukyu King Shang Tai. On June 24, 1877, He Jing and Ding Richang jointly reported the matter Prime Minister's Yamen for International Affairs , requesting that the He Ruzhang Negotiate when taking office. This proposal was supported by the Qing government. [32]
In October 1877, the Japanese government brought the jurisdiction of Ryukyu into the jurisdiction of the Osaka High Court. In addition, Japan enforces the "overseas travel voucher system" in Ryukyu. All Ryukyu people who travel to China must apply to the Japanese government for passports to control China Ryukyu exchanges. [32]
In 1878, the Ryukyu Kingdom also began to ask the international community for help when it had no choice. Send Ryukyu Magistrate Mao Fenglai and Ma Jiancai Arrive in Tokyo and submit a complaint to the envoys of western countries in Japan. [32]
On January 25, 1879, in order to avoid the internationalization of the Ryukyu issue, Japan accelerated the pace of annexation of Ryukyu. Matsuda Daozhi was appointed to Ryukyu for the second time to supervise Ryukyu to sever relations with China and hand over referee matters to Japan. After the Ryukyu king refused to obey his orders, Matsuda left Naha and returned to Tokyo on February 4. On February 18, the Japanese government decided to "punish" Ryukyu. On March 8, the Japanese government decided to send Matsuda Daozhi to Ryukyu for the third time. On March 11, Matsuda Daozhi, Minister of the Supreme People's Republic of China, ordered the punishment. On March 25, Matsuda and others arrived in Naha. On March 27, Matsuda announced the decision to abolish the vassal state to the Ryukyu King acting as Prince Guiren in Seoul, ordered to hand over all documents related to land and people, and ordered the vassal officials to act as guides on the spot, and the accompanying personnel to seal and supervise. In addition, Ryukyu King Shang Tai was ordered to move to Tokyo. On April 4, Japan announced that Ryukyu was changed into Okinawa Prefecture, and Naobin Kujima, a Japanese, was the first magistrate. On May 27, King Shangtai was forced to go to Tokyo with illness, and the Ryukyu Kingdom perished. [33-35]

Post Ryukyu Period

From the demise of Ryukyu in 1879 to 1885, a large number of Ryukyu people went into exile in China to carry out the "Restoration Movement". They took Fuzhou, Beijing, and Tianjin as their strongholds, and sent messages to the Prime Minister's Yamen, the Ritual Department, and important officials of the Qing Dynasty Li Hongzhang 、 Zuo Zongtang He submitted 28 petitions, asking the Qing Dynasty to negotiate with Japan on the Ryukyu issue.
Grant and Li Hongzhang
On June 12, 1879, the former President of the United States Ulysses Grant He met with Li Hongzhang, the representative of the Chinese government, in Tianjin. Li Hongzhang asked him to mediate on the Ryukyu issue, and Grant generously agreed. On July 3, Grant and his party arrived on the Richmond Yokohama. On July 22 ito hirobumi 、 Xixiang Congdao Hold talks. After listening to the opinions of Japan, Grant believed that Japan's annexation of Ryukyu violated the maritime trade interests of the Qing Dynasty and was "an obstacle to the mutual trade of the Qing Dynasty". He said that only peaceful negotiations could solve the Ryukyu problem. On August 10, Grant met Meiji Emperor He believed that if Japan annexed Ryukyu, it would "cut off the passage between the Qing Dynasty and the Pacific Ocean", and suggested that Japan "give it a broad passage to the Pacific Ocean. If this is the case, it will accept it". The Chinese envoy to Japan, He Ruzhang, also sent a telegram to the Prime Minister's Yamen, saying that Grant proposed the "three-point plan for Ryukyu", that is, the central islands, including the main island of Ryukyu, should be returned to Ryukyu, the Ryukyu State should be restored, and the islands south of Miyako and Bazhong Mountain should be included in China Amami Island The five islands, including, are under the jurisdiction of Japan. The Premier's office agreed, but the United States did not recognize Grant's proposal. (See Ryukyu Conquest and Ryukyu punishment ） [26] [36]
City Wall Site of Ryukyu Kingdom
In March 1880, Japan formally proposed to the Qing government a "sub island, treaty change" case, that is, the northern and central islands of the Ryukyu Islands are under Japanese administration; The southern islands of the Ryukyu Islands are as follows Miyako Island Bazhong Mountain was under the jurisdiction of the Qing government. In exchange, China should amend the trade treaty between Japan and the Qing Dynasty to allow Japan to enjoy Most favored nation treatment 。 Accordingly, the Qing government Premier's Yamen minister Shen-Kuefen They discussed with Japanese representatives and initialed the Ryukyu Treaty and Discretionary Clauses on October 28, 1880. Officials of Ryukyu Kingdom have repeatedly appealed that the land of the two islands is barren and cannot survive, which is unacceptable. Lin Shigong He also committed suicide in front of the Premier's Office in Beijing to protest. After Lin Shigong committed suicide, the Qing government refused to sign the negotiation treaty, and the negotiation broke down. [19] [26]
In 1882, the Japanese consul in Tianjin Zhu Tianjin Ichiro The negotiation with the Qing government on Ryukyu was resumed, but no agreement was reached. [37]
From 1894 to 1895, Sino-Japanese Jiawu War Later, as a defeated country, China ceded Taiwan and Penghu and had no say in the Ryukyu Islands issue. [37]
In 1898, Japan forced Ryukyu people to perform military service. [37]
In 1901, Shangtai, the last king of Ryukyu, died. [37]

territory

Announce
edit

Territorial scope

Ryukyu Kingdom is located between Taiwan Island of China and Kyushu Island of Japan. Its territory is mainly within the Ryukyu Islands, starting from the north Amami Island , East Xijie Island , South End Intergalactic island , west boundary And that island , meandering 1000 kilometers, with a total area of 3600 square kilometers. [1] [38]

administrative division

Three prefectures, five prefectures and thirty-five prefectures: commonly called prefectures, they are also called prefectures, and prefectures, they are called interdictions.
Zhongtou Zhongshan Mansion: Wuzhou Shouli, Sanping, etc., Naha, Bo. Xiyuan, Putian, Yiyewan, Beigu, Dugushan, Yuen, Meili, Zhongcheng, Shenglian, and that city, with a strong sense of ambition, are the same. The original eight counties were divided into eleven counties during the reign of Kangxi.
Nanshan Mansion in Daojieyi: Shiwujun Zhenhezhi, Nanfengyuan, Dongfengping, Dali, Zuofu, Zhinian, Yucheng, Mowenren, Juzhitou, Xiwuwu, Zhenbi, Gaoling, Jiancheng, Xiaolu, Fengjian. The original fourteen counties were divided into fifteen counties during the reign of Kangxi.
Guotou Beishan Mansion: Jiujun Enna, Jinwu, Jiuzhi, Minghu, Yudi, Benbu, today's Guiren, Dayiwei, Guotou Shiya. The original five counties were divided into nine counties during the reign of Kangxi. [39]

capital

Emperor Kangxi wrote the plaque of "Zhongshan Shitu"
Shouli City is the political and power center of Ryukyu Kingdom. Originally built at the end of the Three Mountain Period (from the end of the 13th century to the beginning of the 14th century), during the reign of King Chadu of Zhongshan, the capital city was built to strengthen the military defense against Shannan and control the main harbor, Nababe Port. At this time, the capital city was the royal government and official office in Putian City. In the early days of King Shangbazhi, the Kingdom of Zhongshan moved the royal city to Shouli City until the end of the Three Mountain Age. After the establishment of Ryukyu Kingdom in 1429, the capital of Ryukyu was still Shouli City. The main hall and official buildings of the royal city were more complete, becoming the political center of the kingdom. In the next 300 years, Shouli City was destroyed and rebuilt several times. In 1453, because of the struggle for the throne, the Ryukyu royal family broke out in Zhilu and Bree Rebellion, and the city of Shouli was burned down and rebuilt five years later. In 1660 and 1709, Shouli City was burned down twice and rebuilt twice. However, at the end of World War II, in 1945, the ancient city was destroyed by the American army and rebuilt in 1992.
Gate of Ryukyu Palace
It is totally different from other "cities" in Japan. The city of Shouli is mainly red paint and runs from north to south. The dome design of the main hall is a typical Tang style gate, with carved beams and painted buildings and golden dragons circling. Its layout is based on that of the Ming and Qing dynasties at the same time the Forbidden City The main hall is the largest building in the Ryukyu Kingdom. It has three floors, 29 meters wide, 17 meters deep, and 16 meters high. There are eleven rooms with seven entrances. In front of it, there are five rooms with one entrance. In the middle of the double eaves resting peak is Tang Pofeng. According to records, before the annexation of Ryukyu by Japan, there were nine imperial tablets given by the Chinese emperor to the Ryukyu king on the second floor of the main hall. After several wars, they disappeared. Suspended in the main hall“ Zhongshan earth ”The plaque was conferred in the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683) Shangzhen King It is a copy given by time. The imperial chair also disappeared, and the furnishings were also replicas. The cornerstone of the main hall is made of large bluestone imported from China. [40-41]

Politics

Announce
edit

Political structure

The political structure of Ryukyu is divided into three levels: the king and the royal family, the prime minister, and the village community. Under the king is the royal family, and the wife is the princess. The side room is divided into wives and wives. Among them, the imperial concubines who are not the heirs of the king are also called Ahuma Zhiliang Rites. The direct prince is called Prince Zhi, the common prince is called Prince Wang, the prince in charge is called the heir, and the princess in charge is called the heir. Wang Nu and Zong Nu were granted according to Siganazhi (with actual land) or Weng Zhu (There is no actual fief), Yibin is the husband of Weng Zhu (the lower title of the son-in-law), and the son of the patriarchal clan is called according to the Secretary. When the king died and his son had not been formally appointed by the central government of ancient China, the administration of state affairs was called "regency". The prime minister is the executive head of a country, appointed by the king. Many people who moved from China have held this position. In addition to the officers and chiefs of the "Zhai She" in each island, the officials under the jurisdiction of the prime minister also have jurisdiction over the official positions in the state institutions, including the "tribute envoy", "doctor officer", "historian officer", "translator officer", "communication officer" and "general manager" in charge of maritime affairs, and "purple towel officer"“ Department of Justice ”, "Si Gong" and other officials. [42] The leaders and chiefs of these villages are hereditary, and they are also the big nobles and local forces in Ryukyu. Other official positions include managing trade, tax collector, etc.

Official system

Ryukyu rank It is the identity sequence of Ryukyu Kingdom. The Second Shang Dynasty, the Third Generation Shangzhen King Hour Rank The system is basically established. In 1509, the gold and silver hairpins were used to distinguish the high and low, and then in 1524, the six colored crowns were used to distinguish the high and low. Later, in 1706, Cai Yingrui Cheng Shunze And so on《 The official system of Zhongshan Palace in Ryukyu 》， Eighteenth stage of ninth grade The establishment of the hierarchy system. In 1732, Cai Wen On the basis of the Official System of Sun Yat sen's Palace in Ryukyu State, the "Rank Determination" was formulated, which specifies the promotion of the rank of Ryukyu in detail. The official positions of Ryukyu Kingdom are divided into From Jiupin 。 Kings, princes and other royal families located in Eighteenth stage of ninth grade Above, civilians are below. Brother Wang, Uncle Wang and State Minister are all called "princes of a certain place". Under the prince, there were local divisions. They handed over their military power to the king, lived in Shouli, and controlled their territory remotely. According to the Secretary, he was called Uncle Wang, the Secretary of Justice, and the Purple Scarf Officer, and called "somewhere" Pro party ”。 The yellow hat officials below the third grade are called "somewhere on the cloud", and those without territory are called "somewhere on the cloud" and "somewhere on the cloud". From the sixth grade to From the seventh grade It is "a certain person on the cloud". The eighth grade red hat official is called "the son of a certain place" or "the owner of a certain place". The ninth grade is called "Zhudengzhi", and those who are not in the current class are called "Mouzi". [10]

laws and regulations

The early law of Ryukyu was relatively simple, and many punishments still followed the traditional customs of Ryukyu to replace the law. There are two traditional customs: death penalty and light punishment. Among them, the death penalty includes put to death by dismembering the body 、 Behead 、 Bayonet Three penalties. The punishment of Ryukyu was used to execute those who committed treason; The punishment of gunshot is to tie the prisoner to a cross shaped stake, stab him to death in the heart with a gun, and then make a public appearance until the stake falls. Light punishment is divided into flow 、 Exposure day (Punish the sun at noon) Clamp 、 Flail 、 Flogging 。
In the traditional punishment of Ryukyu, men and women who committed adultery were executed together. stay The Second Shang Dynasty At the beginning, the punishment for theft was very severe and cruel. First, the abdomen was cut open, then the nose and feet were cut off to kill the thief. In the middle period, the punishment for larceny will be reduced. According to the number of crimes committed by criminals, it will be changed to Flogging , clipping, exposure, and even Banishment or Beheading 。
The people in Ryukyu are simple, so the law is simple. "There is no hall in the country, and there is no place to hear litigation". Whenever you encounter a crime, you will be informed Department of Justice The justice department will find him guilty, and even the officer's relatives will be punished according to the law without mercy. People who commit capital crimes often choose Incise abdomen Commit suicide instead of being executed.
Because this law would produce the phenomenon of "the same crime but different punishment, uneven weight, and difficult to solve", in 1775, King Shamu command Ma Guoqi (Agree with the original relatives) Xiang Tiandi (Chronicle of the Patriarchal Dynasty in Pujiu Mountain) Mackayi (Fortunately, I am close to Fang Liangdu) Cai Shichang (Takashima's pro party, Ruxian) and others《 Ryukyu laws 》, which was completed and officially promulgated in 1786 (the 51st year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty). The code mostly imitates the provisions of the Qing Dynasty, and《 Laws and Regulations of the Qing Dynasty 》In comparison, the titles of the post system, formula, marriage, curriculum, sacrifice, ritual system, palace guard, Guanjin, military and political affairs, postal service, river defense, etc. are omitted. Of course, we also took into consideration the Japanese Criminal Code and the inherent customs of Ryukyu. King Shang Hao When he was in power, he compiled a penal code《 New set discipline 》。
Many laws in Ryukyu imitate the provisions of the laws of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Although the punishment for crimes is not completely the same as the laws of the Ming and Qing dynasties, it is the same as the laws of the Ming and Qing dynasties in terms of the division of criminal names and the principles of conviction and sentencing. Although the Ryukyu law is simple, it reflects the legislative spirit of Chinese feudal law very prominently. It inherits the provisions of the Tang Dynasty on "eight discussions" and "ten evils", and makes timely adjustments. The order of "eight discussions" stipulated by the Tang law is to discuss relatives, reason, virtue, energy, merit, honor, diligence and guests; The Science Law slightly adjusted it, and the order after adjustment is: to discuss relatives, reason, merit, merit, ability, diligence, honor and guest. The "ten evils" are still the most serious crimes. According to the content and order stipulated by the Tang law, the "ten evils" are the focus of the criminal law.
According to the subjective motives of the parties, the crime of homicide in Ryukyu law can be divided into premeditated homicide, assault, negligent homicide, and theatrical homicide, with corresponding penalties imposed respectively.
In terms of marriage inheritance, the laws of Ryukyu stipulate that the conditions limiting marriage are: parents in mourning, close relatives, adulterous men and women, adultery and bigamy. The order of succession is also implemented Primogeniture 。 Although female inheritance right is not excluded, male inheritance is preferred.
Ryukyu has a small population, simple folkway and simple laws. While imitating the laws of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it also combines its own national conditions and reflects its own characteristics. The Corpus Jurisprudence divides punishment into death penalty and light punishment. The execution methods of death penalty include volley, decapitation and bayonet. There are five kinds of light punishments: streaming, exposing to the sun, clipping, flail and flogging. The laws of Ryukyu do not stipulate the flogging, stick and imprisonment like those of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but instead use three kinds of "punishment". It stipulates five main punishments: one is to enter the nearby temple (that is, to be detained in the nearby Panzhao Temple, Shenying Temple, etc.) for five to forty days, which is equivalent to the "flogging" in the Law of the Qing Dynasty; The second is to enter the Midway Temple (that is, to be detained in the Shengong Temple, Guanyin Temple, etc.). From 60 to 90 days, it is equivalent to the "stick punishment" in the Laws of the Qing Dynasty; The third is to enter Yuansuo Temple (i.e. to be detained in Zhaotai Temple) for 100 to 500 days, which is equivalent to the "imprisonment" of the Law of the Qing Dynasty; There are three kinds of exiles: near exiles Kumi Island , four to six years; Zhongliu Gonggu Island, eight years; Yuanliu Bachongshan Island, ten years or lifetime. Finally, the death penalty was hanged and chopped.
The law of Ryukyu also attaches importance to protecting the ownership of the "public fields" of the royal palace and "official land" and the "private fields" of those who "should be raised and reclaimed". It allows the "private fields" that "receive official rice" to be "worldly undertakings" and to be freely traded. There are legal provisions on the acquisition of the ownership of movable property and provisions on the ownership of relics. At the same time, there are also provisions on the law of creditor's rights such as buying and selling, borrowing and lending, and provisions on the punishment of "greedy for improper prices", forced buying and forced selling; For loans with "many years", it is stipulated that the interest shall not be taken twice as much as the original, and it is prohibited to take interest out of law or take interest over interest.
The law of Ryukyu follows the tradition of the Tang Dynasty, and divides the crimes of property infringement into "theft" and "robber" crimes. There are 12 kinds of "theft" stipulated in the tenth chapter of the Corpus Corpus. According to limited literature records, those who rob property and kill the person shall be executed; Those who break into the house without authorization to steal property and infringe upon their wives and daughters shall be punished. Those who have been convicted of stealing property and counting stolen money up to 10000 yuan will be exiled for life; Those who steal official property and count stolen money to 7000 Guanwen will be exiled for life. [43]

military

Announce
edit
There is no record of the military defense system of the early Ryukyu Kingdom in the historical data. During the reign of King Shangzhen, the rule of Ryukyu Royal Palace began to be centralized. In 1522, the King of Shangzhen moved the local divisions to live in Shouli City and prohibited private ownership of weapons. After the reform of King Shang Qing in 1554, the military system of Ryukyu was established - the "Kuli Kui system". According to the "Kuli Kui system", the Ryukyu Royal Palace has set up a Royal Guard called "Kui Kui" and a civilian military organization called "Intermittent Army" in the south central part of the Ryukyu island. [44]
The "ヒキキキキキしよりおやいくささささしよりりお〠〠いくささささӕӕ. Each "ヒキキヒキキヒキヒキキキ" guard has more than 20 people in total. One of the leaders is from Momentum Qinyun, the other is from Zhudian Qinyun, and the other members are from Jialai Chitou (the city's level serviceman). There are a total of twelve "ヒキ" guards in Ryukyu, which are divided into three groups: Ugly, Youri and Suri. Each group has four teams and shifts according to the fixed date.
The three teams of the "ヒキキキキキキキキこおりりここおりりりここここお. The Ugly Squad is governed by a "Kuli" (Shi lost his name), the Youri Squad is governed by the "South Kuli", and the Siri Squad is governed by the "North Kuli". The three Kuli were managed by three judicial departments, whose direct supervisor was the Ryukyu King.
The three groups of guards take turns to guard Shouli City, the north bank of Naba Port, and the south bank of Naba Port to Fengjian City. The area from the south bank of Naba Port to Fengjian City is also guarded by the militia "Intercontinental Army" organized by the southern interdepartmental organizations. The total number of "ヒキ" guards and "cut troops" is about thousands. In addition, Ryukyu built two forts on the south and north banks of Naha Port in 1554, namely, Wuliang Zuosen City and Sanchong City, to defend Naha Port by virtue of natural dangers and avoid Japanese invasion of the port.
Ryukyu Kingdom still exists Nakijin Castle The post of Beishan Guard was set up, which was responsible for guarding the northern part of the island of Ryukyu. [45]
The military organization in Ryukyu is basically used to maintain public order and defend Japanese pirates. In addition to the use of these military organizations in the expedition to Amami Island during the reign of King Shang Qing and King Shang Yuan, Ryukyu has not used any foreign troops. The military equipment in Ryukyu is poor. After Samo invaded Ryukyu in 1609, Samo Fan counted the weapons in Ryukyu and found that there were only 500 bows, 300 guns, 300 collared armor, and several knives and spears in Ryukyu.

Economics

Announce
edit

overseas trade

The Ryukyu Kingdom is located in the sea. It has a small territory, lacks natural resources, and has poor land and few products. Many items such as pepper Sappan , spices, etc. are purchased from Southeast Asian countries. In handicraft industry, ceramic manufacturing industry is backward. Wine making is relatively primitive. The textile technology is backward, only hemp textiles. [46]
Since it is impossible to establish an agriculture based economy, wealth can only be obtained through overseas trade. The Ryukyu Kingdom not only obtained a large amount of supplies from China through the suzerain vassal relationship with China, but also developed into the "general agent" of China's maritime foreign trade under the state of lock-in. Ryukyu's ships traveled between Naha and Fuzhou, and also went north to Japan, Korea, and south Annan 、 Luzon 、 Siam 、 Aceh , Java malacca Etc., all over the whole Nanyang Islands 。 Ryukyu became rich from such "entrepot trade".
The bulk goods of Ryukyu's overseas trade are to sell Japanese silver, lacquerware, swords, screens and fans to China, resell Chinese medicinal materials, porcelain, silk and copper coins to Japan and North Korea, and sell Southeast Asia, India and the arabian peninsula Rhinoceros horn, sapphire, spices, tin, sugar, ivory frankincense 、 Ambergris Sales to China, Japan and Korea.
Fuzhou is the main trade port of Ryukyu in China. Ryukyu merchants trade a wide range of goods in Fuzhou, including handicrafts, medicine, spices, minerals, seafood, textiles and other rare goods. There are also people in Fuzhou who "sell the goods of ball dealers". The goods that Ryukyu merchants took from Fujian were mainly ceramics, lacquerware and silk.
The tribute trade between Ryukyu and China was very developed in the early years of Kangxi. The goods brought to China include gold and silver jars, gold and silver powder boxes, gold vats and wine lakes, painted marl screens Gold fan , clay silver fan, painting fan cloth made from fibers of plantain 、 Ramie cloth , safflower, pepper, sumu, waist knife, fire knife, gun, armor, horse, saddle, silk, cotton, snail plate, and the additional tribute is unlimited. 1680 (the 19th year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, Japan Enpou Eight years), Ryukyu paid tribute again, and the emperor exempted some luxury goods. Later, only horses, cooked sulfur, conch shells, red copper and other things were paid tribute.
Joseon Dynasty The entrepot trade from Ryukyu to Southeast Asia also developed, importing drugs, spices and pearls from Southeast Asia Hawksbill , coral and other luxury goods. In the capital of Ryukyu Kingdom, Shouli City (called Haipu in North Korea), there were Ryukyu trading ships sailing to North Korea. The relationship between Ryukyu and Korea has developed politically and economically, but the economic role is greater than the political role, because they both belong to the vassal of the Ming Dynasty.
The economic relationship between Ryukyu and Southeast Asia is complementary. In the 16th century, the forces of the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal and other countries had entered Southeast Asia, and their products were sold to North Korea and Japan through the Ryukyu transit station, obtaining huge profits. However, from the end of the 16th century to the 17th century, with the establishment of direct trade links between Western countries and China and the invasion of Samoa, Ryukyu's entrepot trade status tended to decline. Since then, Ryukyu's financial situation has become increasingly difficult, and sometimes even there is no money to receive the coronation envoys and borrow money from the Samoan clan.
Ryukyu is poor and its agriculture is difficult to develop. It relies on entrepot trade to obtain needed goods. In addition, the country often suffers from famine Cycas Fruit is food. So it is also called "Cycas Hell". Until 1594, people in Changle, Fujian, China Chen Zhenlong They smuggled sweet potatoes in the Philippines and introduced them to Fujian. In 1604, the head of Ryukyu people and Naguo brought sweet potato seedlings back to Ryukyu from Fuzhou Hemp balance It is widely planted. Since then, people's death has greatly reduced, and they also eat sweet potatoes as their staple food (at that time, only the king and the nobility could eat rice). [47]

currency

In the early days, the economy of Ryukyu Kingdom was underdeveloped, and the folk trade exchange was still carried out in the original way of barter. Later, "Haiba" was used as currency. As Chinese emperors awarded copper coins during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and Ryukyu merchants obtained a large number of copper coins from China through tribute trade, Chinese copper coins gradually became the main currency used in Ryukyu folk trade circulation. According to《 Explicit record 》According to records, in 1413, Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty It was given to the king of Zhongshan in Ryukyu Kingdom Shang Sishao Wang Yingzu, King of Shannan Bao Chao And“ Yongle Coin ”Money; Canonized in 1425 Shang Bazhi At this time, Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty He also gave copper coins to Ryukyu. Since then, Ryukyu began to use copper coins made in the Ming Dynasty as currency. In 1459, because of the copper coins given by the Ming Dynasty The Shrubuli Rebellion It is burnt out in the middle and has no storage, Shang Taijiu King And asked the Ming Dynasty for copper coins. When Chen Kan went to Ryukyu as an envoy in 1534, he saw that the copper coins cast by Japan were used in Ryukyu. And here we are Xu Baoguang When I went to Ryukyu as an envoy, I found that Kuanyong Tongbao , which was cast in the early Ming Dynasty“ Hongwu Tongbao ”Money is still used in Ryukyu.
In fact, besides using copper coins made in China and Japan, Ryukyu also issued some copper coins made by itself. During the reign of Shang Taijiu (1454-1460), the First Shang Dynasty began to cast its own currency following the pattern of ancient Chinese coins. By the time of King Shangzhen, four types of coins had been minted:“ Dashi Tongbao ”、“ Shigao Tongbao ”(Shang Dezhu, the First Supreme King of the Shang Dynasty)“ Jinyuan Shibao ”(Shang Yuanzhu, King Jinyuan of the Second Shang Dynasty)“ Zhongshan Tongbao ”(Cast by King Shangzhen of the Second Shang Dynasty). The total number of these four kinds of coins is not much, especially the "Jin Yuan Shi Bao" and "Zhong Shan Tong Bao". The official historical data of Ryukyu, Qiu Yang, recorded that in 1656, Shangzhi King life Ping Qixiang (When his relatives were in the clouds, he renewed his name), Xue Lixing (the relatives of Gubocang Zhudeng were in the clouds) used the waste money of Samo's clan to forge his own coins in Ryukyu. This kind of coin is called Jiumu coin, commonly known as Dangjian coin. It is of poor quality and easy to wear and tear. It is only used in the country and has not been kept. In addition, there are some copper coins cast in Japan and issued only in Ryukyu. For example, in order to fully control the economy of the Ryukyu Kingdom, the Shimadzu family completely brought Ryukyu into the Samoan clan's sphere of influence, and in 1863, in the name of relief for Ryukyu, they launched the foundry in the Samoan clan“ Ryukyu Tongbao ”, compulsory circulation in Ryukyu Kingdom. [48]

Culture

Announce
edit
Ryukyu is influenced by both Chinese and Japanese cultures. However, the culture of Ryukyu and the culture of surrounding ethnic groups, such as Daiwa family , Korean Taiwanese Aborigines , the Han nationality and so on have certain differences, forming a unique culture.

Religion

The religious beliefs of Ryukyu people include Ryukyu Shinto 、 Shinto Buddhism, Taoism, and later Christianity were also respected.
Ryukyu Shinto
The inherent religious belief of Ryukyu people is the Ryukyu Shinto, including the belief in Dragon Palace, the belief in Sister Gods, the belief in Yuyue Ancestor worship And so on. According to the Ryukyu Shinto, the Dragon Palace on the other side of the sea is the source of the abundance and life of the earth. When a person dies, his soul will be transported to the Dragon Palace and become the guardian god of his flesh relatives. The patron saint regularly returns to his living place to pray for the richness and peace of the world. Therefore, like the Chinese, the Ryukyu people also respect their deceased ancestors and set up memorial tablets to honor them. Ryukyu people especially revere natural mountains, rivers, springs and forests, which is the belief of the imperial mountain. The belief of Ryukyu people in Yuyue is similar to that of the Chinese people in the god of land. [6]
Ryukyu people respect women and also believe in sister gods. Priests and wizards can only be held by women, which is called Zhu Nu And folk psychics. Therefore, Zhu Nu had a great influence in the early period, even threatening the king's ruling position. Shangzhen King After the accession to the throne, the policy of "the unity of sacrifice and administration" was implemented, and the system of wishing women was reformed. In 1470, the daughter of King Shang Yuan was appointed as Smell the Lord , become the leader of the Goddess. I heard you are Imperial Palace Of Divine body In order to pray for the country's peace and security, the safety of sea routes, and the prosperity of grain, the officials of "Yujiana aspire to be in front of the emperor", "Yuhubo aspires to be in front of the emperor", "Jinzhimei aspires to be in front of the emperor" and "Jinzhimei aspires to be in front of the emperor". King Shangzhen also divided Ryukyu into "three equal (three sacrificial regions)", and appointed three "big aunts" to be in charge of the sacrifice of "three equal", subordinate to Lord Wen De. The "root gods" of various tribes or those who have contributed to the kingdom are appointed as "Zhunv", and Zhunv leads "root gods (sisters of tribal leaders, goddess)", "root people (tribal leaders)" and other clergy to conduct the sacrifice of one or several villages in a hereditary way, belonging to the "big alms", and the government grants them a certain amount of land, forests, or fishing and hunting rights. During the Second Shang Dynasty, Shouli City was equipped with the Wende Grand Emperor Palace, the Shouli Palace, the Zhenbi Palace, and the Yibao Palace, known as "one society and three end societies". It is said that the Royal Palace of the Great King is located in the Zhunv Hall in Tingliangchi Town, Shouli, which dominates the society at the end of the country. [49]
Shinto
suffer Japanese culture Ryukyu people also believe in Shintoism in Japan 。 Shang Jinfuwang During his reign, Yu Naha Wakasa establish God of Heavenly Illumination Of shrine This is the first shrine in Ryukyu recorded in history books. On the island of Ryukyu, there were Boshang Palace, Chonggong Palace Palace of Fame Recognition , Putianjian Palace, Moji Palace, Bafan Palace Tianjiu Palace 、 Jinwu Palace Eight shrines, namely“ Ryukyu Group 8 ”。 Among them, the Eight Fan Palace worships the Eight Fan God, and the other seven communities worship Xiong Yequan. Boshang Palace is known as the first shrine in Ryukyu. [50]
Buddhism
About Yingzu King Period (13th century), monks Zen meditation Drift to Naha. King Yingzu believed in Zen learning Putiancheng Established in the west Blissful Temple It is said that this is the beginning of Ryukyu Buddhism. thereafter, Chadu King Japanese monk Heavy reliance France and India came to Ryukyu and established the Huguo Temple on Boshang Mountain to spread Zhenyan Sect 。 [6]
In 1430, Guan Chaishan of the Ming Dynasty went to Ryukyu to donate money to establish the Da'an Temple. Da'an Temple is the oldest temple in Ryukyu Zen Temple 。
In 1454, Shang Taijiu King After succeeding the Queen of Ryukyu, he received and was enlightened by the eminent monk Akihin in Kyoto, Japan, in order to better promote the Dharma. Shang Taijiu built Guangyan, Pumen and Tianlong Linji Zong temples for Kiu Yin, and invited Kiu Yin to be the leader of the mountain, which was also the beginning of Ryukyu Linji Zong. Since then, Shangtaijiu has built temples such as Tianjie, Anguo and Wanshou. In addition, Shang Taijiu also cast huge clocks to hang in various temples, and ordered monks to preach scriptures every day, so that people could worship Buddha to pray for peace and prosperity.
In 1492, King Shangzhen built seven halls in the north of Shouli City, imitating the Yuanjue Temple in Kamakura, in memory of his father, King Shangyuan Kalan Yuanjue Temple, as the Bodhi Temple of the Shang Dynasty, invited Akira Yin to be its founder. Of the kings of Ryukyu Imperial Painting (Portraits) were enshrined in the Yuanjue Temple, and Buddhism reached its peak in this period. During this period, Yuanjue Temple Shitennoji Together with Tianjie Temple, it is called the three major temples. Besides, Naha's Chongyuan Temple It was also very famous in the past. [51]
Taoism
Ryukyu people also respect Taoism. As for when Ryukyu people began to believe in Taoism, the historical records lack relevant records. According to《 Zhongshan Herald 》It is recorded that although there are no monks in Ryukyu Kingdom, there are Sacrificial stoves 、 Ancestor worship 、 sweep the tombs Customs. Zhang Xueli, the coronation envoy of the Qing Dynasty, claimed that there were Sanqing Hall , which confirmed the existence of Taoism in the Ryukyu Kingdom. Along the southeast coast of China Mazu , Nagong, Napo Lady Linshui 、 Chen Shangshu Such gods are also revered by Ryukyu people. Ryukyu Kingdom has two Tianfei palaces. Among them, the Heavenly Imperial Concubine Palace is Jiumi Village , Xiatianfei Palace is here Naha Port Near the Angel Pavilion. Aunt Cai, the Taoist god of Ryukyu, is also respected by Ryukyu people. [6]
Christianity
In 1622, the first in the history of Ryukyu missionary Take the "Southern Barbarian Ship" to Bazhong Mountain to preach locally. Because Japan Edo Bakufu Implement the policy of banning education as Vassal state Ryukyu had to order a ban on Christianity, and asked the people of Ryukyu to report and expose those who spread and believed in Christianity. This proselytizing action lasted until the middle of the 19th century. In 1844, French missionaries Theodore Augustine Falcard The priest came to Ryukyu on the warship of the French Navy and asked for free preaching. Under the pressure of warships, Shang Yu Wang Forced to agree to missionary demands. In 1846, another Hungarian missionary Birdling arrived in Ryukyu on a British warship. With the permission of the Ryukyu Palace, he lived and preached in Huguo Temple. During his stay in Ryukyu, Birdling learned Ryukyu , translated the Gospel Book of the New Testament in Ryukyu, and later published it in Hong Kong. This played an important role in promoting the spread of Christianity in Ryukyu. [27]

Art

ballet
Ryukyu Wuyou originated from the royal Wuyou "Yuguan Chuanyou", which welcomed the Chinese canonizing envoys. Because of the name of the ship (Yuguan Ship) taken by the canonizing envoys, Yuguan Chuanyou can be said to be the classical art of Ryukyu, and also the beginning of group dance and classical dance. The dancers of Yuguan Chuanyan are all the children of Ryukyu taxi tribe. Classical dance enthusiasts include old people enthusiasts, ruo zhong enthusiasts, er cai enthusiasts, women enthusiasts, da zuo enthusiasts, etc. In 1719, when he was awarded the title of King Shang Jing, Xiang Shouyou (Yucheng Chaoxun), who was then the "enthusiast", went to Edo and Samo for five times to learn the art of drama, and founded a dance troupe unique to Ryukyu. His works of "Two Children Beat the Enemy", "Holding Heart to Bell", "Mingjingzi", "Woman Madness", etc. are often seen performances. In 1879, Ryukyu was annexed by Japan, and the gentry class tended to decline. In order to make a living, the gentry began to teach classical Wuyou, which made classical Wuyou popular among the general public, and then folk Wuyou was born. [52]
music
The early folk songs of the Ryukyu Kingdom were called "island chants", which were dedicated to gods and used in sacrifices. The content was also related to praising gods and expressing prayers. Later, the content related to love and family life gradually appeared. During the 14th and 15th centuries, three stringed instruments and their music were introduced from China to Ryukyu. Then the Chinese sanxian music spread in various regions of the Ryukyu kingdom, laying the foundation of Ryukyu music. The ancestor of music composition in Ryukyu Xia Deyong (Fortunately, he was close to Fang Xianzhong) wrote a three stringed accompaniment for the first time for Ryukyu classical songs that were sung without accompaniment. Under the strong propaganda of the Regent to Xiang Xian at that time, Ryukyu music was widely spread. After Xia Deyong, his disciples and re disciples, Ze Guiliangze (Mao's Ze Gui Qin Yun Shang An Chong), Xiang Richang (Xinli Qin Fang Chaozhu) Xiao Shi'an (Zhao Xi's famous relatives and immortals on the cloud, also known as Zhao Xi's famous reputation) Xiang Quanmo (Wu Jiabi sent it to the court by himself), Xiang Yongzuo (Fengyuan's imperial code), Ge Qiye (Zhinian's high achievements) and others inherited and developed it, becoming a school of Ryukyu music Zhan Shuiliu. The disciples of Geqiye, Yi Pixian (An Fuzu Zhengyuan) and Mao Wenyang (Nomura An Zhao), improved them and created the new schools of Ryukyu music, An Fuzu Stream and Nomura Stream. [53]
The court music of Ryukyu Kingdom includes the imperial music played indoors and the Luzi music played outdoors. Regal music is the music spread from China to Ryukyu in the process of political exchanges between Ryukyu, such as paying tribute, celebrating, thanking, and sending Ryukyu by the Chinese canonizing mission. Later, it became the court ritual music of the Ryukyu Kingdom. Because it was played indoors for princes and nobles, it was called "Royal Music". It includes "music" played with musical instruments and "singing" added with singing. As a kind of ritual music for the king of Ryukyu to entertain guests, it is mainly played on occasions such as entertaining Chinese canonizing envoys and paying tribute to Edo. Luzi Music is a kind of ritual music. It is the outdoor music played by the king's celebration envoys in the procession and ceremony, and also played in local rural dramas and rural festivals. [54-55]
Musical Instruments
At first, Ryukyu did not have its own distinctive musical instruments. Its musical instruments were continuously imported from China after the establishment of formal friendly relations with China in the fifth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1372)《 Navigation overview 》According to the Book of Relations between Ryukyu People Coming to Korea and the Ryukyu Relations Document, from 1634 to 1850, the Chinese musical instruments sent by Ryukyu to Edo by the envoys of congratulation and thanksgiving included suona, three boards, two classes, three gold, gold gong, gong, pipe, flute, two line, three line, four line, long line, pipa, drum, small gong, xin, hu qin, yang qin Acacia board, zither, two strings, Xiao, Yueqin, etc. The prototype of the third line was introduced from Fujian, China sanxian , by Min People's 36 Surnames Take it to Ryukyu and develop into the third tier. In the Ryukyu kingdom, the literati class did not hang armour stomachs and swords on the walls as in Japan, but displayed three line musical instruments. The nobles named the three line famous ware made by famous craftsmen "Kaizhong", which was passed down from generation to generation as a family treasure. [56]

a martial art

The most well-known martial art in Ryukyu Kingdom is "hand". "Hand" is also called“ Tang Shou ”Or“ Tang Boxing ”, is modern Karate Prototype of. Today, most scholars believe that the "hand" is the result of Chinese martial arts It was developed in Ryukyu. The Chinese martial arts were brought to Ryukyu by the 36 surnames of Min people in the Ming Dynasty, and combined with some local fighting techniques in Ryukyu, it developed into a unique martial arts "hand" in Ryukyu. As Ryukyu players have developed in different places in Ryukyu, they have also developed three sets of basic potential methods - Naha-Te 、 Shuri-Te And mooring hands. Xiang Wenlin Sakukawa Kanga 、 Wu Chengda (Matsumura Zongkuan) and other martial artists in Ryukyu, many of whom once learned from Chinese martial artists, and some even went to China to learn martial arts. [6] [57]

Medical Science

The medicine of Ryukyu Kingdom is greatly influenced by Chinese traditional medicine. It is mainly through Ryukyu students studying in China that Chinese traditional medicine has been widely spread in Ryukyu. For example, in the 27th year of Kangxi's reign (1688), Wei Shizhe, a famous doctor from Ryukyu, came to Fuzhou to learn harelip suturing from Huang Huiyou. After returning home, he cured many people, such as Wang Sun Shangyi, of harelip. In the eighth year of Qianlong's reign (1743), Ryukyu Yan Mengde came to Fujian to study the treatment of oral diseases and returned home with a magic recipe. According to Qiuyang and the History of Naha City, from 1749 to 1828, Heng Dayong, from Anciling, Songhui, Lv Fengyi, Songjinglin and others came to Fujian to study surgery, internal medicine, epidemic prevention and other medical skills, and passed the knowledge of Chinese medicine to Ryukyu through them. [58]
In 1604, China's《 Compendium of Materia Medica 》Introduced into Ryukyu, the book had a profound impact on Ryukyu medicine. However, there are still errors in the Compendium of Materia Medica. Therefore, since 1781 (the 46th year of Qianlong's reign), Ryukyu doctor Wu Jizhi (with the word Zishan) has concentrated on collecting plants from all over Ryukyu and painting them into atlases. Every year, 70 or 80 kinds or more than 100 kinds of plants are entrusted to Chinese envoys and overseas students who go to Beijing and Fujian to bring them to Beijing, Fujian and other places, or go to China to seek advice in person, and inquire about the "correct name, common name, different name, cure a certain disease" of various plants collected by them in Chinese Materia Medica or other books. Finally, in 1789 (the 54th year of Qianlong's reign), he compiled medical works《 Interrogate Materia Medica 》It was published in the Qing Dynasty. The book was later introduced to Japan and immediately loved Orchidology And medical Samo clan Vassal lord Shimadzu Chonghao Appreciation of. In 1837, Questioning Materia Medica was published in Samofan and had a profound impact on Japanese medicine. [59]
The Imperial Head of Ryukyu Lv continued (Du Jia Fu Qin Yun Shang Tong Kuan), who went to the capital of the Qing Dynasty twice in 1817 and 1824, studied under a doctor Jang-yuan and Zhang Yongqing , and wrote Ryukyu in 1832 Dietotherapy Important instructions for《 Royal Diet Herb 》。
In addition, because Ryukyu is close to Fujian, many Japanese doctors went to Fujian to study medicine through Ryukyu, and some doctors stayed in Ryukyu due to bad wind. Such as Japan Overtaking 's famous doctor Yamazaki Erxiu I took the post King Shangning Your doctor. These Japanese doctors also made certain contributions to Ryukyu medicine. During his stay in Ryukyu, the British missionary Byrd also asked Ryukyu doctors Song Jingshen He taught the vaccinia inoculation method, which is more advanced than the method of blowing nose with human pox used by local doctors in Ryukyu, so that smallpox was effectively controlled in Ryukyu. [27]
List of Ryukyu People Studying Medicine in China
time
Learner Name
Skills learned
The 18th year of Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1679)
Zheng Mingliang
Bone replacement method
The 24th year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty (1685)
Wei Shizhe
Lip suture
The eighth year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1743)
Yan Mengde
Dental Department
The 14th year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1749)
Heng Dayong
Internal medicine and surgical medicine
The 28th year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1763)
From Anthiling
Internal medicine and surgical medicine
The 42nd year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1777)
Song Kaihui
Medical Science
The fourth year of Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty (1824)
Lv Fengyi
Medical Science
Eighth Year of Daoguang in Qing Dynasty (1828)
Pine forest
internal medicine
The 28th year of Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty (1848)
Mission personnel
Epidemic prevention (smallpox scab)
(Reference materials above) [60]

science and technology

Around 1787, Ryukyu scholar Anli Zhouxiang (Xiang, also known as Fei Anli) built an aircraft, which was several kilometers southeast of Naha Jinjiashan Successful flight in the region. [61]

Languages

Ryukyu Kingdom has its own language, which was written by Chen Kan in the Ming Dynasty《 Make Ryukyu Record 》45 characters including りにききききききり〦にききききききききききききききききき123. Canonized in the Qing Dynasty Shang Jing Wang Messenger of Xu Baoguang Authored《 Zhongshan Herald 》It is mentioned that the Ryukyu Kingdom has a different letter from China - the Iru flower. The Ryukyu people used the "Iru flower" mixed with a small amount of Chinese characters as an official document to issue decrees. Xu Baoguang believes that the Iru flowers may be "Japanese letters" (pseudonyms) or simplified Chinese characters segment Tag. [46] [62]
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Ryukyu Kingdom continuously extended its Imperial College And Fuzhou Ryukyu Pavilion Send international students to learn the Chinese language. According to the use of mandarin Textbook research shows that the official language learned by Ryukyu people is affected by Fukienese in especial Foochow Strictly speaking, it is "Fuzhou Mandarin". Chinese characters became the official language of the Ryukyu Kingdom, and were used in diplomatic exchanges with China, Korea and Vietnam. Official documents, diplomatic treaties, official histories, genealogies of Ryukyu scholars, etc. of the Ryukyu Kingdom are written in Chinese. Only for Japan's diplomatic documents Hou Wen 。 The Ryukyu language presentation is written under the Japanese pseudonym. In addition, according to the Japanese monk bag《 Ryukyu Shinto 》It is recorded that in the history of Ryukyu“ Ryukyu Ancient Characters ”, 17 words in total; According to the folk legend of Ryukyu, this word was passed by the god of heaven. There were more than 100 words at first, but only 17 words later. [43] [63]

literature

Native literature
Before pseudonyms and Chinese characters were introduced into Ryukyu, the main form of literature in Ryukyu was oral literature, that is, songs sung orally. The ancient Ryukyu people chanted the rise and fall of all things in nature, the scenery of the four seasons, the life scenes of farming, hunting and fishing, the achievements of tribal heroes, and the belief in the imagined ancestral gods and natural gods with rhymes different from daily conversation and rich in musical melody. During the 14th and 15th centuries, three stringed instruments and their music were introduced from China to Ryukyu. Taking this opportunity, based on the original classical songs, the "story songs" sung with the accompaniment of the three stringed string became popular. In terms of creative style, the narrative part of "story ballads" and the genre of free style long poems basically inherit the characteristics of ancient classical ballads, but the specific content of ballads is unique and has a distinctive sociality. Later, due to the introduction of Hiragana and Chinese characters, Ryukyu people began to form written literature in the form of free verse from a part of ballads that were sung orally. Around 1500, Ryukyu people began to metrize the free verse ballad and the three string music according to the needs of the melody of the three string music, which meant the appearance of the metrical short poem Ryukyu songs. It was not until the 1720s that Ryukyu songs became really popular. Ryukyu songs became the main form of Ryukyu poetry at that time after the "story ballads" in the earlier period. The famous Liuge singers are Auspicious house crane And Enna Pot (about living in the time of King Shamu), they are called "female double Bi" of Liuge; In addition, there are Yi Shigao (Soh Qing is loyal to Yun Shang), Chao Min, the son of Ping Fuwu, Xiang Shouyou (Zhao Xun, the relative of Jade City), Ma Guoqi (having a good relationship with the original relative) Xiang Guozhen (Based on Si Chaojiu), Xiang Jie (Dongfeng Pingchao Wei), etc. [53]
kanshi
Chinese poetry in Ryukyu refers to poems written by Ryukyu poets in ancient Chinese. In 1372, the Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty sent Yang Zai to establish diplomatic relations with Ryukyu, in which the suzerain was canonized and the tributaries were paid by the affiliated countries. In 1392, the Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty ordered more than 200 people with 36 surnames from Fujian to immigrate to Ryukyu to help educate and spread Chinese poetry. From the same year to 1879, when Ryukyu was annexed by Japan, Ryukyu successively sent "official students" (overseas students) and "diligent students" (self funded students) to study in China, paying more attention to writing Chinese poetry, so Chinese poetry began to rise in the Ryukyu kingdom and flourished for a time. The content of Ryukyu's Chinese poetry is rich and colorful, including range rover itinerary, extemporaneous chanting of things, feeling of the time, homesickness and homesickness, missing friends and lovers, seeing off, giving rewards and answering correctly, praising China Ryukyu friendship, singing praises, mourning for the past, praying for God's blessing, etc. The famous poets are Cai Dading Mao Shihui, Dongxingguo Lin Shigong Etc. [63-64]

education

Ryukyu, as a small country living overseas and adjacent to a big cultural country, its culture has been lagging behind for a long time. Ryukyu people sailed on the sea and communicated with China and Japan, thus obtaining some information about education. They returned home to open private schools to impart influence to the people, and gradually became aware of education. In order to learn Chinese traditional Confucian culture, Ryukyu sent overseas students to China to study in May of the 25th year of Hongwu's reign in the Ming Dynasty (1392), and the last four foreign students entered the school in the 8th year of Tongzhi's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1869). In the past five hundred years, Ryukyu sent 24 batches of international students to China to study, with a total number of 81. Through their study, these overseas students spread Confucianism rapidly in Ryukyu and promoted the progress of Ryukyu education and the whole society. [65-66]

nation

Announce
edit
Main term: Ryukyu people 、 Min People's 36 Surnames
Ryukyu Kingdom is based on Ryukyu people As the main country, in addition to the Ryukyu people, there are 36 descendants of Min people. In 1392 (the 25th year of Hongwu's reign), the Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty granted thirty-six surnames in central Fujian to immigrate to Ryukyu in order to facilitate the exchange of tribute envoys. Most of the 36 surnames of Fujian people are navigators, scholars, craftsmen, or other people with a certain skill. After they came to Ryukyu, they received great respect from the royal palace and the people. Most of them were entrusted with important tasks, participated in important political, economic and cultural activities, and enjoyed high officials and high salaries from generation to generation. They became influential families in the Ryukyu kingdom. Because they live in Jiumi Village, they are called "Jiumish". [67]

International Relations

Announce
edit

And China

Ryukyu Kingdom was one of the vassal states that had the most frequent exchanges with China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, [72] It is a friendly neighbor separated from the Ming Dynasty. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries in the fifth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1372), friendly exchanges have become increasingly close. The Ryukyu Zhongshan King usually sent envoys once every two years. In the period of the closest relationship between Ming and Ryukyu, he sent envoys almost once a year. Two or three times a year is a common thing, sometimes as many as four or five times a year. The Ming Dynasty also sent envoys to Ryukyu. In 1429, the unified Ryukyu Kingdom still maintained a suzerain vassal relationship with China. After the death of the Ming Dynasty, Ryukyu continued to pay tribute to the Qing government. [1] [68]

And Japan

From the 14th century to the 16th century, the Ryukyu Kingdom had trade relations with the Samoan and Shogunate of Japan. Later, due to the "Yingren Civilization Rebellion (1467-1487)" in Japan, official ships of the Ryukyu Kingdom no longer entered Japan's capital area. During this period, the Samoan clan gradually grasped the privilege of Ryukyu trade, but the relationship between the two sides was basically equal. In 1609, after the Tokugawa shogunate sent the Samo clan to lead the army to invade Ryukyu, the Ryukyu kingdom began to make war with the Samo clan of Japan Edo Bakufu pay tribute. [25]

And North Korea

In 1392 (the first year of Emperor Taizu of the Li Dynasty), Ryukyu sent a mission to Korea for the first time. Since then, Ryukyu has sent missions to North Korea for 40 times in the name of tribute. In addition, for a long period of time, the trade relations between Ryukyu and North Korea were also very frequent, second only to China and Japan. [69]

With Asian countries

Ryukyu Kingdom and surrounding countries such as Siam , Buddha Dani, Xunda Srivijaya 、 somewhere unknown 、 Sumatra 、 malacca 、 Occupy the city 、 Annan 、 Luzon Other countries, as well as Turkey and Pakistan farther away, have conducted diplomatic and trade exchanges, and Ryukyu has conducted official document "consultation" exchanges with Siam and Java.

With Western countries

After 1860, the Ryukyu Kingdom had official contacts with the United States, France, the Netherlands and other western countries, and signed a series of treaties to open ports. [19] [27]

Sociology

Announce
edit

folk custom

The folk customs of Ryukyu are influenced by Fujian, especially Quanzhou, China. For example, customs such as the worship of phoenix and lion, Shigandang, the Dragon Boat Festival, the worship of Zaojun Gong, and the reception of gods on the fourth day of the first month are similar to those of Fujian. The tombs of Ryukyu people are like tortoise shells. This kind of tomb was spread from southern Fujian. Ryukyu people like to use the products made in Hokkaido, Japan Khumbu (One kind of seaweed) is influenced by Japanese culture. [70]

Clothes & Accessories

The traditional national costumes of Ryukyu people are Ryukyu costume Its appearance is similar to that of Chinese Han costumes. [6]

diet

The cooking technology of Fujian cuisine is popular in the Ryukyu court and the upper class society. Ryukyu people use alkali for pasta, just like Quanzhou people. Ryukyu folk foods such as orange cake, yellow rice cake, thousand weight cake, Shandong flour, bean sprout fried tofu, and other dishes are also the same as those in Fuzhou. Ryukyu people like to drink Soaking It is a distilled rice wine imported from Thailand. [60]
  • tea culture
Drinking tea is an essential part of Ryukyu people's life. While tea was introduced into Ryukyu, the tea ceremony culture and tea drinking etiquette were also deeply influenced by Fujian, and more and more attention was paid, especially among the literati and officials, to meet friends and treat guests with tea. [72]
  • Wine Culture
Wine is one of the main drinks in the life of Ryukyu people. Wine culture plays an important role as tea culture. Ryukyu people are fond of drinking. They can't live without wine, whether it is for daily receptions, weddings, funerals, festivals and sacrificial ceremonies. Ryukyu people mainly drink "Miji wine", "Fushou wine", "local Shaojiu" and "Paosheng wine". Among them, "locally produced soju" is brewed with rice in a way similar to that of Fujian Hakka rice wine. In the process of drinking, Ryukyu people often like the "Thumb Battle Wine", which is similar to today's Chinese guessing game wine, to increase the drinking atmosphere. [72]

Lineage

Announce
edit
Lineage of Ryukyu Kingdom
full name
Living time
In office time
Use year
emperor's mausoleum
The First Shang Family (Zhongshan King of Ryukyu)
Shang Sishao
1354-1421
1406-1421
From the 4th year of Yongle to the 19th year of Yongle
-
Shang Bazhi
1372-1439
1422-1439
Yongle 20 years, orthodox 4 years
Tianshan Mausoleum
Loyalty
1391-1444
1440-1444
Orthodox 5 years Orthodox 9 years
Tianshan Mausoleum
Shang Sida
1408-1449
1445-1449
Orthodox 10 years Orthodox 14 years
-
Shang Jinfu
1398-1453
1450-1453
Jingtai 1st Year Jingtai 4th Year
-
Long time to come
1415-1460
1454-1460
Jingtai 5 years Tianshun 4 years
-
Shang De
1441-1469
1461-1469
Tianshun 5 years Chenghua 5 years
-
The Second Shang Family (Zhongshan King of Ryukyu)
Shang Ji
？ Year - 1434
Not in place
A posthumous gift to the king in the 38th year of Kangxi
Yuling
Still round
1415-1476
1469-1476
Chenghua 5 years Chenghua 12 years
Yuling
Shang Xuanwei
1430-1477
1477
13 years of Chenghua
-
True
1465-1527
1477-1527
13 years of Chenghua and 5 years of Jiajing
Yuling
Shang Qing
1497-1555
1527-1555
6 years of Jiajing 34 years of Jiajing
Yuling
Shangyuan
1528-1572
1556-1572
35th year of Jiajing, 6th year of Longqing
Yuling
Shang Yong
1559-1589
1573-1588
Wanli First Year Wanli 16th Year
Yuling
Shang Yi
? Year - 1584
Not in place
A posthumous gift to the king in the 38th year of Kangxi
Putiancheng
Shangning
1564-1620
1589-1620
The 17th year of Wanli, the first year of Taichang
Jile Mausoleum
Long time
1560-1620
Not in place
A posthumous gift to the king in the 38th year of Kangxi
Yuling
Shang Feng
1590-1640
1621-1640
13 years of Chongzhen in the first year of Tianqi
Yuling
exaltation of the virtuous
1625-1647
1641-1647
14 years of Chongzhen, 4 years of Shunzhi
Yuling
Quality
1629-1668
1648-1668
Five years of Shunzhi and seven years of Kangxi
Yuling
Shang Zhen
1646-1709
1669-1709
Kangxi 8th year Kangxi 48th year
Yuling
Pure
1660-1707
Not in place
Posthumous king number
Yuling
Shang Yi
1678-1712
1710-1712
49 years of Kangxi, 51 years of Kangxi
Yuling
Venerate
1700-1751
1713-1751
Kangxi 52, Qianlong 16
Yuling
Shangmu
1739-1794
1713-1751
Qianlong 17th Year Qianlong 59th Year
Yuling
Still warm
1784-1802
1795-1802
60 years of Qianlong and 7 years of Jiaqing
Yuling
Shang Cheng
1800-1803
1803
8 years of Jiaqing
-
Shang Zhe
1759-1788
Not in place
Posthumous king number
Yuling
Shang Hao
1787-1834
1804-1834
9 years of Jiaqing, 14 years of Daoguang
Yuling
Advocating education
1813-1847
1835-1847
15 years of Daoguang, 27 years of Daoguang
Yuling
Shangtai
1843-1901
1848-1872
28 years of Daoguang and 11 years of Tongzhi
Yuling
The Second Shang Dynasty (Ryukyu vassal)
Shangtai
1843-1901
1872-1879
Meiji 5 years Meiji 12 years
Yuling
(Reference materials above) [71]
Novice on the road
Growth task Getting Started with Editing Edit Rule Edit by myself new
I have questions
Content query Online Service Official post bar Feedback
Complaints and suggestions
Report bad information Failed to appeal through entries Complaint of infringement information Blocking query and unblocking

© 2024 Baidu  Read Before Using Baidu  |  Encyclopedia protocol  |  Privacy Policy  |  Baidu Encyclopedia cooperation platform  |  Jing ICP Certificate No. 030173

Jinggong Network Anbei No. 1100000200001