Boson(English:boson）Yes FollowBose Einstein statistics，spinA particle whose quantum number is an integer.Boson non-compliancePauli exclusion principle, multiple identical bosons can be in the same quantum state at the same time, which can occur at low temperaturesBose Einstein condensation。The opposite of bosons is fermions, which follow Fermi Dirac statistics,Spin quantum numberIt is a half integer (1/2, 3/2,...).The basic structure of matter is fermion, and the basic interaction between matter is transmitted by boson.
According to the structure, it can be divided into basic particles and composite particles.
The basic bosons include gluons, photons, Z, gravitons that transfer basic interactions and Higgs particles that provide mass for other basic particles.
Composite bosons are composed of even number of fermions, such as mesons, deuterons, helium-4, etc.According to the spin and parity quantum numbers, it can be divided into scalar, pseudoscalar, vector and axial vector particles.
Gluon-Strong interactionThere are 8 kinds of medium particles with zero mass, neutral electricity and 1 spin quantum number.
photon-Electromagnetic interactionThere is only one kind of medium particle with zero mass, neutral electricity and 1 spin quantum number.
Z boson-Weak interactionMedium particles,Spin quantum numberIs 1.There is one Z boson, which is not charged and has a mass of about 91.2GeV.WThere are two bosons, each with a positive and negative electron charge, with a mass of about80.4GeV。
Graviton-Transmission in quantum gravity theoryGravitational interactionThere is only one medium particle with zero mass, neutral electricity and two spin quantum numbers, which has not yet been found.
Higgs boson(Higgs boson) - also known as“God particle”, the elementary particle whose spin quantum number is 0, which causes the spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetry and provides mass for other elementary particles in the GSW electroweak unified theory, has a mass of about125GeV。July 2012European Nuclear CenterCERNLarge Hadron Collider(LHC) experimental findings.
meson-By a positivequarkAnd an antiquarkhadron, the common ones areπ、ρ、KEtc.
Deuteron, helium-4, etcnucleonConstituentNucleus。becauseprotonandneutronThey are all fermions, so the atomic nucleus with an even number of nucleons has a spin ofintegerBosons of.
In 1924, Indian physicistSatyandra Nate Bose（Satyendra Nath Bose）Electromagnetic radiation is described as a photon gas. Considering the indiscernibility and probability interpretation of identical particles, the statistical law of photon gas based on quantum mechanics is established, and Planck's blackbody radiation formula is obtained.Bose's paper was rejected at the time of submission and later turned to Einstein for help.Einstein realized the importance of Bose's work. He translated the article into German and published it in GermanyZeitschrift für PhysikMagazine.Later Einstein also did research in this field, developed and popularized the work of Bose, so people called this statistical methodBose Einstein statistics。
In 2023,The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Harvard University Center for Ultracold Atoms observed boson enhanced light scattering in ultracold gas for the first time, or opened up new possibilities for the research of boson systems.[1]
