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Glass bottles

Glass container

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There have been glass bottles in China since ancient times. In the past, scholars believed that glassware was very rare in ancient times, so there should be only a few ruling class Can be owned and used. However, recent research suggests that the production and manufacture of ancient glassware is not difficult, but it is not easy to preserve, so it is rare to see in later generations. Glass bottle is a traditional drink in China Packaging container Glass is also a kind of packaging material with a long history. When many kinds of packaging materials enter the market, Glass container stay Beverage packaging China still occupies an important position, which is inseparable from its packaging characteristics that cannot be replaced by other packaging materials.

Chinese name: Glass bottles
Foreign name: Glass bottles
recycling: Recycling savings energy

Earliest occurrence time: Han dynasty
Properties: container
Features: Stable and tasteless; Beautiful, good barrier, airtight, etc

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recycling

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The amount of recycled glass bottles is increasing every year, but the amount of recycled glass bottles is huge and immeasurable.

According to the Glass Packaging Association, the energy saved by recycling a glass bottle can light up a 100 watt bulb for about 4 hours, run a computer for 30 minutes, and watch 20 minutes of TV programs. Therefore, recycling glass is a matter of great significance.

Glass bottle recycling can save energy, reduce the garbage capacity in the landfill area, and provide more raw materials for other products, including glass bottles. According to the National Consumption of the Chemical Products Council of the United States Plastic bottle It is reported that about 2.5 billion pounds of plastic bottles were recycled in 2009, rate of recovery Only 28%.

Melon shaped glass bottle

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The gourd shaped glass bottle with handles in the Tang Dynasty

Glass bottle picture

The Han Dynasty began to appear Glass container , such as Hebei Mancheng Liu Sheng Glass plates with a diameter of more than 19 cm and glass with a length of 13.5 cm and a width of 10.6 cm were unearthed from the tomb Ear cup 。 In the Han Dynasty, the transportation between China and the West was well developed, and foreign glass would be introduced into China. Three pieces of purple and white glass fragments were unearthed in a tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Qiongjiang County, Jiangsu Province. After being restored, it was a flat bottomed bowl with convex stripes. Its composition, shape, and technique of stirring the body were all typical Roman horses Glassware This is the introduction of Western glass into China Physical evidence 。 In addition, the tomb of Nanyue King in Guangzhou was also unearthed in blue plate glass Card ornament , which is not seen in other places in China.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Western glassware was imported into China in large quantities, and also blow-molded glass Technology. Due to the innovative changes in composition and technology, the glass container is larger, the wall is thinner, and transparent and smooth. Bo County, Anhui Province Cao Cao Glass was also unearthed from the clan tomb of Convex lens ； Hebei Dingxian County Northern Wei Dynasty A glass bottle was unearthed at the base of the pagoda; Nanjing, Jiangsu Xiangshan Eastern Jin Dynasty Many tombs have also been unearthed Ground glass 。 The most wonderful thing is Shaanxi Xi'an There are 8 pieces of glassware unearthed from the tomb of Li Jingxun in Sui Dynasty Flat bottle , round bottle, box Egg shaped The apparatus, tubular apparatus and cup are all intact.

In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the shapes of glass objects increased. In addition to ornaments such as tubes and beads, there were also wall shaped objects, sword tubes Sword prominence 、 Sword Etc; Glass seals have also been unearthed in Sichuan and Hunan. At this time, the glass is pure in texture and color

Single handle melon shaped glass bottle (Tang Dynasty)

White, light green pale yellow And blue, etc; Some Glass bead They also added Chromaticity Dragonfly like eyes, such as Hubei Sui County At the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng, seventy-three dragonfly eye shaped glass beads, each about one centimeter in diameter, were unearthed. The blue glass spheres were embedded with white and brown glass patterns. Academics have made great comments on the relationship between glass beads and Glass wall conduct component analysis It was found that most of these glassware were made of Lead oxide and Barium oxide Composition, and Europe west Asia 、 North Africa The composition of ancient glass of China Manufactured.

Spraying process

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The spraying production line of glass bottles generally has a spraying room, Suspension chain And an oven. The glass bottle also has the front water treatment. The special attention of the glass bottle is the sewage discharge. As for the quality of glass bottle spraying, it is related to water treatment and workpiece Surface cleaning , the conductivity of the hook, the size of the gas volume, Dusting How many, jockey The level of. The following methods are recommended for trial implementation: Pretreatment paragraph

The pretreatment section before spraying glass bottles includes pre stripping, main stripping, surface conditioning, etc. If it is in the north, the temperature of the main stripping part cannot be too low, and it needs to be kept warm. Otherwise, the treatment effect will not be ideal;

Preheating section

Glass bottle picture

After pre-treatment, it will enter the preheating section, which usually takes 8~10 minutes. It is better for glass bottles to arrive Powder spraying room The sprayed workpiece should have a certain amount of residual heat to increase the amount of powder adhesion ；

Soot blowing purification section

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Glass bottles Sootblowing Purification section

If the technological requirements High, this section is necessary, otherwise if there is a lot of dust adsorbed on the workpiece, there will be a lot of dust on the machined workpiece surface Granular , reducing the quality;

Drying section

In this section, attention should be paid to the temperature and baking time. The powder is generally 180~200 degrees, depending on the material of the workpiece. Also, the drying furnace should not be too far away from the powder spraying room, generally 6 meters is better.

Powder spraying section

The key point of this section is the technical problem of the duster. If you want to create good quality, it is worthwhile to pay a skilled technician

Packaging industry

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Glass bottles

Glass packaging container Its main characteristics are: non-toxic and tasteless; Transparent, beautiful, good barrier, airtight, rich and common raw materials, low price, and can be used repeatedly. It has the advantages of heat resistance, pressure resistance and cleaning resistance High temperature sterilization , or Low temperature storage 。 Because of its many advantages, it has become Beer 、 Fruit tea 、 Wild Jujube Juice And many other preferred packaging materials for beverages.

71% of beer in the world is filled in glass beer bottles, and China is also the country with the highest proportion of glass beer bottles in the world, accounting for 55% of the world's glass beer bottles, with more than 50 billion bottles every year. As the mainstream packaging of beer packaging, glass beer bottles, after a century of changes in beer packaging, are still stable in material structure and pollution-free, The advantages of low price are loved by the beer industry.

museum

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Glass Bottle Museum At Thailand In the north of Sukhumvit Highway bypass in the south section of the east side of Pattaya City, this museum is built by Netherlands Mr Bjj De Leij.

This is an inconspicuous glass bottle art museum. The museum has collected more than 300 rare and beautiful shapes,

There are many famous large buildings such as Bangkok Of Wat Haw Pha Kaew , Liming Temple Yunshi Temple 、 Victory Monument The Monument to the Democratic Constitution and even Thai temples are all built in glass bottles, and the typical buildings of such a proper size, delicacy and beauty are built in a glass bottle in a small mouth. It can be imagined how much effort and time it takes to concentrate the buildings with such artistic beauty in glass bottles. Its painstaking efforts and time are on a par with the difficulty of building a real scenic spot.

Glass products use cullet, soda ash, Sodium nitrate ， barium carbonate ， Quartz sand It is made of more than ten kinds of raw materials and melted at 1600 ℃ Shaping It is a kind of container made by other processes, which can produce glass bottles of different shapes according to different molds, mainly including various wine bottles, beverage bottles soy sauce pickles Bottles, honey bottles, jars Soda Bottles Carbonated drinks Bottles, coffee bottles, tea cups, 0.5kg/2.5kg/4kg wine jars and other special-shaped glass bottles,. The glass bottle is sealed and transparent, which can store the products highly sensitive to humidity for a long time.

technological process

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Glass bottles Production process It mainly includes: ① raw material pre-processing. Lump raw materials（ Quartz sand 、 Soda ash 、 limestone 、 feldspar Crush, dry the wet raw materials, and carry out Iron removal Treatment to ensure the glass quality. ② Batch preparation 。③ Melting 。 Glass Batch Heat at high temperature (1550~1600 ℃) in the tank furnace or tank furnace to make it uniform, bubble free and meet the forming requirements Liquid glass 。④ forming. take Liquid glass Put in the mold to make glass products of the required shape, such as flat plates, various utensils, etc. ⑤ Heat treatment. The stress inside the glass can be eliminated or generated through annealing, quenching and other processes Phase separation Or crystallization, and change the structural state of glass.

Field advantages

Glass packaging container Advantages in beverage packaging

Glass bottles

Glass packaging Materials and containers have many advantages: 1. Glass materials have good barrier performance, which can well prevent oxygen and other gases from invading the contents, and can also prevent the contents from invading volatility Volatilization of components into the atmosphere;

2. The glass bottle can be used repeatedly, which can reduce the Packaging cost ；

3. Glass can easily change color and transparency;

4. The glass bottle is safe and sanitary, has good corrosion resistance and acid corrosion resistance, and is suitable for Acids Packaging (if vegetable juice drinks, etc.);

5. In addition, since glass bottles are suitable for automatic Filling production line The domestic glass bottle automatic filling technology and equipment are also relatively mature Glass bottles packing Fruit and vegetable juice beverage It has certain production advantages in China.

production process

Essential oil bottle

First of all, the mold should be designed, determined and manufactured. The glass raw material takes quartz sand as the main raw material, and other auxiliary materials are dissolved into liquid under high temperature. Then, the mold is injected, cooled, cut and tempered to form a glass bottle. Glazed bottle Generally, there are rigid signs, which are also made of mold shapes. The molding of glass bottles can be divided into Manual blowing , mechanical blowing and Extrusion molding Three. Glass bottles can be divided into the following categories according to composition: sodium glass, lead glass and borosilicate glass

The main raw materials of glass bottles are natural ores quartz 、 caustic soda , limestone, etc. Glass bottles have high transparency and corrosion resistance, and will not change material properties when contacting with most chemicals. his manufacturing process It is simple, free and changeable in shape, high in hardness, heat resistant, clean, easy to clean, and reusable. Glass bottles are mainly used as packaging materials for food, oil liquor , beverages, condiments, cosmetics and liquid chemical products, which are widely used. However, glass bottles also have their disadvantages, such as heavy weight and transportation Storage costs High, impact resistant, etc.

Use characteristics and types of glass bottles : Glass bottles are food, medicine chemical industry Main points of Packaging container 。 They have chemical stability Good; Easy to seal, Air tightness Good, transparent, you can observe the contents from the outside; Good storage performance; The surface is smooth and clean, convenient for disinfection and sterilization; Beautiful appearance and decoration Rich and colorful ； There are certain mechanical strength , can withstand bottles Internal pressure And Transportation process In External force action ； The raw materials are widely distributed and cheap. Its disadvantage is high quality (quality and capacity Larger than ）, brittle and fragile. However, thin wall light weight and physical chemistry The new technology of tempering has significantly improved these shortcomings, so the glass bottle can Iron can Under the fierce competition, the output has increased year by year.

A wide variety of glass bottles From small bottles with a capacity of 1ML to large bottles with a capacity of more than 10 liters, from round and square bottles to special-shaped and handle bottles, from colorless and transparent bottles Amber , green, blue, black blackout bottles and Opaque Of Opacified glass Bottles, etc., are too numerous to enumerate. In terms of manufacturing process, glass bottles are generally divided into Moulding Bottles (use model bottles) and tube bottles (use glass tube bottles). Molded bottles are also divided into large mouth bottles (with a diameter of more than 30MM) and Small mouthed bottle Two types. The former is used to contain powder, block and paste articles, and the latter is used to contain liquids. It can be divided into Cork stopper Bottle mouth, threaded bottle mouth, capping bottle mouth, rolling bottle mouth, frosting bottle mouth, etc. According to the usage, it can be divided into "disposable bottles" that are discarded once and "recycled bottles" that are used repeatedly. According to the contents, it can be divided into wine bottles, beverage bottles, oil bottles, cans, acid bottles, medicine bottles Reagent bottle 、 Infusion bottle 、 Cosmetic bottles wait.

quality standard

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Standardization system

Standard and Standardization system

《 Drug Administration Law of the People's Republic of China 》Article 52 provides that:“ direct contact The packaging materials and containers of drugs must meet the pharmaceutical requirements and safety standards 。” 《 Regulations for the Implementation of the Drug Administration Law of the People's Republic of China 》Article 44 stipulates: "The packaging materials and containers of drugs in direct contact Management Measures The drug regulatory department under the State Council shall organize the formulation and publication of product catalogues and pharmaceutical requirements and standards. " According to the above laws and regulations It is required that since 2002, the State Drug Administration has organized and issued 113 standards for drug packaging containers (materials) by stages and batches (including the standards planned to be issued in 2004), of which Medicinal glass bottle There are 43 standards for packaging containers (materials), and the standard quantity accounts for 38% of the total standard quantity of all drug packaging villages. The standard range covers injection Powder injection , Water Injection 、 Infusion 、 tablet 、 Pills 、 oral liquid And freeze-drying, vaccine Blood products And other pharmaceutical glass bottle packaging containers for various dosage forms. A relatively complete and standardized standardization system for pharmaceutical glass bottles has been initially formed. The formulation, release and implementation of these standards will update and improve the packaging containers of pharmaceutical glass bottles product quality , Guarantee Drug quality , speed up the same international standard and international market It is of great significance to integrate, promote and standardize the healthy, orderly and rapid development of China's pharmaceutical glass industry.

Pharmaceutical glass bottles are packaging materials that directly contact drugs Pharmaceutical packaging materials The field accounts for a large proportion, and has irreplaceable performance and advantages. Its standards for drugs Packaging quality And industry development.

Medicinal system

Standardization system of medical glass bottles

Glass bottles

Formulated according to the regulations of the State Drug Administration on Medicine bag The material standard is divided according to the material, and one material (variety) is one standard. There are 43 standards that have been issued and are to be issued for medicinal glass bottles. It is divided into three categories according to the standard type, the first category Product standard There are 23 items in total, of which 18 have been released and 5 are planned to be released in 2004; Type II test Method standard 17, of which 10 have been released and 7 are planned to be released in 2004; There are three basic standards of the third category, of which one has been published and two will be published in 2004. There are 23 standards for Class I products, according to product type There are 8 kinds in total, of which 3 are Molded Injection Bottles and 3 are Controlled Injection Bottles《 Glass infusion bottle 》3 "Molded medicine bottles" 3 "Controlled medicine bottles" 3《 Controlled oral liquid bottle 》3 items, 2 items of Ampoules, 3 items of Glass Medicinal Tubes (Note: this product is used to process various kinds of control bottles Ampoule Semi-finished products).

There are three types of receiving materials, including Borosilicate glass In Item 8, borosilicate glass includes neutral glass with α=(4-5) × 10 (- 6) K (- 1) (20-300 ℃) and α=(3 2 ～ 3.4) × 10 (- 6) K (- 1) (20 ～ 300 ℃) 3 Borosilicate glass. This kind of glass material is international neutral glass, which is usually called Class I glass or Class A material. 8 items for low borosilicate glass, α=(6 2～7. 5） ×10 （-6） K（- 1）（20～300 ℃）。 This kind of glass material is unique to China and cannot conform to international standards Quasi neutral Glass, also known as Grade B material. Soda lime glass For item 7, α=(7 6 ～ 9. 0) × 10 (- 6) K (- 1) (20~300 ℃), this kind of glass material is generally vulcanized, and its surface water resistance reaches level 2.

There are 17 inspection methods and standards in the second category. These inspection methods and standards basically cover the performance, indicators and other inspection items of various medical glass bottles, especially for glass Chemical properties According to ISO standards, new tests on water resistance, alkali resistance and acid resistance have been added Product adaptation Drugs with different properties and dosage forms provide more, more comprehensive and more scientific detection methods for the identification of chemical stability. These detection methods will play an important role in ensuring the quality of medical glass bottles and thus the quality of drugs. In addition Harmful element The detection method of the leaching amount to ensure the drug safety of the medicinal glass bottle. The inspection methods and standards for medicinal glass bottles need to be further supplemented and improved. For example, the inspection methods of ampoule alkali resistance, breaking force and freeze impact resistance have an important impact on the quality and application of pharmaceutical glass bottles.

There are three basic standards in the third category. Among them, the Classification of Pharmaceutical Glass Bottle Components and Test Methods is formulated with reference to ISO 12775-1997 Classification of Glass Components in Normal Mass Production and Test Methods, in order to have a clear definition of the classification of pharmaceutical glass bottle components and test method standards, so as to distinguish the classification of glass materials in other industries. The other two basic standards respectively limit the harmful elements of lead, cadmium, arsenic and antimony in glass materials to ensure the safety and effectiveness of various drugs.

Characteristics of medicinal bottle

Characteristics of medical glass bottle standards

The standard of medical glass bottle is drug packaging material Standard system An important branch of. Because medical glass bottles need to be in direct contact with drugs, and some need to be stored for a long time, the quality of medical glass bottles is directly related to the quality of drugs and the health and safety of people. Therefore, the standards for medical glass bottles have special and strict requirements, which can be summarized as follows:

It is systematic and comprehensive, which enhances the selectivity of product standards and overcomes the influence of standards on products Hysteresis

The principle of formulating different standards for the same product according to different materials determined by the new standard has greatly expanded the coverage of the standard and enhanced various new drug features Drug pair The applicability and selectivity of products with different glass materials and properties have changed the relative lag of standards in general product standards for product development.

For example, among the eight kinds of medical glass bottles covered by the new standard, each product standard is divided into three categories according to material and performance. The first category is borosilicate glass, the second category is low borosilicate glass, and the third category is soda lime glass. Although a certain product of a certain type of material has not been produced yet, the standard of this type of product has been issued, which solves the problem of the common product production lay down a criterion The lag problem of. All kinds of drugs with different grades, performances, uses and dosage forms have more flexible and larger choice space for products and standards with different materials.

Glass medicine bottle (9 sheets)

The definition of borosilicate glass and low borosilicate glass is defined in the international standard ISO 4802 1 - 1988 Glassware, glass containers Internal surface Of Water resistance Part 1: Determination and classification by titration defines borosilicate glass (including neutral glass) as containing Boron trioxide (B-2O-3) 5~13% (m/m) glass, but it is defined in ISO 12775 Classification of Glass Components in Normal Mass Production and Test Methods issued in 1997 that borosilicate glass (including neutral glass) contains more than 8% (m/m) of boron trioxide (B-2O-3). According to 1997 international standard Classification principle The B-2O-3 6% (m/m) glass widely used in China's pharmaceutical glass bottle industry for many years should not be called borosilicate glass or neutral glass. The test proves that some of the water resistance tests of glass particle method and the water resistance test of the inner surface of such materials can not reach Grade 1 and HC1, or are between Grade 1 and Grade 2. Practice has also proved that some of these glasses may appear neutral disqualification or peeling in use, but these glasses have been produced and used for many years in China. The new standard has retained the glass of this material and stipulated that the content of B-2O-3 should meet the requirements of 5 - 8% (m/m), clearly defining that this kind of glass cannot be called borosilicate glass (or neutral glass), It is named as low borosilicate glass.

Actively adopt ISO standards, and new standards that are in line with international standards fully refer to ISO standards and industrial standards and pharmacopoeia In combination with the reality of China's pharmaceutical glass bottle industry, it has reached the international standard in terms of glass type and glass material.

Glass material type: there are 4 types of glass in the new standard, including 2 types of borosilicate glass, including 3 Borosilicate glass [α=(3 3 ±0. 1) × 10 (- 6) K (- 1)] and 5 0 neutral glass [α=(4-5) × 10 (- 6) K (- 1)], low borosilicate glass [α=(6 2 ～ 7.5) × 10 (- 6) K (- 1)] 1 kind, soda lime glass [α=(7 6 ～ 9.0) × 10 (- 6) K (- 1)] l, so there are 4 types of glass according to the material.

Since soda lime glass includes a large amount of neutralization in actual production and application surface treatment Therefore, it can be divided into 5 categories according to products. The four glass types and five glass products mentioned above include the international standards, the American Pharmacopoeia and the types of medicinal glass bottles unique to China. In addition, among the eight categories of products covered by the standard, only ampoules have formulated two standards, namely, borosilicate glass ampoules and low borosilicate glass ampoules, while in the standard of borosilicate glass ampoules, there is only one kind of 5 0 borosilicate glass without α=(3 3 ±0. 1) 3. of × 10 (- 6) K (- 1) 3. Borosilicate glass, mainly because there is no such product in the world, and 3 3 borosilicate glass softening point High, resulting in ampoule Charging It is difficult to seal. In fact, there is only one kind of 5.0 borosilicate glass in the international standard Ampoules Instead of 3. 3 borosilicate glass ampoules and soda lime glass ampoules. With regard to China's unique low borosilicate glass ampoules, 5 0 borosilicate glass ampoules have not yet formed a specific period of large-scale and stable production, and can only be used as a transitional product. Finally, low borosilicate glass ampoules should be limited to develop 5 0 borosilicate glass ampoules, to achieve full integration with international standards and products as soon as possible.

Glass material performance: specified in the new standard Coefficient of thermal expansion α. 3. 3 Borosilicate glass and 5 The two types of borosilicate glass are completely consistent with international standards. Low borosilicate glass is unique to China, and there is no such product in international standards. The ISO specification of soda lime glass is α=(8-10) × 10 (- 6) K (- 1), and the new standard is α=(7 6 ～ 9.0) × 10 (- 6) K (- 1), the index is slightly stricter than the international standard. In the new standard, 3 3 borosilicate glass, 5 The chemical properties of 0 borosilicate glass and soda lime glass with water resistance by particle method at 121 ℃ are consistent with international standards. In addition, among the above three glass types Boron oxide (B-2O-3) content is also fully in line with international standards.

Glass Product performance : Product performance specified in the new standard: internal surface water resistance Thermal shock resistance The indexes of internal pressure resistance are consistent with international standards. internal stress Index ISO standard stipulates that the ampoule is 50nm/mm, and other products are 40nm/mm. The new standard stipulates that ampoules are 40nm/mm, so the internal stress index of ampoules is slightly higher than the ISO standard.

Transformation of trade subject

Transformation of standard content to trade oriented standard

The new standard format and project establishment refer to Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China Writing format of, Standard name It shall be prepared in the order of material, application and shape.

The establishment of the project highlights the identification content Boron trioxide To define the material type of glass. The standard content has clear priorities and highlights performance index And harmful elements are listed in the text as mandatory indicators. It is specified that the appearance indicators shall be smooth and smooth without obvious defects, and the specific appearance defects of the product, such as bubbles stone Streaks and surface defects can be determined by both parties in the form of agreements, standards or contract annexes. The new standard also includes specifications and dimensions Appendix to the standard As a recommended project to meet the needs of market diversification, new varieties and new shapes, the author believes that, Standard Appendix The tolerance of the size in should be mandatory to ensure Product specification Dimensional tolerance Consistency and precision Product performance 。

Complete supporting standards

Comprehensive testing items and complete supporting testing standards

Compared with ISO related product standards and foreign related product standards, the new standard has more comprehensive testing items, mainly including the determination of thermal expansion coefficient and B-2O-3 content to identify the glass material. Because most of the medicinal glass bottle products in China still use arsenic trioxide (As-2O-3) or Composite clarifier Antimony trioxide (Sb-2O-3)+dioxide trioxide arsenic (As-2O-3) as Glass melting Of Clarificant Therefore, the new standard adds the limit control of the above harmful elements to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the packaged drugs.

In the new standard, the inspection standards supporting the product standard are relatively complete, and all indicators and items in the product standard have corresponding Inspection standard For selection, the inspection methods and standards for important performance adopt the ISO standard inspection methods.

Application of medical bottles

Application of the Standard for Pharmaceutical Glass Bottles

Various products and materials form a vertically and horizontally interwoven standardization system to select scientific, reasonable and appropriate Glass container It provides sufficient basis and conditions. The following principles should be followed for the selection and application of various drugs with different dosage forms, different properties and different grades for pharmaceutical glass bottles:

chemical stability

Good and appropriate chemical stability principle

The glass container used to hold various drugs should have a good Compatibility , i.e Guaranteed on During the production, storage and use of drugs, certain substances between glass containers shall not occur due to the instability of chemical properties chemical reaction And lead to the variation or failure of drugs. For example, blood preparations, vaccines High grade Borosilicate glass containers must be selected for drugs strong acid The strong alkali water injection preparations, especially the strong alkali water injection preparations, should also use borosilicate glass containers. The low borosilicate glass ampoules widely used in China are not suitable for containing water injection preparations. Such glass materials should gradually change to 5 0 Glass material transition, in order to be in line with international standards as soon as possible, to ensure that the medicine it contains does not flake, turbid or deteriorate in use.

For general powder injection, oral medicine, infusion and other drugs, the use of low borosilicate glass or neutralized soda lime glass can still meet the chemical stability requirements. The corrosion degree of drugs to glass is generally that the liquid is greater than the solid, and the alkalinity is greater than the acidity. Especially the strong alkali water injection has higher requirements on the chemical properties of medical glass bottles.

Resistance to temperature sudden change

Good and suitable temperature resistance denaturation

Drugs of different dosage forms should be produced High temperature drying , disinfection and sterilization or low-temperature freeze-drying, etc Process This requires the glass container to have a good and appropriate resistance to temperature changes without cracking. The resistance of glass to temperature change is mainly related to the coefficient of thermal expansion. The lower the coefficient of thermal expansion, the stronger its resistance to temperature change. For example, many high-end vaccine preparations Biological agents And lyophilized preparations should generally choose 3 3 borosilicate glass or 5 0 borosilicate glass. When the domestic mass produced low borosilicate glass undergoes the drastic change of large temperature difference, it is often easy to crack and drop the bottom of the bottle. China's 3. 3 borosilicate glass has made great progress. This glass is especially suitable for lyophilized preparations because its resistance to temperature changes is better than 5. 3% 0 borosilicate glass.

mechanical strength

Good and suitable mechanical strength

Drugs of different dosage forms are available in Production process It is required to withstand certain resistance during transportation, loading and unloading Mechanical shock The mechanical strength of the medical glass bottle container is not only related to the bottle type, geometric size, thermal processing, etc., but also affected by the glass material. The mechanical strength of borosilicate glass is better than soda lime glass.

The release and implementation of new standards for pharmaceutical glass bottles will play a positive role in establishing a sound and scientific standardization system, accelerating the pace of integration with international standards and the international market, improving the quality of drug packaging materials, ensuring drug quality, promoting industry development and international trade. Of course, like the whole standard system of drug packaging materials, the initially formed standard system of pharmaceutical glass bottles still has many problems that need to be further improved, enhanced and perfected, especially to adapt to the rapid development Pharmaceutical industry And adapt to the requirements of international market integration. In the preparation, content, indicators and Adopt international standards To the extent that it is in line with the international market, it needs to be properly adjusted and supplemented during the revision.

Mason jar Test standard:

Stress test method for glass bottles and jars: ASTM C 148-2000（2006）

Energy saving and environmental protection

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In the past decade, countries around the world Glass furnace The practice of this technical transformation on the, All oxygen combustion technology With low investment Low energy consumption , low pollutant discharge, etc. In the United States and Europe, lightweight bottles and jars are already glass bottles and jars Leading products Small mouth pressure blowing technology (NNPB), cold and hot end coating technology of bottles and cans are all lightweight production advanced technique 。

German companies have been able to produce 1 liter Concentrated fruit juice Bottle, only 295g, glass wall Surface coating The pressure strength of the bottle can be increased by 20% with organic resin. In modern factories, it is not easy to produce glass bottles. There are many scientific problems to be solved.

In our daily life, glass bottles can be seen everywhere. Whether it's drinks, medicines, cosmetics, etc., glass bottles are their good partners. These glass bottles have good chemical stability due to their transparent beauty Contents It is pollution-free, can be heated at high temperature, and old bottles can be recycled. It has been considered as the best packaging material.

Competition in glass bottles

In 1988 Ministry of Aerospace Industry Having worked for more than ten years Cheng Lianchang After receiving a transfer order, he was transferred from the position of deputy minister to Ministry of Personnel Lead the preparatory group. The country will officially launch personnel system Reform and establish National civil service system Is the top priority of reform^[1] 。

Since the 1950s, State organ staff There are four main entry methods: unified national distribution College and technical secondary school graduates The state organizes the deployment and placement of ex servicemen, absorbs qualified personnel from the society in a planned way, and recruits personnel from the children of existing cadres by means of "replacement" and "internal recruitment".

Cheng Lianchang calls these methods "recommendation Take a note The old model of "introduction and transfer", "whoever wants to enter, he will find someone, and he will be recommended", almost all positions are Relationship account "The personnel of each department is extremely confused". As a result, the departments could not find the people they wanted to recruit, and the people they didn't want forced themselves into it.

Deng Xiaoping called such input mode "untimely personnel system" and "have the courage to reform".

In May 1988, the National People's Congress Weibo was officially approved to establish the country Ministry of Personnel (In 2008, HR Department and Ministry of Labor and Social Security Merger, referred to as "Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security"). Cheng Lianchang was appointed as the Executive Vice Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, and concurrently served as the national civil servant system Leading group group leader. In 1989, National Civil Service Examination The system was piloted in six national departments, including the National Audit Office, the State Administration of Taxation, the National Bureau of Statistics, the Administration for Industry and Commerce, the Environmental Protection Bureau, and the Building Materials Bureau, as well as in Shenzhen and Harbin. It was called“ National staff The "Recruitment Examination" is the predecessor of the national civil servant examination today. There are both joint recruitment organized by the Ministry of Personnel and individual recruitment organized by various departments.

Some departments have conflicts with such changes as open recruitment. Cheng Lianchang's implementation team has felt resistance and needs to weigh again and again. Four years after the pilot project, in August 1993, the State Council issued《 Provisional Regulations on State Civil Servants 》And establish the system from the central level to the local level State administrative organs Should be established and implemented civil service system 。 One year later, the HR Department will issue《 Interim Provisions on Employment of National Civil Servants 》，“ Anyone who enters must take the exam ”It has become an employment principle, and the national civil servant examination and employment system has been formally established. This means that no matter what level of state administration you enter in the future, you will need to take the exam.

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