ethylene oxide

Organic compound

Collection

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This entry is made by China Science and Technology Information Magazine Participate in editing and review Science Popularization China · Science Encyclopedia authentication.

Ethylene oxide is an organic compound with chemical formula C two H four O， It is a toxic carcinogen, which was used to manufacture fungicides. Ethylene oxide is flammable and explosive, and is not easy to transport for long distance, so it has strong regional characteristics. It is widely used in washing, pharmaceutical, printing and dyeing industries. It can be used as the initiator of cleaner in chemical industry.

On October 27, 2017, the list of carcinogens published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization (WHO) was preliminarily sorted out for reference, and ethylene oxide was included in the list of Class 1 carcinogens.^[93]

Chinese name: ethylene oxide^[95]
Foreign name: Ethylene Oxide（EO）
Alias: Ethylene oxide^[95]
chemical formula: C two H four O^[95]
molecular weight: forty-four point zero five two
CAS login number: 75-21-8^[95]
EINECS login number: 200-849-9^[95]
Melting point: -111 ℃^[95]
Boiling point: 10.7 ℃^[95]
Water solubility: Soluble

Appearance: Colourless gas
Flash point: -29 ℃ （OC）
Security description: S16；S23；S24/25；S36/37；S45；S53^[95]
Hazard symbol: F+；T
Hazard description: R45^[95]
Refractive index: 1.3597（20℃）
Saturated vapor pressure: 146kPa（20℃）^[95]
critical temperature: 195.8℃^[95]
critical pressure: 7.19MPa^[95]
Pilot temperature: 429℃^[95]

catalog

eleven Leakage emergency
twelve Operation, disposal, storage and transportation
thirteen security information
fourteen Regulatory information

Historical evolution

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Ethylene oxide was discovered in 1859 and used as a disinfectant and sterilization agent in 1936. In 1936, Schrader and Bossert found that EO and CO two The mixture can be used to kill various pests and bacteria. Ethylene oxide has been used in disinfection and sterilization for a long time, and is the only chemical gas sterilization agent recognized as the most reliable in the world.^{[96 ]}

In the 1960s, China began to use the chlorohydrin process to produce ethylene oxide, but the early small-scale chlorohydrin process ethylene oxide plants were technologically backward and were eliminated in the second half of 1993.^{[97 ]}

Physical and chemical properties

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physical property	Upper explosive limit（ V / V ）	100%^[95]
	Lower explosive limit（ V / V ）	3%^[95]
	Solubility	Most organic solvents^[94]
chemical property	Its chemical properties are very active, and it can undergo ring opening addition reactions with many compounds. Ethylene oxide can reduce silver nitrate. It is easy to polymerize after heating and can be decomposed in the presence of metal salts or oxygen.

Molecular structure data

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Molecular structure data
Molar refractive index	ten point eight two^[95]
Molar volume (cm three /mol）	forty-four point two^[95]
Isotonic specific volume (90.2K)	one hundred and four point seven^[95]
Surface tension (dyne/cm)	thirty-one point two^[95]
Polarization (10 -24 cm three ）	four point two nine^[94]

Calculate chemical data

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Drainage parameter calculation reference value (XlogP)	-0.1^[95]
Number of hydrogen bond donors	zero
Number of hydrogen bond receptors	one^[95]
Number of rotatable chemical bonds	zero
Number of tautomers	zero
Topological molecular polar surface area	twelve point five^[95]
Number of heavy atoms	three^[95]
surface charge	zero
Complexity	ten point three^[95]
Number of isotope atoms	zero
Determine the number of atomic geometric centers	zero
Number of atomic geometric centers in uncertainty	zero
Determine the number of chemical bond stereocenters	zero
Number of uncertain chemical bond stereocenters	zero
Number of covalent bond units	one^[94]

Main purpose

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Ethylene oxide (EO), as the simplest cyclic ether, belongs to heterocyclic compounds and is an important petrochemical product. Ethylene oxide is a colorless transparent liquid at low temperature, and a colorless gas with ether irritating smell at normal temperature. The vapor pressure of the gas is high, reaching 141kPa at 30 ℃. This high vapor pressure determines that ethylene oxide has a strong penetration during fumigation disinfection.

Ethylene oxide is the second generation chemical disinfectant after formaldehyde. It is still one of the best cold disinfectants, and is also the most important one of the four low-temperature sterilization technologies (low-temperature plasma, low-temperature formaldehyde steam, ethylene oxide, glutaraldehyde). EO is a simple epoxy compound, a nonspecific alkyl compound, with the molecular formula C two H four O， The molecular weight is 44.05.

Ethylene oxide is a toxic carcinogen, which was previously used to manufacture fungicides. Ethylene oxide is flammable and explosive, and is not easy to transport for long distance, so it has strong regional characteristics. It is widely used in washing, pharmaceutical, printing and dyeing industries. It can be used as the initiator of cleaner in chemical industry.

Ethylene oxide has a bactericidal effect. It does not corrode metals and has no residual odor. It can kill bacteria (and their endospores), molds and fungi. Therefore, it can be used to sterilize some articles and materials that cannot withstand high temperature disinfection. In 1938, American chemist Lloyd Hall obtained a patent for preserving spices by ethylene oxide disinfection method, which is still used. Ethylene oxide is also widely used to disinfect medical supplies such as bandages, sutures and surgical instruments.

It is mainly used to manufacture other solvents (such as fiber dissolving agent), diluents, non-ionic surfactants, synthetic detergents, antifreeze, disinfectants, tougheners and plasticizers. Water soluble resin (containing about 75% ethylene oxide) can be synthesized by hydroxyethylation with cellulose. It can also be used as fumigant, coating thickener, emulsifier, adhesive and paper sizing agent.

The mixture of ethylene oxide carbon dioxide (90:10) or ethylene oxide dichlorodifluoromethane is usually used for disinfection of hospitals and precision instruments. Fumigant for ethylene oxide is often used for the preservation of grain and food. For example, dried egg powder is often decomposed by bacteria during storage, and ethylene oxide fumigation treatment can prevent deterioration, while the chemical composition of egg powder, including amino acids, is not affected.

Ethylene oxide is easy to react with acid, so it can be added to some substances as an antacid to reduce the acidity of these substances or use them without producing acidity for a long time. For example, in the production of chlorinated butyl rubber, if ethylene oxide is added to the solution of isobutene isoprene copolymer before chlorination, the finished product can be completely free of alkali washing and water washing.

Because ethylene oxide is flammable and has a wide explosion concentration range in the air, it is sometimes used as the fuel component of fuel gasification explosive.

Ethylene oxide can generate huge energy when it decomposes automatically, which can be used as the power of rockets and jet thrusters. Generally, the mixture of nitromethane and ethylene oxide is used (60:40-95:5). This kind of mixed fuel has good combustion performance, low freezing point, stable property and is not easy to detonate. In general, the consumption of ethylene oxide for these direct uses is very small. As a derivative of ethylene industry, ethylene oxide is the second most important product after polyethylene. Its importance mainly lies in the series of products produced with it as raw materials. There are far more downstream products derived from ethylene oxide than various ethylene derivatives. The toxicity of ethylene oxide is 27 times that of ethylene glycol, similar to that of ammonia. Formaldehyde, ethylene glycol and ethylene diacid are formed in the body, which can anaesthetize the central nervous system, stimulate the mucosa, and poison the protoplasm of cells.

Most ethylene oxide is used to make other chemicals, mainly ethylene glycol. The main end use of ethylene glycol is to produce polyester polymers, and it is also used as automotive coolant and antifreeze. Secondly, it is used to produce ethoxy compounds, ethanolamine, glycol ether, ethyleneamine, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyglycol, hydroxyethyl cellulose, choline chloride, glyoxal, ethylene carbonate and other downstream products.

Ethylene oxide is mainly used to manufacture ethylene glycol (raw material for polyester fiber), synthetic detergent, non-ionic surfactant, antifreeze, emulsifier and ethylene glycol products, as well as plasticizer, lubricant, rubber and plastic. It is widely used in many fields such as washing and dyeing, electronics, medicine, pesticide, textile, paper making, automobile, oil exploitation and refining.^[1]

Disinfection mechanism

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Alkylation

The action mechanism of ethylene oxide to kill various microbicides is mainly alkylation. The type sites of action are sulfhydryl (- SH), amino (- NH2), carboxyl (- COOH) and hydroxyl (- OH) in protein and nucleic acid molecules. Ethylene oxide can cause alkylation reaction of these groups, inactivate these biological macromolecules of microorganisms, and thus kill microorganisms.^{[100 ]}

Inhibition of biological enzyme activity

Ethylene oxide can inhibit the activities of various enzymes of microorganisms, such as phosphate dehydrogenase, cholinesterase and other oxidase, which hinder the completion of the normal metabolic process of microorganisms, leading to their death.^{[100 ]}

harm

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Impact on environment

This substance is harmful to the environment, and attention should be paid to atmospheric pollution.^{[98 ]}

Harm to human body

This substance is a central nerve inhibitor, stimulator and protoplasm poison.

Acute poisoning: the patient has severe pulsating headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, tears, choking cough, chest tightness, and dyspnea; The heavy person has muscle and facial movements, speech disorders, ataxia, sweating, confusion, and coma. Myocardial damage and abnormal liver function can also be seen. After recovery, there may be temporary mental disorder, delayed functional aphasia or central hemiplegia. Skin contact will cause redness and swelling rapidly, blistering after several hours, and repeated contact can sensitize. The liquid splashed into the eyes may cause corneal burns.

Chronic effect: after long-term and small contact, neurasthenic syndrome and autonomic nervous dysfunction can be seen.^{[98 ]}

Toxicology

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Ethylene oxide is a medium and low toxic substance, and is easily absorbed by the blood. Ethylene oxide can cause multiple organ damage mainly in respiratory system and nervous system in animals and humans. Delayed, reversible weakness and paralysis of limbs are one of the characteristics of its poisoning.^{[99 ]}

First aid measures

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Contact parts	First aid measures
Skin contact	Take off contaminated clothes immediately and wash with plenty of flowing water for at least 15 minutes. Get medical attention.
Eye contact	Immediately lift the eyelid, and thoroughly flush it with a large amount of flowing water or physiological saline for at least 15 minutes. Get medical attention.
inhalation	Quickly leave the site to fresh air. Keep the respiratory tract unobstructed. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. If breathing stops, perform artificial respiration immediately. When breathing and heartbeat stop, perform artificial respiration and external chest compression immediately.^{[98 ]}

Fire fighting measures

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Hazard characteristics: Its vapor can form an explosive mixture with air in a wide range. In case of heat source and open fire, there is danger of combustion and explosion. Severe decomposition may occur in case of high heat, resulting in vessel rupture or explosion accident. Contact with alkali metals, hydroxides or highly active catalysts such as anhydrous chlorides of iron, tin and aluminum and oxides of iron and aluminum can release a lot of heat and may cause explosion. Its vapor is heavier than air, and can spread to a considerable distance at a lower place. It will ignite and recoil when encountering an ignition source.^{[98 ]}

Hazardous combustion products: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.

Extinguishing method: cut off the gas source. If the air source cannot be cut off, it is not allowed to extinguish the flame at the leakage. Spray water to cool the container, and move the container from the fire site to an open place if possible.^{[98 ]}

Extinguishing agent: spray water, insoluble foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide.^{[98 ]}

Leakage emergency

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Evacuate the personnel in the leakage contaminated area to the windward place quickly, isolate them for 150m immediately, and strictly restrict access. Cut off the ignition source. It is recommended that emergency personnel wear self-contained positive pressure respirators and anti-static work clothes. Cut off the leakage source as much as possible. Cover the sewer and other places near the leakage point with industrial coating or adsorption/absorbent to prevent gas from entering. Reasonable ventilation to accelerate diffusion. Dilute and dissolve with spray water. Build a dike or dig a pit to collect a large amount of wastewater generated. If possible, use an exhaust fan to send the leaked gas to an open place or install an appropriate nozzle to burn it. Leaking containers shall be properly treated, repaired and inspected before reuse.^{[98 ]}

Toxicity test data
number	Toxicity type	test method	Test object	Dosage	Toxicity 1	Toxic effect 2	Result 1	Result 2
one	acute toxicity	inhalation	human beings	12500 ppm /10S	Olfactory toxicity		Not reported
two	acute toxicity	inhalation	adult female	500 ppm/2M	Behavior, gastrointestinal tract	Pulmonary, partial or respiratory toxicity	Seizures or seizures	The threshold is affected nausea and vomiting
three	acute toxicity	Oral	Rat	72 mg/kg	Detailed role		No report
four	acute toxicity	inhalation	Rat	800 ppm/4H	Lung, chest or respiratory toxicity	Toxicity of liver, kidney, ureter and bladder	Other changes
five	acute toxicity	subcutaneous injection	Rat	187 mg/kg	Detailed role		No report
six	acute toxicity	Not reported	Rat	200 mg/kg	Toxicity of lung, chest, liver, kidney and bladder		Other changes
seven	acute toxicity	inhalation	mice	836 ppm/4H	Detailed role		No report
eight	acute toxicity	intraperitoneal injection	mice	175 mg/kg	Detailed role		No report
nine	acute toxicity	intravenous injection	mice	290 mg/kg	Detailed role		No report
ten	acute toxicity	inhalation	dog	960 ppm/4H	Eye, gastrointestinal tract		Nausea and vomiting , Diarrhea
eleven	acute toxicity	intravenous injection	dog	330 mg/kg	Eye, behavior, gastrointestinal toxicity		Seizure or seizure threshold affected	Nausea and vomiting
twelve	acute toxicity	subcutaneous injection	cat	100 mg/kg	Detailed role		No report
thirteen	acute toxicity	intravenous injection	rabbit	175 mg/kg	Eye and behavioral toxicity		Not reported 2 Muscle weakness and rigidity
fourteen	acute toxicity	Oral	guinea pig	270 mg/kg	Detailed role		No report
fifteen	acute toxicity	inhalation	guinea pig	1500 mg/m three /4H	Detailed role		No report
sixteen	Chronic toxicity	inhalation	Rat	406 ppm/6H/6W-I	Nutritional metabolic system toxicity	Chronic disease related toxicity	Weight loss	Decreased rate of weight gain
seventeen	Chronic toxicity	inhalation	Rat	300 ug/m3/24H/83D-C	Behavior and blood toxicity	Nutritional and metabolic toxicity	Muscle contraction or spasm	Change of chlorine concentration
eighteen	Chronic toxicity	inhalation	Rat	500 ppm/6H/13W-I	Behavior and hepatotoxicity		Affect food intake
nineteen	Chronic toxicity	inhalation	mice	800 ppm/6H/14D-I	chronic disease		death
twenty	Chronic toxicity	inhalation	mice	400 ppm/6H/13W-I	Kidney and bladder toxicity	Blood and biochemical toxicity	Bladder, cellular anemia	Inhibition or induction of liver function oxidase
twenty-one	Chronic toxicity	inhalation	mice	600 ppm/6H/14W-I	Smell, endocrine, chronic disease		death
twenty-two	Chronic toxicity	inhalation	mice	450 mg/m three /6H/10W-I	Liver and endocrine toxicity	chronic disease	Changes in liver weight Changes in spleen weight	Testis weight changes
twenty-three	Chronic toxicity	inhalation	dog	290 ppm/6H/6W-I	Hematotoxicity		Abnormal red blood cell staining	Or affect nucleated red blood cells
twenty-four	Chronic toxicity	inhalation	dog	102 ppm/26W-I	Hematotoxicity		Abnormal red blood cell staining	Affects the change of nucleated cell and red blood cell count
twenty-five	Chronic toxicity	inhalation	monkey	100 ppm/7H/2Y-I	Ocular toxicity		Not reported
twenty-six	Eye toxicity	skin surface	human beings	1%/7S
twenty-seven	Eye toxicity	Eye penetration	rabbit	18 mg/6H	Moderate effect
twenty-eight	Mutagenic toxicity		Salmonella typhimurium	40 μmol/plate
twenty-nine	Mutagenic toxicity		Salmonella typhimurium	20 ppm
thirty	Mutagenic toxicity		Escherichia coli	3500 μmol /10H
thirty-one	Mutagenic toxicity		microorganism	540 mg/L
thirty-two	Mutagenic toxicity	Extraintestinal	Drosophila melanogaster	114 mmol/L
thirty-three	Mutagenic toxicity	inhalation	Drosophila melanogaster	750 ppm
thirty-four	Mutagenic toxicity	Extraintestinal	Drosophila melanogaster	55 mmol/L
thirty-five	Mutagenic toxicity	Extraintestinal	Drosophila melanogaster	55 mmol/L
thirty-six	Mutagenic toxicity		Neurospora crassa	140 mmol/L /10M
thirty-seven	Mutagenic toxicity		Saccharomyces cerevisiae	25 mmol/L
thirty-eight	Mutagenic toxicity		Saccharomyces cerevisiae	25 mmol/L
thirty-nine	Mutagenic toxicity		Saccharomyces cerevisiae	25 mmol/L
forty	Mutagenic toxicity		Human fibroblast	5 mmol/L
forty-one	Mutagenic toxicity		Human leukocytes	4 mmol/L
forty-two	Mutagenic toxicity	inhalation	human beings	5 ppm/Y
forty-three	Mutagenic toxicity		Human lymphocytes	4 pph
forty-four	Mutagenic toxicity		Human fibroblast	36 ppm/24H
forty-five	Mutagenic toxicity		Human lymphocytes	10 mg/L
forty-six	Mutagenic toxicity	inhalation	human beings	380 ppb/6H/4Y (intermittent)
forty-seven	Mutagenic toxicity	inhalation	human beings	60 ppm/12W (intermittent)
forty-eight	Mutagenic toxicity		Human fibroblast	5 mmol/L
forty-nine	Mutagenic toxicity	intravenous injection	Rat	200 mg/kg
fifty	Mutagenic toxicity	inhalation	Rat	200 ppm/6H/4W (intermittent)
fifty-one	Mutagenic toxicity		Rat	30 μg/L/2D
fifty-two	Mutagenic toxicity	inhalation	Rat	1 μg/L/17W
fifty-three	Mutagenic toxicity	Oral	Rat	9 mg/kg
fifty-four	Mutagenic toxicity	inhalation	Rat	50 ppm/6H/3D (continuous)
fifty-five	Mutagenic toxicity	inhalation	Rat	1000 ppm/4H
fifty-six	Mutagenic toxicity	subcutaneous injection	Rat	40 mg/kg
fifty-seven	Mutagenic toxicity	intraperitoneal injection	mice	150 mg/kg
fifty-eight	Mutagenic toxicity	intravenous injection	mice	200 mg/kg
fifty-nine	Mutagenic toxicity	inhalation	mice	380 ppm/3H (continuous)
sixty	Mutagenic toxicity		Mouse fetus	2500 μmol/L
sixty-one	Mutagenic toxicity	intraperitoneal injection	mice	100 mg/kg
sixty-two	Mutagenic toxicity	inhalation	mice	1800 ppm/1H (continuous)
sixty-three	Mutagenic toxicity	inhalation	mice	300 ppm
sixty-four	Mutagenic toxicity	inhalation	mice	400 ppm/6H (continuous)
sixty-five	Mutagenic toxicity	intraperitoneal injection	mice	88120 μg/kg
sixty-six	Mutagenic toxicity	intraperitoneal injection	mice	88120 μg/kg
sixty-seven	Mutagenic toxicity	inhalation	mice	204 ppm/6H/48D (intermittent)
sixty-eight	Mutagenic toxicity	intraperitoneal injection	mice	150 mg/kg
sixty-nine	Mutagenic toxicity	intraperitoneal injection	mice	200 mg/kg/3D (intermittent)
seventy	Mutagenic toxicity		Mouse lymphocyte	5 μmol/L
seventy-one	Mutagenic toxicity	inhalation	mice	200 ppm/6H/4W (intermittent)
seventy-two	Mutagenic toxicity	intraperitoneal injection	mice	30 mg/kg/25D (intermittent)
seventy-three	Mutagenic toxicity	inhalation	mice	165 ppm/6H/48D (intermittent)
seventy-four	Mutagenic toxicity		Hamster fetus	625 ppm/2H (continuous)
seventy-five	Mutagenic toxicity		Hamster fibroblast	250 ppm
seventy-six	Mutagenic toxicity		Hamster ovary	5 mg/L/1H
seventy-seven	Mutagenic toxicity		Hamster lung	7500 ppm/2H (continuous)
seventy-eight	Mutagenic toxicity	inhalation	monkey	100 ppm/7H/2Y (intermittent)
seventy-nine	Mutagenic toxicity	inhalation	monkey	50 ppm/7H/2Y (intermittent)
eighty	Mutagenic toxicity	inhalation	rabbit	50 ppm/12W (intermittent)
eighty-one	carcinogenicity	Oral	Rat	1186 mg/kg/2Y-I	carcinogenicity gastrointestinal tract	Hepatotoxicity	carcinogenic	tumour
eighty-two	carcinogenicity	inhalation	Rat	33 ppm/6H/2Y-I	carcinogenicity brain	Hematotoxicity	carcinogenic tumour	leukemia
eighty-three	carcinogenicity	inhalation	mice	50 ppm/6H/2Y	carcinogenicity	Lung, chest or respiratory toxicity	carcinogenic	tumour
eighty-four	carcinogenicity	subcutaneous injection	mice	292 mg/kg/95W-I	carcinogenicity	Hematotoxicity	carcinogenic Lymphoma, including Hodgkin's disease	Applicable to tumors at designated locations
eighty-five	carcinogenicity	subcutaneous injection	mice	1090 mg/kg/91W-I	carcinogenicity	Hematotoxicity	tumour Lymphoma, including Hodgkin's disease	Applicable to tumors at designated locations
eighty-six	carcinogenicity	subcutaneous injection	mice	908 mg/kg/95W-I	carcinogenicity	Hematotoxicity	carcinogenic Lymphoma, including Hodgkin's disease	Applicable to tumors at designated locations
eighty-seven	carcinogenicity	subcutaneous injection	mice	2576 mg/kg/95W-I	carcinogenicity	Hematotoxicity	carcinogenic Lymphoma, including Hodgkin's disease	Applicable to tumors at designated locations
eighty-eight	carcinogenicity	Oral	Rat	5112 mg/kg/2Y-I	carcinogenicity	Gastrointestinal toxicity Hepatotoxicity	carcinogenic tumour tumour
eighty-nine	carcinogenicity	inhalation	Rat	50 ppm/7H/2Y-I	carcinogenicity Hematotoxicity		carcinogenic tumour
ninety	carcinogenicity	inhalation	Rat	33 ppm/6H/2Y-I	carcinogenicity Cerebral toxicity		May cause cancer tumour
ninety-one	carcinogenicity	inhalation	Rat	33 ppm/6H/2Y-I	carcinogenic Cerebral toxicity		carcinogenic tumour
ninety-two	Reproductive toxicity	inhalation	Rat	50 ppm/6H, 91 days before male breeding	Reproductive toxicity	Abnormal male spermatogenesis	Genetic material and sperm morphology	Sperm vitality and count
ninety-three	Reproductive toxicity	inhalation	Rat	100 ppm/6H，	6-15 days after female pregnancy	Reproductive and fetal toxicity	Fetal dysplasia	Not to die
ninety-four	Reproductive toxicity	inhalation	Rat	100 ppm/6H	Male mating 12 weeks ago	Reproductive toxicity	Influence the live birth index of newborn
ninety-five	Reproductive toxicity	inhalation	Rat	3600 ug/m3/24H	60 days before male mating	Reproductive toxicity Reproductive toxicity	Changes in testis, epididymis and vas deferens	Pre implantation mortality increases
ninety-six	Reproductive toxicity	inhalation	Rat	100 ppm/6H	21 days before 12 weeks of pregnancy	Reproductive toxicity Reproductive toxicity	Pre implantation mortality increases	Influence the live birth index of newborn
ninety-seven	Reproductive toxicity	inhalation	Rat	150 ppm/7H	7-16 days after female pregnancy	Reproductive toxicity Fetal toxicity	Fetal dysplasia Cranial and facial dysplasia	Dysplasia of musculoskeletal system
ninety-eight	Reproductive toxicity	inhalation	mice	255 ppm/6H	10 days before male mating	Reproductive toxicity	Death of embryo or fetus
ninety-nine	Reproductive toxicity	inhalation	mice	1200 ppm/90M	One day after female pregnancy	Reproductive toxicity	Increased mortality after implantation	Abnormal steady state development of the body after embryo or fetus death
one hundred	Reproductive toxicity	inhalation	mice	1200 ppm/90M	1 day before female pregnancy	Reproductive toxicity	Increased mortality after implantation	Death of embryo or fetus Affect the fetus
one hundred and one	Reproductive toxicity	inhalation	mice	2700 ppm/6H	After 7 days of pregnancy, female	Reproductive toxicity	Affect the fetus
one hundred and two	Reproductive toxicity	intraperitoneal injection	mice	750 mg/kg	25 days before male mating	Reproductive toxicity Reproductive toxicity	Influence the live birth index of newborn	Late delivery of newborn
one hundred and three	Reproductive toxicity	intraperitoneal injection	mice	150 mg/kg	Male breeding 1 day ago	Reproductive toxicity	Death of embryo or fetus
one hundred and four	Reproductive toxicity	intraperitoneal injection	mice	125 mg/kg	Reproductive toxicity of female after 1 day of pregnancy	Reproductive toxicity Reproductive toxicity	Increased mortality after implantation affects litter size	Abnormal ear/eye development
one hundred and five	Reproductive toxicity	intraperitoneal injection	mice	125 mg/kg, 1 day after female pregnancy	Reproductive toxicity Reproductive toxicity		Dysplasia of musculoskeletal system	Other exceptions
one hundred and six	Reproductive toxicity	intravenous injection	mice	225 mg/kg, 10-12 days after female pregnancy	Reproductive toxicity		Increased mortality
one hundred and seven	Reproductive toxicity	intravenous injection	mice	450 mg/kg, 8-10 days after female pregnancy	Reproductive toxicity		Dysplasia of musculoskeletal system
one hundred and eight	Reproductive toxicity	intravenous injection	mice	450 mg/kg, 10-12 days after female pregnancy	Reproductive toxicity Fetal toxicity		Affect litter size Fetal dysplasia
one hundred and nine	Reproductive toxicity	inhalation	monkey	50 ppm/7H, male mating 96 weeks ago	Reproductive toxicity		Abnormal male spermatogenesis, including genetic material	Sperm morphology, sperm motility and count
one hundred and ten	Reproductive toxicity	inhalation	monkey	50 ppm/7H, male breeding 2 years ago	Reproductive toxicity		Abnormal male spermatogenesis, including genetic material	Sperm morphology, sperm motility and count
one hundred and eleven	Reproductive toxicity	intravenous injection	rabbit	324 mg/kg, 6-14 days after female pregnancy	Reproductive toxicity		Increased plant mortality

^[2-92]

Operation, disposal, storage and transportation

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Operation precautions: closed operation, local exhaust. Operators must be specially trained and strictly abide by the operating procedures. It is recommended that operators wear self-priming filter type gas mask (full mask), anti-static work clothes and rubber gloves. Keep away from kindling and heat sources, and smoking is strictly prohibited in the workplace. Use explosion-proof ventilation systems and equipment. Prevent gas leakage into the air of the workplace. Avoid contact with acids, alkalis and alcohols. During transmission, the cylinder and container must be grounded and bridged to prevent static electricity. Impact and shock are prohibited. Fire fighting equipment and leakage emergency treatment equipment of corresponding types and quantities shall be provided.^{[98 ]}

Precautions for storage: store in a cool and ventilated warehouse. Keep away from kindling and heat sources. Avoid light. The warehouse temperature should not exceed 30 ℃. It shall be stored separately from acids, alkalis, alcohols and edible chemicals, and mixed storage is strictly prohibited. Explosion proof lighting and ventilation facilities shall be adopted. It is prohibited to use mechanical equipment and tools that are easy to generate sparks. The storage area shall be equipped with leakage emergency treatment equipment. The equipment shall be sealed to prevent running, emitting, dripping and leaking. Strengthen ventilation facilities. Operators shall wear protective equipment. Active carbon mask or compressed air or compressed anaerobic breathing mask should be worn in high concentration environment. Faucet and shower equipment shall be provided near the device. The maximum allowable concentration in the air is 0.001 g/m3.^{[98 ]} The "five pairs" management system for extremely toxic substances shall be strictly implemented.

Packaging method: special steel cylinder with pressure of 1MPa. The package shall be clearly marked with "flammable compressed gas". Flammable gas, hazard code 32022, shall be stored in the warehouse with low temperature and ventilation and handled with care to avoid mixing with other chemicals for storage and transportation. Keep away from fire and heat sources, and should not be stored for a long time.^[1]

Precautions for transportation: during railway transportation, the dangerous goods shall be loaded in strict accordance with the dangerous goods loading table in the Dangerous Goods Transportation Rules of the Ministry of Railways. The safety helmet on the cylinder must be worn when the cylinder is used for transportation. Cylinders are generally placed horizontally, and the mouth of the cylinder should be in the same direction, not crossed; The height shall not exceed the protective fence of the vehicle, and shall be firmly clamped with triangular wood pad to prevent rolling. The transport vehicles shall be equipped with corresponding types and quantities of fire-fighting equipment. The exhaust pipe of the vehicle transporting this article must be equipped with a fire retardant device. It is prohibited to use mechanical equipment and tools that are easy to generate sparks for loading and unloading. It is strictly prohibited to mix with acids, alkalis, alcohols, edible chemicals, etc. Transport in the morning and evening in summer to prevent sunlight exposure. Keep away from kindling and heat sources during stopover. Road transportation shall be carried out according to the specified route, and it is forbidden to stay in residential areas and densely populated areas. It is forbidden to slip during railway transportation.

security information

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Safety terminology	S16:：Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Keep away from ignition sources and no smoking.
	S23：Do not breathe gas/fumes/vapour/spray. Do not breathe gas/smoke/vapor/spray.
	S24/25：Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid skin and eye contact.
	S36/37：Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves. Wear appropriate protective clothing and gloves.
	S45：In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the lable where possible). In case of an accident or feeling unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label if possible).
	S53：Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use. Avoid contact and obtain special instructions before use.
Risk terminology	R45：May cause cancer. May cause cancer.

Regulatory information

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Regulations on the Safety Management of Dangerous Chemicals (issued by the State Council on February 17, 1987), detailed rules for the implementation of the Regulations on the Safety Management of Dangerous Chemicals (HLF [1992] No. 677), regulations on the safe use of chemicals in the workplace (LBF [1996] No. 423) and other regulations have made corresponding provisions on the safe use, production, storage, transportation, loading and unloading of dangerous chemicals; The classification and signs of commonly used hazardous chemicals (GB 13690-92) classify the substance as Class 2.1 flammable gas; The health standard for ethylene oxide in the air of workplace (GB 11721-89) specifies the maximum allowable concentration and detection method of the substance in the air of workplace.

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