Wang Changling (698-757),[20]Words are few,Jingzhao Chang'an (now ShaanxiXi'an）People (taiyuan people)[34-36], a frontier poet and minister in the heyday of the Tang Dynasty.[22]
In the 15th year of the Kaiyuan era (727), Wang Changling was appointed as the secretary of the provincial school.In the 22nd year of the Kaiyuan era (734), he was awarded the title of county captain of Sishui (now the town of Sishui in Xingyang, Henan Province) by Kedengdi, a learned great poet.In the 27th year (739), he was relegated to the south of the Five Ridges.The next year, he returned to Chang'an from the south of the Five Ridges and was appointed the county magistrate of Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) in winter.After several years in Jiangning, he was slandered and demoted to Longbiao (now Qianyang, Hunan) County Magistrate.After the An Shi Rebellion, Wang Changling was demoted to Jiangning and later killed by Haozhou Governor Lu Qiuxiao.[21]
Wang Changling's poetry is vigorous, open and independent.When Wang Shizhen of the Ming Dynasty commented on the seven wonders of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, he thought that only Wang Changling could compete with Li Bai and was listed as a "divine product".[23]Wang Changling's frontier poems are generous, heroic, powerful and high in style,[22]He created a large number of frontier poems, and later people called Wang Changling the founder and pioneer of frontier poems.[24]It has the reputation of "Poet Master Wang Jiangning", and is also known as "Seven Masterpieces" by later generations.Wang Changling's poems are dense and clear, andGao Shi、wang zhihuanQi Ming has six volumes of essays and four volumes of poems.The main representative works are "Joining the Army", "Going Out of the Frontier", "Boudoir Resentment" and so on.[22]
Chinese name
wang changling
Alias
Wang Shaobo、Wang Longbiao、Wang Jiangning
Ethnic groups
Han nationality
date of birth
The first year of the Holy Calendar in the Zhou Dynasty (698)
Date of death
About the second year of Emperor Suzong Zhide of Tang Dynasty (757)
Empress Wu Zetian of the Tang DynastyHoly CalendarIn the first year (698), Wang Changling was born in ShanxiTaiyuan。
tang xunzongEighth year of KaiyuanGengshen (720), 23 years old, lived in Mount Song to learn Taoism around the year.
In 723, the 11th year of Kaiyuan's reign in the Tang Dynasty, he was 26 years old. Around the same year, he went east to join Luzhou and Luzhou.
Frontier Fortress
Jiazi (724), about 27 years old, went toHelong, go out of the Jade Gate.His famous frontier poems were written about this time.
Bing Yin (726), 29 years old, was born in the 14th year of Kaiyuan era.He lives in seclusion in Shimen Valley, Lantian County, Jingzhao Mansion.In the same year, there was a work titled "Selling to Nanzhai with my younger brother to play the moon and remember the young master Cui in the mountain"."Shanyin Cui Shaofu" refers to Cui Guofu.
In the 15th year of the Kaiyuan era (727), Jinshihe was granted the title of secretary of the province Xiaoshulang (Guansi Shuiwei, Xiaoshulang).
At the end of the 19th year of Kaiyuan era (731), he was 34 years old.In Chang'an, he entered the imperial examination with erudite and great words, and then moved to Sishui County, Henan Province.
In 733 (the 21st year of Kaiyuan's reign), when he was 36 years old, he attended a banquet in Chang'an in April of that year. There was a poem titled "The Feast of Flower Calyx Building in Summer Should Be Prepared".
In the 22nd year of the Kaiyuan era (734), Wang Changling selected the erudite and magnanimous poetry discipline, which was superior to others, so he changed his post to Sishui County Lieutenant and then moved to Jiangning Cheng.
Move left to make friends
Wu Yin (738), who was 41 years old in the 26th year of the Kaiyuan era, was sentenced to Lingnan for his crimes.
wang changling
Jimao (739), the 27th year of the Kaiyuan era, was 42 years old and returned to the north when he was pardoned.
In the 28th year of the Kaiyuan era (740 years), Wang Changling returned to the north, visited Xiangyang and visited the famous poet Meng Haoran.meng haoranHe suffered from gangrene and soon recovered. The two were very happy after meeting. Meng Haoran suffered from carbuncle recurrence due to eating some seafood and died. During this period, Wang Changling met the great poet Li Bai《Baling sends Li Shier》Poetry.In the winter, Wang Changling left Beijing for Jiangning as a prime minister. At this time, he had been working with famous poetsCenshenAcquaintance, Cen Shenyou《Send Wang Dachangling to Jiangning》Poems, Wang Changling also has poems to leave.When we passed Luoyang, we also had an outing with Qi Wuqian, Li Qi and other poets, and they also left poems.[3]
He was 47 years old and served as the prime minister of Jiangning in 744, the third year of Tianbao's reign.In April, he came to Chang'an temporarily because of something, and made friends with Xin Jian, Li Bai, and Wang Wei.
Tianbao had served as Wu Zi for seven years (748 years). He was 51 years old. By this year, he had served as an official of Jiang Ningcheng for eight years.In the same year, Changling was demoted from Jiangning Cheng to Longbiao Wei.Changling went to Longbiao on the first way from Jinling, basically going back to the river. He once visited Nanling by the way, including "Answering Huangfu Yue at Nanling".[4-7]
Jealousy kills
Fifteen years old in Tianbao, 59 years old in Tang Suzong Zhide Yuanzai (in July, Suzong ascended the throne of Lingwu and changed to Zhide), Bingshen (756 years old).About this year, he left Longbiao and returned home.He went to Longbiao, crossed Chenxi, passed Wuling, and went east along the river in a boat. About July and August this year, there were poems such as "Leave Sima Taishou" and "Leave Wuling Yuan Cheng" as evidence.[8]
Ding You (757), the second year of Emperor Suzong's Zhide in Tang Dynasty, was 60 years old.From the winter of 756 to October of 757, Wang Changling passed through BozhouHaozhou Governor Lu Qiu Xiao[21]Killed.
Literary achievements
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Summary of achievements
Wang Changling has 181 poems, which are mainly composed of five ancient and seven unique styles, and the themes are mainly departure, frontier fortress and palace resentment.Wang Changling's poems are not as good as those of Li Bai, Du Fu, Gao Shi and Cen Shen, but their quality is very high.The frontier poems can be combined with Gao Shi and Cen Shen. After the four outstanding poets, there are almost no frontier poems in the poetic world.After Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty changed the military system into a conscription system, the literati started a craze to join the army in order to get edge merit.In the 13th year of the Kaiyuan era, Wang Changling roamed the northwest, had a deeper experience of frontier life, and created a large number of frontier poems. At this time, Cen Shen was 11 years old, and Gao Shi had not yet started frontier life. Later generations successively verified that Wang Changling was the founder and pioneer of frontier poems.
Wang Changling's frontier poems are good at capturing typical scenes, with a high degree of generalization and rich expression.It not only reflects the main melody of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, but also describes the scenery of the frontier fortress and the scenes of the frontier battlefield in detail. At the same time, it can capture the delicate inner world of the officers and men.His poetry has broad artistic conception, mellow and rich language, mild and harmonious tone, and is thought-provoking. He has high attainments in lyricism, landscape design, freehand brushwork, etc.Wang Changling's poems about palace grievances can compete with Li Bai's poems, and they are unique in their deep meaning, the beauty of the scenery, the contrast and the strangeness of creating words.Wang Changling's boudoir plaintive poems express the grief and sorrow of those concubines and palace people who have closed the palace for a long time in a compassionate spirit, show their life and emotional world in many aspects with exquisite brushwork, reveal their tragic fate under the cruel palace funeral system, and objectively criticize the evil of the feudal society in destroying women.This ideological tendency has laid a healthy tone for his works, washed away the filth of the flamboyant and pornographic palace poems of the Six Dynasties, and effectively reversed the bad literary style of Qi and Liang's singing. On the other hand, in terms of artistic expression, Wang Changling has carried forward the gorgeous and exquisite expression techniques of the Six Dynasties, and inherited its formal beauty.Therefore, Wang Changling is praised as the first person who successfully wrote palace poems with seven character quatrains.[1]
Poetic form
Five ancient strictness
Wang Changling's five ancient books are basically written in a solemn and dignified manner. They are tall and vigorous, and have a strong character.When he was alive, he was famous for his poetic style in the flourishing Tang Dynasty.It is not difficult to see from Wang Changling's five character ancient poems that they have distinctive features, diverse styles, and different aesthetic styles.First, it is vigorous, bold and heroic.Second, it is elegant, elegant, elegant and unrestrained.Hu Yinglin's Shisou once divided the five ancient development from the early Tang Dynasty to the high Tang Dynasty into two schools, namely, the so-called "source of ancient elegance" and the "school of Qing Dan", and classified Wang Changling and others into the former.Third, it is pathetic and sad, deep and gloomy.The vigorous and heroic picture is gradually replaced by the picture of seclusion and detachment, which is closely related to Wang Changling's life experience and life experience.And this deep and pathetic style is also highlighted in the poet's poems that witnessed the desolation and darkness of the side scenes and the bumpy and rough official career.Fourth, fresh and lively, natural and bright.What is commendable is that Wang Changling is depressed and sad because of the so-called "boiling of accusations, two fleeing from the wild".However, the poet was not always in pain, always in depression, but occasionally neglected his affairs and left desolate, thus creating some Five Ancient Poems with a fresh, natural, lively and cheerful style.[9]
Seven wonders in beauty
In the early Tang Dynasty, there were only 77 of the seven wonders, and 472 of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, of which 74 were written by Wang Changling, accounting for almost one sixth.Wang Changling was a middle-aged poet in the high Tang Dynasty, and he was also an early writer of the Seven Wonders. He was the "Seven Wonders Saint Hand" among the poets of the Tang Dynasty who wrote a large number of the Seven Wonders and achieved outstanding achievements. He became a famous poet with the Seven Wonders alone.Because of his efforts and the efforts of Li Bai and others, Seven Jues gradually became a popular genre in the Tang Dynasty, so he was as famous as Li Bai in seven Jues.The number of the seven wonders in the middle and late Tang Dynasty is only second to the five laws.It can be seen from this that the system is determined from the seven wonders to Wang Changling, and the technique of expression is fully mature, which has a great impact on future generations.
Poetry content
Theme summary
Wang Changling's seven character quatrains can be divided into three categories in terms of content, all of which have their own characteristics.Among them, frontier fortress poetry is the first and boudoir resentment poetry is the second.
The first type is the frontier poems that follow the old theme of Yuefu.The frontier poets in the flourishing Tang Dynasty have always been led by Gao Shi and Cen Shen.Both of them are good at singing long songs, Gao Zuo is high spirited, and Cen Zuo is magnificent.Wang Changling, on the other hand, has found a new way to express the feelings of recruiting people in the form of short quatrains. Both the ambition of "never breaking the Loulan and never returning it" (the fourth of the Seven Commandments) and the joy of victory of "having reported to capture Tuyuhun alive" (the fifth of the Seven Commandments), as well as the sadness of missing relatives before the desert wind and under the moon of the Great Wall, have been written implicitly and deeply with mixed feelings,Accompanied by the soothing and natural style and the smooth and clear syllables, it has become an enduring masterpiece.
The second type is the boudoir poems and palace poems that express the feelings of the palace ladies who miss their wives.On the other hand, Wang Changling showed his high artistic ability to portray women's inner feelings under the feudal system in his Palace Ci and Boudoir Resentment.Seen from the outside, the court life is so quiet and charming: "The West Palace is quiet at night and flowers are fragrant" ("The Spring Sorrow of the West Palace"), "The Lotus is not as beautiful as the beauty's makeup" ("The Autumn Sorrow of the West Palace"), but in the beautiful scene, the poet has meticulously described their profound inner pain, their longing for happiness, their disappointment, and the complex psychology of hope still interwoven with their disappointment.The beauty of writing, the refinement of language and the profundity of sentiment in these works make it difficult for later writers to compete.
The third type is farewell poems.Wang Changling had a wide circle of friends throughout his life. He had contacts with many scholars, officials, hermits, monks and Taoists. Especially when he was demoted twice and exiled for many years, he needed the comfort of relatives and friends and the warmth of friendship.He also dedicated his loyal and deep friendship to those honest bosom friends.He has written more than 40 farewell poems in his life, which are unconventional and extraordinary. His farewell poems can be divided into the following four types in terms of expression: first, sincere and profound friendship can be expressed with different artistic ideas.2、 Break the routine of farewell poems, not focusing on the current departure, but on the situation after the departure.3、 It is not to hurt people, but to comfort them.
The frontier fortress is famous
Wang Changling is a famous frontier poet, and he became famous for his frontier poems in later generations.The artistic features of Wang Changling's frontier poems are mainly shown in the following aspects:
hisI,Wang Changling is good at using psychological description to express delicate and changeable feelings.Wang Changling, a poet who early described the soul of his husband in his poems, laid the foundation for the delicately portraying of the characters' psychology in Song Ci.He described their beating heart tunes through the psychological changes of the instant husband hunting;Or through the songs and dances in the camp, they can describe the Zhengfu's inner pain;Or, with the help of the unique life scenes at the border, write about Zhengfu's inner sorrow;Or use the war to write about the heroic spirit of the soldiers guarding the border to defend the national dignity.It can be said that the expression of feelings is very delicate and true.[10]
Second, Wang Changling's poems have a wonderful combination of scenes, meaning and context.When Wang Changling went to the frontier fortress, he really saw the desert, majestic pass, isolated city, Changyun, snow mountain, beacon fire, Qiang flute and other scenes of the frontier fortress, so in his frontier fortress poems, he formed a very magnificent group picture of natural scenery.These images are attached with the feelings and meanings of the frontier fortress officers and men, which is a specific thing in a specific environment, that is, the natural things and the feelings of the officers and men touch each other. The poet also uses the artistic technique of transforming the invisible into the tangible to form the artistic boundary of Wang Changling's frontier fortress poems.He used various methods to create the beauty of artistic conception with mixed feelings and scenes.First, select some characteristic scenery, inject strong subjective emotion, promote the integration of scenery and emotion, and highly unify the truth, good and beauty.Second, it not only uses Fu style to describe the real scene, but also skillfully uses the way of straight with music to get the implicit meaning.Third, with painstaking efforts and solitary attainments, we can spread the wings of image thinking, turn the invisible into tangible, and turn the abstract into concrete, so that the artistic conception is very profound.[11]
Thirdly, Wang Changling's poems are concise, bright and implicit in content, with high artistic achievements in language.Wang Changling's frontier fortress poems pay great attention to the refinement of language, and truly achieve the goal of both words and meaning.Or simple, or bright, or implicit, so that readers have endless aftertaste.In addition, Wang Changling strives for perfection in art and meticulously deals with every sentence. There is no idle writing. The beginning of the quatrains is often quick and clear, opening a situation with a thunderous voice, such as "the moon was bright in the Qin Dynasty and the time was close in the Han Dynasty", "the desert was dusty and the sun was dim", "the long cloud and dark snow mountain in Qinghai", "the pipa dancing for a new voice", and so on,But the best part is not in the beginning sentence, but in the third sentence.In general, quatrains need to create a new situation and new ideas in the third sentence, so the first two sentences need to be gentle to turn to the next level.Wang Changling's tone is already high and dangerous, but it also needs superb artistic skills to take advantage of the third sentence and deepen his thoughts and feelings.[11]
artistic characteristics
Poetic mood
In terms of artistic style, Wang Changling's seven wonders are characterized by euphemism and implication, with twists and turns and profound artistic conception.Many of them expressed the poet's revelation of reality and secret resentment by means of metaphor and sustenance, which was in spiritual consistency with Qu Yuan's Lisao.Wang Changling is also good at using allusions in his poems.In his Shige, he proposed that "there are six forms of poetry", and the fifth is "using things": "saying as one's own will and combining with things." Wang's poems do not use many allusions, but they are often used skillfully and appropriately without showing signs.Wang Changling attaches great importance to the realm of poetry. His "Poems" put forward that "there are three realms in poetry": "one is the physical realm, two is the situation, and three is the artistic realm." He opposes the separation of meaning and scenery: "If you always speak meaning, the poetry is not beautiful and tasteless. If there are many words in the poetry, they are not tight with the meaning, although they are reasonable, they are also tasteless." He attaches great importance to the combination of emotion and scenery, and believes that "in all poetry, it is better to combine the content with the content.If there is something to look for, there is no interest in it. Although it is skillful, it is useless. "
style of language
Wang Changling's poems reflect the poet's pursuit of elegant and vigorous language artistic style from the three aspects of language image selection, sentence pattern application and sentence combination.In terms of language image selection, Wang Changling mostly uses large numerals, powerful verbs, and accurate adjectives to express a grand scene or a grand mind, which reflects the beauty of power and momentum of language.In terms of noun choice, Wang Changling chose elegant and typical language images.Wang Changling often uses short sentences, deformed sentence patterns and condensed complex sentences in his poems.Make the language powerful and economical.The sentence combination in Wang Changling's poems also reflects his concise and clear language style.To sum up the three characteristics of Wang Changling's poems are: concise language and rich connotation;The words are simple but the sentences are steep;The mood and the mood are both at the same time.[9]
Rhetorical techniques
1、 Each layer is closely linked. Wang Changling is good at using layers of in-depth techniques to repeatedly render the atmosphere and serve the theme.For example, Five Autumn Poems in Changxin.
2、 Typical scenes are vivid. Wang Changling is very good at capturing and summarizing typical scenes, giving people a vivid and vivid picture sense. For example, in "Joining the Army", Wang Changling's seven wonders with frontier fortress as the theme, whose pictures are thick in color, dignified, and rough in brushwork.In the works of palace and boudoir resentment, Wang Changling changed the style of painting, and it is not oil painting, but the combination of fine brushwork and heavy color painting of ladies and the brilliant boundary painting of the golden wall.
3、 Beneficial use of Bixing is deeper than sustenance, and deeper than sustenance. His representative works are like "Long Letter of Resentment".[1]
The representative of "character"Twenty four people, including Wang Wei, Chang Ling and Chu Guangxi, are all heroes of Heyue.（《Collection of Heroes from Heyue》）[1]
At the beginning of the country, excellent articles and elegant style were very popular. After Shen and Song Shixing, they were outstanding in Jiangning and were great thinkers in Li and Du.
Wang Changling has more ideas and uses them more, while Li Taibai has less ideas and uses them less.Changling is tempered by nature, but Changling's image is deep.(General Theory of Poetry Mirror)
Li draws the scenery to his heart's content, and Wang is extremely affectionate.Li can't do it, Li can't do it, and Li can't do itI have tried to say that after the ancient poetry and Yuefu, Taibai is very close;After the national style and Li Sao, only the younger brothers were very close.[12]
Wang Changling has been five centuries old. He is either elegant, heroic, pitiful, broad-minded, upright, or elegant. He should not look for anythingWang Changling has seven unique characters, just like the king of stereotype.The law of succession and transformation is determined from here on. It is the style of the Tang Dynasty, and later generations all follow it.（《A poem on the enclosure》）
First of the seven wonders, is it a dragon?The right prime minister uses light to make it thick, and the dragon logo uses light to make it thin. These are holy hands.（《Yangyizhai Poetry》）[9]
Wang Changling is one of the two most prominent writers in the poetry world of the Tang Dynasty (the other is Meng Haoran).[9]
Anecdotes and allusions
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give up civilian pursuits to join the army
Kou Heng's Works, Wang Changling's Poem Painting in the Army
At the age of about 20, Wang Changling left his hometown and began to learn Taoism.During the Kaiyuan period, it was the heyday of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In his poems, Wang Changling made every effort to praise the scene of the prosperous Tang Dynasty faithfully.The belief in the flourishing age is the source of Wang Changling's most solid confidence, strength, hope and ideal in his life. It is difficult to change even if he is in a state of slander and abandonment for a long time in the future.In the hot era, aspiring youth like Wang Changling just regarded learning Taoism as a curiosity.Soon he went to Chang'an to seek development, but no success was achieved. So he went west to Chang'an and joined the army. From then on, he set foot on the road of going west to Chang'an and going out of the fortress.[13]
a pure and noble character
After unremitting pursuit and extensive and careful study, Wang Changling finally won the first place in the 15th year of the New Year when he was admitted to the imperial examination and was awarded the title of secretary of the province.After all, Wang Changling was unwilling. He took the examination of erudite and great ci in the 22nd year of Kaiyuan, and won the first place again.However, after the second promotion, the official position was still not promoted, and only Sishui Wei was awarded.Wang Changling was very proud in the imperial examination, but obviously frustrated in his official career.After five years as a Sishui Wei, that is, in the 27th year of Kaiyuan, he was banished to the remote Lingnan, and in the 28th year of Kaiyuan, he was appointed as Jiang Ning Cheng.Frustrated is followed by distraction, is dissolute.From Chang'an to Jiangning, he deliberately delayed to report for duty. He stayed in Luoyang for six months and spent every day drinking away his worries.After arriving in Jiangning, I visited Taihu Lake and Zhejiang.Three days of fishing, two days of drying the net.This kind of obvious means of resistance is passive neglect of work. It is easy to teach others to be too ambitious.
《Send Xin Jian Two Songs to Lotus Tower》On the day when Wang Changling was appointed as the official of Jiangning, he was being sued and sent off his best friend on a long journey. At that time, he was in a sad mood.As I bid you farewell, I only knew what I was doing with a jade pot of ice."The cold rain flows into Wu at night, and sees off the Chu Mountain in the Ming Dynasty. Luoyang's relatives and friends ask each other, and an ice heart is in the jade pot". The misty rain of the southern country and Wu Ran's towering lonely peak in the poem are both words of scenery and words of love.Wang Changling regards loyalty, chastity and faithfulness as a kind of moral confidence and transcendental power in the predicament of life, which also shows that he has not lost confidence in the justice of the times.[13]
Painted wall of flag pavilion
One day, Wang ChanglingGao Shi、wang zhihuanThe three poets went to the tavern together to drink on credit.Suddenly, an official in charge of music in Liyuan led more than ten children to go upstairs for dinner.The three poets dodged and hid in a dark corner, surrounded by a small stove, and watched their performances.Later, there were four beautiful and enchanting pear garden women with beads wrapped in jade ornaments,sway with willowy motions, come upstairs.Then the music was played, playing all the famous tunes at that time.Wang Changling and others made a private agreement: "The three of us are all famous figures in the poetry world, but we haven't been able to distinguish between high and low. Today is a chance to listen to these singers singing quietly, and whoever has more poems into the lyrics will be the best."
A singer girl first sang: "The cold rain runs through the river into Wu at night, and the guests are sent to Chu Mountain in the Ming Dynasty. Luoyang relatives and friends ask each other, and a piece of ice heart is in the jade pot." Wang Changling drew a line on the wall with his finger: "My quatrain." Then a singer girl sang: "Open the suitcase and touch your tears, and see the Japanese book before you. How lonely the night platform is, it is still Ziyun's residence." Gao Shi stretched out his hand to draw the wall: "My quatrain."Another singer girl came on stage: "The golden palace of Ming Dynasty was opened with a broom, and the powerful generals and fans were wandering together. The jade color was not as good as the color of jackdaws, but it still brought the shadow of Zhaoyang." Wang Changling stretched out his hand to paint the wall again, and said: "Two quatrains."
Wang Zhihuan thought he had been famous for a long time, but the girls didn't sing his poems. It seemed that they were a little embarrassed.He said to Wang and Gao: "These singers are all unknown girl films, and they sing nothing but bad songs like 'Ba Ren Xia Li'. They can't sing elegant songs like 'Yang Chun Bai Xue'." So he pointed at the most beautiful of the several singersThe best one said: "When this little girl sings, if it is not my poem, I will not compete with you in my life; if it is my poem, don't mention it, you two will fall down in front of you and respect me as a teacher." The three poets waited and talked.
In a moment, it was the turn of the most beautiful girl in a bun to sing. She sang: "The Yellow River is far up in the white clouds, and a lonely city stands on a mountain. Why should the Qiang flute complain about willows? The spring breeze does not go through Yumen Pass." Wang Zhihuan was extremely proud. He teased Wang Changling and Gao Shi and said, "How about earth bags? I'm right." The three poets laughed heartily.[14]
Lose Meng and hand in Li
When Wang Changling met Meng Haoran in Xiangyang, Meng Haoran died of a recurrence of an old disease.Wang Changling was very sad on the way to leave. He didn't expect to meet Li Bai accidentally in Baling.They were like old friends at first sight. On the boat beside the river, they sang wine while boating, and talked about the communication stories in the literary circle.Before leaving, Wang Changling wrote a poem "Send Li Twelve to Baling" to send Li Bai: "When the Baling Island is swayed, the Qingjiang River will be heard. The autumn city is not visible in the long mountains, and the reeds are empty at dusk." Li Bai also remembers Wang Changling's friendship.Later, I heard that Wang Changling was demoted to the title of Longbiao Wei, and wrote poems to send them to comfort him.Li Bai's Poems《Heard that Wang Changling left moved to Longbiaoyao》"When the willow flower falls, it cries in its own way. When I hear that the dragon has marked the five streams, I send my sorrow and the bright moon to the west of the Yelang River."[15]
Poet's Son of Heaven
The "Colored Glaze Hall" was originally the place where Wang Changling and others gathered to chant when they were in Nanjing. In the late Tang Dynasty, more than 100 years after Wang Changling, there was a popular miscellaneous book about poetry, "The Painting of Painters in the Colored Glaze Hall". This book is now lost, and the remaining copy is in the Ming Dynasty transcript, "Miscellaneous Records of Singing Windows".In the book, Wang Changling is called "the Son of Poetry".This title has spread to later generations. Liu Kezhuang, a poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, said in the New Collection of Houcun Poems: "Changling is regarded as the Son of Heaven in the Tang Dynasty's Painting of the Colored Glaze Hall, which is so respected." Song Luo of the Qing Dynasty also praised "Taibai, Longbiao, peerless and unruly, Longbiao has the title of 'Son of Heaven in Poetry'" in Mantang Poems.However, Xin Wenfang of the Yuan Dynasty had a word change in his Biography of Talented Scholars of the Tang Dynasty. He said that "Changling's poems are meticulous and clear thinking, and were called 'Poet Master Wang Jiangning' at that time".[33]
Died and vindicated
755 yearsAn Shi RebellionOutbreak. In 756, 59 year old Wang Changling was stabbed by the governor of Bozhou on his way back to his hometownLu Qiu XiaoKilling.[29]There are few historical records about the reason why Lu Qiuxao killed Wang Changling, but the Yuan peopleXin Wenfang《Biography of Tang Scholars》There is a thought-provoking saying under the name of "Wang Changling" in Volume II: "When returning home with a knife and fire, he was killed by the assassin Lu Qiu Xiao.".In 757, the prime ministerZhang HaoTake officeHenan RoadThe envoy summoned four envoys from eastern Zhejiang, western Zhejiang, Huainan and Qingzhou to rescue together with Lu Qiuxiao, who was then the governor of Qiao CountySuiyang(ReferenceBattle of Suiyang）Lu Qiuxiao deliberately delayed executing the order, and the last one arrived. When the reinforcements arrived at Suiyang, the city had been trapped for three days. Zhang Hao ordered Lu Qiuxiao to be executed for delaying military opportunities. When executing, Lu Qiuxiao begged Zhang Hao to let him go: "If you have relatives, you can beg for a life." It means that you have an old mother to support and hope to leave him alive[25-26]At that time, Huainan envoy who followed Zhang Hao to rescue SuiyangGao Shi[27]It is Wang Changling's good friend (refer to“Painted wall of flag pavilion”）, he has reported Wang Changling's grievance to Zhang Hao[28][30-32]So Zhang Hao blocked Lu Qiuxiao back with a word: "Wang Changling's relatives, who do you want to support?"[26]
Disputes over native place
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Wang Changling's native place is known as Taiyuan and Jingzhao.《Old Tang Script》It's said that Wang Changling isJingzhao(i.e. Tang Dynasty)capitalChang'an, now Xi'an, Shaanxi Province);At the same time, some government websites have written that Wang Changling is from Jingzhao Chang'an (now Xi'an, Shaanxi).[16]And "New Tang Shu Wenyuan Biography" called itJiangningPeople, or misunderstanding.Yin Fan's Collection of Heroes from Heyue is also called "Taiyuan Wang Changling".Many Shanxi poets in the Tang Dynasty visited Chang'an and Luoyang as the cultural centers at that time,[17]Some even live in Chang'an, the capital for many years. Just because they live in the capital, they cannot be called capital people.《Collection of Heroes from Heyue》For Tang peopleYin FanThe Tang poetry anthology compiled by Wang Changling shows that Wang Changling is from Taiyuan《Biography of Tang Scholars》It is also believed that Wang Changling is from Taiyuan.[13]
Family members
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relationship
full name
Cong Di
Kingpin
Cong Di
Wang Yue[2]
personal works
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Wang Changling wrote nearly 200 poems in his life, leaving 181.Among his few poems, there are 52 farewell poems, accounting for about a quarter.Seventy four quatrains account for one sixth of the quatrains in the flourishing Tang Dynasty.There are six volumes of Wang Changling Collection, and four volumes of poems compiled today.
List of Wang Changling's Poetry Styles
Genre
Five Ancient Times
short name for a poem with seven characters to a line
Five wonders
four-line poem with seven characters to a line and a strict tonal pattern and rhyme scheme
Five laws
eight-line poem with seven characters to a line and a strict tonal pattern and rhyme scheme
Wang Changling's poetic style and poetic conception first affected Jiao Ran in the mid Tang Dynasty. After Wang Changling, he further advanced the study of artistic conception. His discussion on artistic conception is multifaceted and the research is also quite in-depth. He inherited Wang Changling's way of discussing poetry with "conception" and put forward important propositions such as "the fate of the realm is not always about love", "the purpose of the text", and "the choice of conception".
late Tang dynasty
The second is Sikong Tu in the late Tang Dynasty. Inspired by the concept of artistic conception proposed by Wang Changling, he made a comprehensive summary of artistic conception, and put forward such views as "image outside the image", "landscape outside the scene", "charm outside the rhyme", and "meaning outside the taste".
Song dynasty
Yan Yu of the Southern Song Dynasty was the most successful one in the theory of artistic conception in the Song Dynasty. In view of the tendency of some Song poems to be more reasonable than artistic conception, he proposed the theory of "interest" in remembering the poetry of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and inspired by Wang Changling and all the aesthetic experiences of the Tang Dynasty on poetic artistic conception.This theory can be seen in his treatise Canglang Poetry.
the Qing dynasty
Wang Guowei at the end of the Qing Dynasty was the last person who summarized the history of the development of the artistic conception category, and also the terminator and epitomizer of it.On the basis of exploring the gains and losses of the creation of poets in previous dynasties, his book, "Human Ci Hua", draws on the discussions of scholars in previous dynasties such as Wang Changling on the category of "artistic conception" and combines the author's own personal experience in artistic appreciation and artistic creation to put forward the "realm" theory, which is the center and essence of Wang Guowei's artistic theory.[18]
Commemoration for future generations
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Jiangsu Zhenjiang Furong Building
Jiangsu Zhenjiang Furong Building
Hibiscus Tower is located in the shadow of the best spring in JinshanLakesideIt was originally built on Yuehua Mountain among the three mountains (Rijing Mountain, Yuehua Mountain, Shouqiu Mountain) in the ancient town of Jiangcheng.It was built by Wang Gong, the governor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and still exists in the Tang Dynasty.In order to develop scenic resources and tourism, this historic building site was rebuilt in 1992.The overall building is composed of Lotus Tower, Ice Pavilion, Moon Pavilion and three stone towers in the lake.
Hunan Hongjiang Furong Building
Hunan Hongjiang Furong Building
Furong TowerHunan, located at the confluence of Yuan River and Wu RiverHongjiang CityQiancheng TownIt is a classical garden building, covering an area of 4250 square meters. Its north outline is adjacent to the river, and it is located near the forest.It is well known as "the first scenic spot in the upper reaches of the south of Chu" for its ingenious and well arranged structure. It is the place where scholars of all dynasties recite poems and paint.Furong Building has a green tile roof with colorful clay sculptures and rich local flavor.
In June 1956,Hunan Provincial People's GovernmentThe "Furong Tower" was announced as a key cultural relics protection unit in Hunan Province.After the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the state has allocated funds for many times to repair and maintain the "Furong Tower", and expanded the west garden of Furong Tower to build a root carving exhibition room, which displays a giant tree root carving of thousand year camphor trees with a diameter of 1.98 meters, a height of 1.54 meters, a total weight of about 800 kilograms, more than 30 folk legends and allusions, more than 100 legendary figures and more than 150 strange animals. It is indeed a rare item.[19]
