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Wang Zhichun (1842-1906), named Juetang, Jiaosheng, Hunan, Qing DynastyQingquan CountyPeople.The weak crown joined the army and successively served asZeng Guofan、Li HongzhangandPeng YulinSubordinates ofTaiping Rebellion, SuccessiveShanxi Governor、Governor of AnhuiThe governor of Guangxi.He has visited Japan, Russia, Germany and France, and has repeatedly submitted a new policy for self-improvement to the imperial court.In his later years, due to the suppression of SichuanYu Dongchen Uprising, especially by borrowing French soldiers to suppress the Revolutionary Party uprising, which aroused domesticAnti French movementBut he was dismissed and moved to Shanghai after being punished by the capital teacher.In October 1903, the 29th year of Guangxu's reign, a patriot Wan Fuhua attempted to assassinate him and was arrested. Huang XingZhang ShizhaoAnd so on.Since then, he has disappeared on the political stage and returned to his hometown to live quietly.He died in the 32nd year of Guangxu's reign and was buried in Yangliu River and Huangwu MountainDoctor Guanglu、General Jian Wei。
True name
Wang Zhichun
word
Juetang
number
Raw pepper
Times
Qing Dynasty
one's native heath
Qingquan County, Hunan Province
date of birth
1842
Date of death
1906
Main works
Chronicle of Chuanshan Duke, Collection of Wang Jiaosheng, Records of the Garden, etc
Key achievements
Governor of Shanxi, Governor of Anhui, Governor of Guangxi
Born on the first day of September in the 21st year of Daoguang Reign of the Qing Dynasty (1842)Hengyong Chengui RoadHengzhouFuqingquan County (todayHengyang CityHengnan CountyShiziping, Quanxi Town).When his parents died when he was young, he was raised by his grandmother and enrolled in the county school with the help of his relatives.
In the ninth year of Tongzhi era (1870), Wang Zhichun was appointed as the commander of Jiangfang, stationed in Beitang Haikou and Zhenjiang, Jiangsu.
In 1879, Japan formally annexed Ryukyu, threatening China's eastern coastal areas.Wang Zhichun was sent to Japan to investigate.After returning to China, Chen Yiwu sent a letter of ten thousand words to the imperial court, and asked himself to take a sharp teacher back to Zhongshan.And he wrote his experience of this trip into Tan Ying Lu.
In the 10th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu (1884)Lei Qiong Road, Guangdong（Top four products）。France invades Vietnam and China, Wang Zhichun contactsZheng GuanyingThailand attacked France.Defend by leadingQinzhou、LianzhouMeritorious serviceGuangdongGovernor grain roadConcurrentGuangdongGao LianAvenue(Top 4), responsible for the Sino French border survey and negotiation between China and Vietnam, insisted on the former site, with clear evidence, compromised the target, and many foreign diplomats borrowed it, which won the praise of the court.
On the morning of April 5, 1891, the 17th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, Russian tsar crown prince Nicholas II left Hong Kong and arrived in GuangzhouTianzi Wharf, visited Guangzhou for three daysGovernor of GuangdongLiu Ruifen (on leave due to illness) received the tsar's son Nicholas II and enjoyed the banquet.
At the end of the 17th year of Guangxu (1890), he was transferredHubei Chief Executive(Secondary products).
In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894),Sino-Japanese Jiawu WarBurst.In November,Russian tsaralexander iii After his death, the Crown Prince succeeded to the throne, namelynicholas ii 。On November 18, he served as an envoy of Russia and went to Russia as a special envoy to pay a visit to Russian Minister Kasini in Beijing, informing him that he was going to Russia to attend the celebration and mourn the old tsar.
On January 5, the 21st year of Guangxu era (1895), Wang Zhichun, an imperial envoy and Hubei administrator, was the first productTopwearThe "envoy to Russia" set sail from Shanghai and traveled a long way to Russia to mourn the Russian emperorAlexandraThe third death and the celebration of Nicolas II's accession to the throne, arriving on February 7MarseilleAnd then take a trainParisBerlin, arrived at the Russian capital Petersburg at noon on February 16.On February 18, Nicholas II received Wang Zhichun and accepted the credentials presented.Hour“civil official postSend Zhichun to Russia for condolence and congratulation. I really want to use Russia's power to controlJapanese people”However, "the messenger of spring has not yet returned, and《Treaty of Shimonoseki》Already. "The Treaty of Shimonoseki brought unprecedented humiliation to China, which aroused the anger of the people all over the country, and also made the Qing court extremely uneasy. Most people advocated to change the resolution, so Wang ZhichunTake orders againRussia went to Paris to negotiate a secret agreement with France and led France to intervene. Russia, Germany and France united to safeguard their interests in ChinanoteJapan, forced Japan to give upLiaodong PeninsulaThe claim of.In the 23rd year of Guangxu (1897), he was transferredSichuan Chief Executive(Secondary products).
At the end of the 25th year of Guangxu (1899), he was transferredGovernor of Anhui(First and second products).
In the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), Anhui governor Wang Zhichun unitedcity in Hunansalt commissionerCheng ShanglinWhen the gentleman funded the construction“Zhuhui Tower”, named after the meaning of "accumulating pearls and letting jade shine", Wang Zhichun wrote "Zhuhui Tower" in calligraphy and wrote three pairs of couplets engraved onWhite marbleOn.
At the end of the 28th year of Guangxu's reign (1902), he was transferredGovernor of Guangxi(First and second products).
In the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), the peasant uprising led by Liu Zhifa was pacified.The people of Hunan, Hubei and Guangdong started the movement of canceling the contract and running the railway by themselves due to the breach of contract by the American Hexing Company.Wang Zhichun, as the representative of the Central Committee, strongly advocated "connecting beauty with beauty" or "Sino foreign cooperation".
On November 19, 1904, Wang Zhichun lived in Shanghai,WanfuhuastayHuang XingAt the instigation, Wang Zhichun was assassinated in a restaurant in Shanghai.Wan was arrested, Huang XingZhang ShizhaoAfter his imprisonment, Wang Zhichun withdrew from Chinese politics and returned tocity in HunanQuiet living.
Wang Zhichun served from 1899 to 1901Governor of AnhuiDuring this period, more than 30 mines in Anhui were sold to imperialism, which was deeply hated by the people of Anhui.In 1902, when he was the governor of Guangxi, he contacted the French army to hang the revolutionaries, and transferred more road rights and mining rights in Guangxi to France at a low price.His traitorous behavior aroused public anger, and the voice of condemning Wang Zhichun became louder and louder, and set off a spectacularAnti French movement，Qing governmentWang Zhichun was forced to resign.In the winter of 1904, Wang Zhichun was dismissed from his post and lived in Shanghai. He was still unwilling to be lonely. He made traitorous remarks and accusedAnti Russian movement, arousing the people's righteous indignation, and also arousing the hatred of revolutionary heroes.Revolutionaries in Shanghairepublican revolutionary、Lin Xie、Zhang Shizhao、WanfuhuaChen Zixin and others plotted to assassinate him.It was finally agreed that Chen Zixin and Wan Fuhua would carry out specific assassination tasks.
Wang Zhichun has a good relationship with Wu Baochu, a famous gentleman in Shanghai.The Revolutionary Party and Wu Baochu have always had contacts and are familiar with their living habits, so they decided to invite Wang Zhichun to the Jingu Xiangxi Restaurant on the evening of November 19, 1904, in the name of Wu Baochu.The assassination plan is: mainly Chen Zixin, with the pistol newly purchased by Zhang Shizhao, disguised as a waiter, hiding upstairs in the restaurant, and sniping when the opportunity arises;Wan Fuhua and others, armed with an old pistol borrowed from Zhang Jizhi, ambushed the restaurant downstairs in case of accidents.
On the evening of November 19, 1904, Wang Zhichun attended the appointment on time with his servants and rickshaw pullers.Because the assassination plan was not well arranged, Wang Zhichun wanted to escape.At this point,WanfuhuaPulling out the pistol, he reached in front of Wang Zhichun, grabbed Wang Zhichun's arm with one hand, and shot in a hurry with the other hand. However, after repeatedly pulling the trigger, the gun never rang.Originally, this gun wasrepublican revolutionaryBorrowed from Zhang Jichu, the striker is old and broken. Wan Fuhua and others have not tried it before, so it fell short.Wang Zhichun took advantage of the occasion to shout, which attracted the British Concession patrolmen to arrive. Wan Fuhua was arrested because he could not walk away.
Zhang ShizhaoAfter learning that Wan Fuhua was arrested, he became extremely anxious and went to the patrol room the next day to visit, but accidentally revealed Yu Qingli's house number.The patrol room not only arrested Zhang Shizhao as a suspect, but also used this as a clue to find out and arrest Yu Qingli's revolutionary organHuang Xing、Zhang JiWait for eleven people.
After Wan Fuhua and others were jailed, all sectors of society rescued them.《Alarm Daily》Chen Peiren, the person in charge ofGao TianmeiAnd others, immediately raise funds to hire lawyers for themZhang DanfuIt is also about running forward and backward.Cai YuanpeiAndYang Dusheng, Xielinrepublican revolutionaryThe revolutionaries from all over the country also rushed to rescue.On December 23, 1904, Wanfuhuayi was convicted of disturbing the public order in the leasemixed court hearing in concessions between foreign colonial officials and the Qing Dynasty functionariesHe was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment for hard work.The rest were released without evidence.Later, Wan Fuhua, who led the prisoners in the prison to fight against abuse, was retaliated by the prison officials, and was accused of "trying to lead people to escape from prison", and was banned for another ten years.Until December 7, 1912Chen QimeiAfter many negotiations, he was released.When you get out of prison,journalist and personal secretary to Sun Yat-senLead inShanghai New StageA welcome meeting was held for him.
Wan Fuhua's assassination of Wang Zhichun "initiated the initiative of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River to take direct action against the Manchu and Qing Dynasty's subjugated monarchs and ministers, and inspired the general revolutionary youth's ambition to kill themselves and become benevolent".WanfuhuaWang HanWu Yue、Xu XilinA group of assassins were inspired by Wanfuhua spirit.Wu Yue joined the Northern Assassin Group in Baoding precisely out of his worship for Wan Fuhua.[1]
political phase
Wang Zhichun has successively served as the commander of river defense, Guangdong Leiqiong Taoist Platform, GuangdongGovernor grain roadTaiwan, GuangdongGao LianDaotai, Guangdong Provincial Procurator, Guangdong, Hubei and Sichuan Provincial Chief Executive, Shanxi, Anhui and Guangxi Provincial Governors.bestowDoctor Guanglu、General Jian Wei。
military phase
Counselor Ting Zi battalion military screen, withPeng YulinZeng Guofan pacifiedTaiping Rebellion。Serve as the commander of Jiangfang, stationed in Beitang Haikou and Zhenjiang, Jiangsu.In 1879, Wang Zhichun asked a sharp teacher to recover Zhongshan, Guangdong.Wang Zhichun ContactZheng GuanyingThailand attacked France and led the defenseQinzhou、Lianzhou, attendSino French War。Pingding SichuanYu Dongchen UprisingAnd Liuzhi Uprising in Guangxi.
Diplomatic aspects
Wang Zhichun was sent to Japan to investigate.After returning to the country, he wrote thousands of words to the imperial court, Chen Yiwu;Served as Guangdong Chief Executive and Acting Governor of GuangdongLiu Ruifen(Taking a sick leave) Receiving the czar's sonnicholas ii , the negotiation was very enjoyable;Responsible for the negotiations between China and France on the survey and demarcation of Sino Vietnamese boundary sites, adhering to the old site, with clear evidence, and compromising on each other,Heckling and foldingThe foreign envoys borrowed a lot and won the imperial court's praise;Mourning the death of Alexander III, the Russian emperor, and celebrating the accession of Nikolai II. As an imperial envoy to Japan, Russia, Germany, France and Britain, he led Russia and France to intervene and forced Japan to give upLiaodong PeninsulaEncroachment of.
Reform
Wang Zhichun was a rare westernization thinker with both civil and military skills, a talented cadre and an enlightened minister in the Qing government. He wrote to the court many times to implement the new policy measures for self-improvement.Wang Zhichun was sent to Japan to investigate.After returning to China, he sent a letter of ten thousand words to the imperial courtBarbarian affairs。
Wang Zhichun is familiar with westernization. He went out of the "heaven" and looked around the world.Face up to reality and be enthusiastic about westernization.The understanding of China's national conditions and the West exceeded that of the scholars at that timeWesternization MovementAnd elaborated the thought of westernization.In the 1870s, Wang Zhichun put forward that "Western scholars are not just western scholars" and explained the thought of westernization.In the 1890s, Wang Zhichun, who returned from Russia as an envoy, further put forward his idea of reform.In some European countries, Wang Zhichun "read factories around, visited their existing systems, and observed their differences and similarities". He realized that there are also considerable political and religious power in various countries, and he has more insight into many domestic ills. After returning home, he wrote to the court eight new policies for self-improvement: one railway, two military systems, three changes to science, four manufacturing for talents, five financing, six heavy industry and commerce, seven mining, and eight negotiations.Actively put forward their own reform ideas, and the "Sino foreign joint venture" was quite popular at the time.
Famous works
Wang Zhichun loved to write books all his life. He has many works, including the Chronicle of Chuanshan Duke《Rou Yuanji in the National Dynasty》(Later, it was changed to "The Whole Story of Trade"), "Tan Ying Lu", "Wang Dazhong Cheng Jiao Sheng Memorial", "Shi Ru Cao", "Chinese Trade History"《Essay on raw pepper》, "Pepper Grows Poems and Grasses", "A Brief Account of Preventing the Sea", "A Collection of Wang Jiaosheng", "A Tale of the Garden"《Gaozhou Prefecture Annals》54 volumes, etc.
In the sixth year of Guangxu's reign (1880), it was written into 20 volumes of Rouyuan's Records of the State (also known as the Records of the Beginning and the End of Trade), which recorded the diplomatic history of the 230 years of the Qing Dynasty from the first year of Shunzhi (1644) to the eleventh year of Tongzhi (1872). It is a source of current affairs, and its influence has spread to this day.Later, I went to Japan for investigationNagasaki、Yokohama.He is familiar with the geography of the coastal areas, and has written "Tan Ying Lu", of which the third volume "Japanese Trivia" is about Japan's geography, household registration, taxesMilitary system、Officialdom, national debt, property, education, customs and other aspects were briefly introduced.At the end of the book, there are 13 chapters of "General Examination of All Countries in Yinghai", "Li Che Zhi Yan", the general plan of the sea, the coastal map, the three islands (TaiwanPescadores Islands、Qiongzhou）The maps and the general map of the world were the necessary reference books for understanding the national conditions of Japan at that time.In the book, I summarized the diplomatic history of the Qing Dynasty and drew the geographical profiles of various countries. The purpose was to enable the westerners to understand the westernization, and not let the westerners use the westernization as a tool for self-interest.The eight volumes of "Shi Ru Cao" had a profound influence, and the compilation of "Chuan Shan Gong's Chronicle" was praised by later scholars as“Credibility history”。
"Essays on Peppers"
Volume IV
"Wushuangpu Supplement"
"Wushuangpu Supplement" is Kang ShuchenDahingThe collection consists of 30 people, each with a poem title like the ancient Yuefu.However, there are many strange and creative words, which can be passed on through inquiry and recorded.Judgement for Stealing the Qin Dynasty（Lu Buwei）, "Eating Sighs" (the floating mother), "Wang Ming" (the three old men in the new city, Dong Gong)《Infantile language》(Outer Yellow Man), The Return of the KingRaise a pawn）, Five Hundred People（field plover）, "Young Phoenix Music" (after going to office), "Class Teacher Music"（Zhao Chongguo）, "Immortal Captain" (Mei Fu), "Eating Millet" (Big Mac)《Liaodong hat》(Guan Ning), Yuyang Lao（You Heng）, Dangtu Divination (Cao Cao), Wenxuan Building（Xiao Tong）, Night Genglong（Shanyin Princess）, After Rework（Sheep queen），《Jiu De Song》（Liu Ling）, "Strange and True" (Xu Hongke), "A Man on the Sea" (Qiu Beard), "The Three Heroes" (Kunlun Slaves), "The backyard flowers" (LoversCircumferential turn）, Singing of Plum Crane（Lin Bu）, "Drum and Drum"（Liang Hongyu），《Hollywood》(Tang Jue), The Lotus Fall (Beggar), The Dragon Refusal Exercise (Xu Da's Third Daughter), The Golden Ou Break (Tinker), The Monk of Ping Zhang（Yao Guangxiao）, The Banner of Loyalty（Qin Liangyu）, "Stabbing the Tiger" (Fei Gongren).
Character evaluation
Announce
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He also recorded his best work, such as "Five Hundred People", which said: "During the Qin and Han DynastiesZhao TuoThere is Tian Heng insidegodet Why did the king's career become independent?There are many generals in the sandConspire againstFive hundred people on the island have no life, so don't judge success or failure by reading history.General Ruotan is not only an enemy of HanNape featherIf you lose your life, even if you lose Liang Zhiqian's name, you can't live up to it.After YaoLiu ChenAfter Shun, there was Tian Heng. ""Yuyang Lao" said: "A parrot will be famous for the island,Zhang LingThe magistrate bowed his head, and Huang Zu's son was a good man. His father was really a plow.liu biaoIt's useless to call yourself a handsome person, but it's said to be polite and to leave?It is no wonder that the beagle lost Jingzhou when he sent the crazy students to Hukou.Yuyang and the three laos scolded the thieves angrily,Xun WenruoAll generations are ashamed.If Cao Cao had killed him at that time, wouldn't it be the best in the Three Kingdoms?Unfortunately, Ah Xiang refused to be beautiful, so I sent you to give up your life in vain. "The Voyager says:“Young Master TaiyuanQi is very strong, and there is a king in the world when heart breaks.Xiang Yu lost a move to the king and won't let the world goLiu Bang。”"The Painting of the Three Heroes" says: "The door of Zhu is locked and locked, and the slave number is Kunlun. There is no dog barking in the 15th month, and Guang Han flies down to the beauty." "The Golden Ou Breaks" says: "I hate that the sky is hard to repair, and everyone is in the bottom of the bus. Many people are good to the people,the ten relations of a personIt will last forever. "The "Stabbing the Tiger" says: "Jing KeNie ZhengTo avenge others, the man is famous for thousands of years.Fei, the palace man, is a female. She can kill tigers and cut off their throats.Unfortunately, big material is still small and can't cut the culprit.Sigh!Do not cut the culprit with your hand.Cabinet DepartmentDon't be ashamed of Pingxi! "
