Material civilization refers to the progress of human material life.It is mainly manifested as materialProduction modeAnd the progress of economic life, is similar to money and so on.The higher the material civilization, the farther away from barbarism, the stronger the ability to control nature.The high development of material civilization has transformed nature, conquered the universe and promotedhuman societyIts own progress has created superior, necessary and prerequisite conditions.It is also a kind of selfishness,InattentionAnd natureCoordinated developmentBarbaric civilization.The development of civilization is accompanied by the encroachment and destruction of nature. More and more natural problems are highlighted today, and we have to ponder the drawbacks of pure material civilization.
Chinese name
material civilization
Foreign name
material civilization
Definition
The progress of human material life
Performance
Material production mode andEconomicsProgress in life
Role
Mother of Industry
Purpose
Meet the people's growing material and cultural needs
Material civilization is the embodiment of the development level of productivity, including the existence of civilizationmaterial goodsProduction and scientific and technological development mainly refer to agricultureAnimal Husbandry、handicraft industryProduction technologyThe development of natural science and the progress of natural science knowledge, to a certain extent, reflect people's understanding ofMaterial worldAnd the ability to transform the material world.[1]Human beings in the world, the most basic purpose is to survive, but his natural environment is not ideal.The so-called "natural selection, survival of the fittest" is the law of nature. Human beings should not only adapt to the environment, but also use the environment. Human material civilization can be said to be the result of transforming the natural environment.In the process of adapting to the natural environment, human beings have developed variousorganWith these specially developed organs, human beings can not only survive, but also become the spirit of all things.When human beings have various organs, they havecreative ability And accumulated experience in adapting to the environment.Errors and shortcomings are found in experience, and then they are improved. Human culture is gradually advancing.Although human culture has enteredSpace age, but human daily life still depends onagricultural productionNo matter what you eat or drink, it depends on planting crops and breedinglivestockAgriculture is the most important activity of human beings on the ground, and it is also the main power to change the ground phenomenon.
Allegorical car
Material civilization is the material achievement of human transformation of nature.As peoplematerial productionProgress and improvement of material life are the material basis of spiritual civilizationCultural constructionPlays a decisive role. The nature of material civilization isProduction modeDetermined.“Socialist material civilization”This concept is only based on the achievements of material civilizationsocialist systemIn the sense that the people of China enjoy, serve the people, and serve socialism, it does not mean that the content of material civilization itself has“capitalism”Or "socialism".Socialist material civilization should be based on socialismProduction relationsBased on, inherit and absorbhuman civilizationAnd create and develop all valuable material achievements.
It is opposite to "spiritual civilization".The sum of the material achievements of human beings in transforming nature.Including the development of social productive forces,tool of productionAnd technology improvement, expansion of production scale,public wealthAccumulation of;Human substanceliving standardThe improvement of food, clothing, housing and transportation, changes in lifestyle, etc.It and social productivityDevelopment levelConsistent with and subject toProduction relations、geographical conditions andDemographic factorsConstraints and impacts.The development of science and technology plays a decisive role in the development of material civilization.Material civilization provides material basis for the formation and development of spiritual civilization.Spiritual civilization provides for the development of material civilizationscientific culture Conditions and ideological conditions.
Separate explanation of words
material: ① Philosophically, it refers to what can be reflected by consciousness without relying on consciousnessObjective reality。A summary of the common attributes of all perceptible objects, different from variousReal existenceSpecificMaterial form(such as atoms, gases, etc.).Motion is the fundamental attribute of matter, and the world is an infinite and always moving material whole.Matter is infinite in space and eternal in time. It can neither be created nor destroyed.Consciousness is the product of the highly developed material.Various specific forms and structures of matter are constantly changing and developing. ②fingerMeans of subsistence, money, etc.
The question of when and where human beings began to have agriculture originated has not been answered convincingly because of the limited archaeological discoveries.It is generally believed that agriculture began 10000 to 20000 years ago, and its birthplace may beMiddle East, Central and South America andSoutheast Asia。American HumanitiesgeographerCarl O. Sauer was the most successful in exploring this issue.In 1952, he proposed sixBasic conditionsUsed to analyze the origin of agriculture:
1. Agricultural originnatural environmentIt must be able to provide suitable food for hunters or food collectors.The area lacking food cannot become the birthplace of agriculture, because it cannot let people have the experience of sowing and harvesting to domesticate crops.
twoAgricultural originThe landform and climate of the land should be rich in changes, and there are many kinds of plants and animals.
threeLarge river basinIt is very unlikely that the basin of.Because it is unable to control the flood at that time.
4. Forest land may be the origin of agriculture.Because the early cultivators could not dig the grass to remove the roots, but could peel itbark, fire, etcForest clearingcultivation.5. The original cultivator must have some technology to use plants, such asPlant fibreEtc.In this way, they have the experience of farming crops.
6. WithNomadismIt is seldom possible for hunters and food gatherers to start planting crops.Because crops need constant care, protection and management.
windmill
Saul believes that Southeast Asia may be the earliest agricultural origin,agricultural technologyIt spreads outward from this center.He believes that agricultural development is gradually expanding from one center to the outside.Thor's conjecture about the origin of agriculture has been partially confirmed by archaeological excavations.For example,ThailandSperry Cave excavation found that agriculture in this area had begun 10000 years ago.Another example is in ChinaHangzhou BayHemuduArchaeological discoveries prove that China began to cultivate grain more than 7000 years ago.However, some scholars think Sol's view is too one-sided, and there are many evidences that agricultural development isMulticenterOf.Have appropriatephysical geographyBoth conditions and cultural background are likely to become the birthplace of agriculture alone and spread outward, just as people's "ideas" spread.Saul also admitted that in the New World（America、AustraliaThere are such independent agricultural centers.But he believed that agricultural contacts and exchanges along the Pacific coast were far more than most people believed.
Mother of Industry
Announce
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textile industry
industrial revolution
Originating in western EnglandLancashire。This kind of reform was gradual and started from a small scale. Later, the machineloomIt was invented. The water power used for rice milling was also used, and gradually there was an industrial prototype.However, these are only limited to rural areas, and only waterfalls and rapids can be used as hydraulic power.In the 18th century,steam engineIts invention improved power, but it was limited to cotton.Until 1830, the term "factory" only referred to cotton production, because no other manufacturing industry could employ 150 workers to engage in the textile production of the British cotton industry.With the trade of cotton clothBritish EmpireAnd expand.For example, in 1850, 1/4 of the cotton cloth in Langesha was sold to Indian colonies.At the same time, the Britishtextile industryandSouthern United StatesOfBlack slavesThe cotton planted echoes each other.The source of cotton raw materials in the United States is transported to LangeshaTextile mill。The first factory in the United States was also a textile factory like Britain.
Metal industry
Material civilization performance
The original metal industry was limited to small-scale operation in rural areas near the mineral producing areas, and wood was used as fuel.The chemical action in the steel making process has always been unfathomable.industrial revolutionAfter that, the steel making process was completely changed.Coke from coal replaces charcoal.Large furnaces replaced hammering, resulting in the birth of new types of steel.Since then, a large number of steel has been produced, which also drives the production of machinery.
Railway
stayindustrial revolutionIt is hard to imagine how to transport the heavy coal and iron without the help of the railway.At the same time, large-scale canals began to be built.
