Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 September 28, 1953),U.S.AA famous astronomer, one of the most famous people studying modern cosmic theory,Extragalactic astronomyFounder and provider ofCosmic expansionThe first person of the case evidence.
Edwin Hubble was born inMissouriA family of insurance practitioners, moved toIllinois。He was good at sports in his youthSports competitionHe often entered the top three and set a new interstate record in the high jump.
He wasUniversity of ChicagorepairReading MathsAnd astronomy, obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in 1910, and later in the UKOxfordStudying for the Master of Law degree is also one of the firstRhodes Scholar one of.In 1913, due to the death of his father, he returned to the United States andIndianaA middle school teacher and basketball coach.After a year of teaching, he returned toUniversity of ChicagoStudying for a doctorate inYerkes ObservatoryHe studied astronomy and graduated with a doctor's degree in 1917.
the First World WarLater, he was enlisted and quickly promoted to major.In 1919 after the war, Hubble won WilsonobservatoryHale hired him to become his lifelong position.The observatory has built a 200 inch telescope, and Hubble was the first user.
On September 28, 1953, HubbleCaliforniaSan Marinoinecerebral thrombosisDeath.No funeral ceremony was held after Hubble's death, and his wife Grace Hubble did not disclose the news of Hubble's death to the public.
Key achievements
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Edwin Hubble
Hubble made many contributions to the astronomical system in the 20th century and was honored as a great master.Among them, there are two most important ones: one is to confirm whether the galaxy is related toGalaxyEquivalentStellar system, createdGalactic astronomy, establishedlarge scaleThe new concept of the universe;Second, the discovery of galaxiesred shift-Distance relationship, promotingmodern cosmology The birth of.
In 1919, he used the world's largest 150 cm and 254 cm telescopes for photographic observationSpiral nebula。At that time, there was a heated discussion in the astronomical world about whether the "nebula" was part of the Milky Way.1923-1924, used by HubbleMount Wilson Observatory254 cmReflecting telescopeFilmedandromedaGreat nebula andM33And decompose their edges into stars, and then analyze a batch ofCepheid variableIt was concluded that these Cepheid variable stars and their nebulae were hundreds of thousands of light years away from us, far beyond the diameter scale of the Milky Way at that time, so they must be located outside the Milky Way, that is, they are indeed huge celestial systems outside the Milky Way——Extragalactic galaxy。In 1924American Astronomical SocietyThis discovery was officially announced at an academic conference.This discovery has made astronomers“Cosmic Island”The outcome of the debate was immediately divided, and all astronomers realized that the debate over the years about whether the spiral nebula is a close celestial body or a cosmic island outside the Milky Way had ended, thus opening a new page in the exploration of the universe.In 1926, he published the morphological classification of extragalactic galaxies, later calledHubble classification。
Edwin Hubble
At the beginning of the 20th century, Sliver studied the spectrum of spiral nebula for many years and found thatEinstein shift Phenomenon.On the basis of Sliver's observation, Hubble cooperated with his assistant Hermason to make a lot of measurements of the distance and redshift of distant galaxies. It was found that the spectral lines of distant galaxies all had redshifts, and the farther away the galaxy, the greater the redshift. Therefore, an important conclusion was drawn: galaxies seemed to be moving away from us, and the farther the distance, the higher the speed of moving away.
This conclusion is of far-reaching significance, because astronomers have always believed that the universe is static.If we think that the redshift is the radial motion of the galaxyDoppler effectAs a result, the redshift distance relationship shows that galaxies farther away are moving away from us at a faster and faster speed.applicationGeneral relativityPeople usually interpret Hubble's Law asCosmic expansionThe inevitable result of.The discovery of Hubble's law strongly promoted the development of modern cosmology.
After theoretical research by other astronomers, the universe has expanded at a constant rate for 13.7 billion years.
At the beginning of the 20th century, most astronomers believed that the universe would not expand out of the Milky Way.But in the early 1920s, when Hubble observed the mysterious Andromeda with the largest telescope at that time, he found that the nebula in Andromeda was not the gas of the Milky Way, but a completely independent galaxy.There are many other galaxies outside the Milky Way, and the universe is much larger than people think.
Hubble also studied the spatial distribution of the spiral nebula. In 1936, in his book "Nebula World", Hubble drew a picture of the spiral nebulaGalactic coordinatesSpace forDistribution map。The figure shows that in theSilverwayThe spiral nebula can hardly be seen on the surfaceGalactic surfaceThere is not much to see on both sides, but withSilver weftThe higher the height, the more spiral nebulae can be seen.This phenomenon is due to the density of the galactic plane in the Milky WayInterstellar matterCaused by the absorption of light.
