Ireland（irish: EI irinn, English: Ireland), located in western EuropeIrelandSouth central.To the west is the Atlantic Ocean, to the northeast isNorthern IrelandBordering to the eastIrish SeawithGreat BritainLook at each other.The coastline is 3169 kilometers long.Temperate marine climate.The average temperature is 3.2 ℃ in February and 16.2 ℃ in August, covering an area of 70000 square kilometers.The country is divided into 26 counties, 3 prefecture level cities and 2 cities and counties. The capital isDublin。As of December 2023, Ireland has a population of 5.2714 million.[20]
Irishbelong toCelts, YesContinental EuropeThe descendants of the first generation of residents began to sufferEnglandThe British King became the King of Ireland in 1541,[2]In 1916, resistance broke out in DublinBritish EmpireRegnantEaster Uprising，[2]On December 6, 1921, both parties signed《Anglo Irish Treaty》Britain was forced to allow 26 counties in Ainan to be establishedIrish Free State, but the six northern counties still belong to Britain and become the presentNorthern Ireland，[1]In 1937, Ireland announced the establishment of a republic and independence, but still remainedCommonwealthOn December 21, 1948, he seceded from the British Commonwealth and becamePermanent neutralityOn April 18, 1949, Britain recognized Ireland's independence.[2]
In 2022, Ireland's GDP will be 475 billion euros, up 9.4% year on year.
On March 24, 2024 local time, the Irish Unity Party announced that Simon Harris was elected the new leader of the party.[18]
In the 6th century BC,CeltsThey invaded Ireland from Central Europe, gradually forming a unified language and writing, establishing at least five small kingdoms and becoming the ancestors of modern Irish people, but failed to form a unified country.
1542, King of EnglandHenry VIIIHe became the King of Ireland, and since 1560, there have been wars against British colonialism in Ireland.British Civil WarLater, the British gradually encroached on Ireland's territory and sovereignty.
In 1801, Ireland was officially incorporated into Britain[15]。
In 1845, it was caused by potato failureGreat Famine The British government did not provide much assistance when it was able to import food from the Americas. As a result, the Irish population was reduced by a quarter, and many Irish people were dissatisfied with Britain. The Irish independence movement began.
In 1916, the anti British war broke out in Dublin“Easter Uprising”。
In 1919, most Irish MPs elected in the 1918 general election refused tohouse of commons They formed their ownIrish Parliament(D á il é ireann), and issued a unilateral declaration of independence in the name of the independent "Republic of Ireland" in January 1919.At that time, Ireland was not recognized internationally, butAnglo Irish War(also calledIrish Revolutionary War）Later, representatives of Britain and Ireland reached an agreementAnglo Irish Treaty, giving Ireland legal autonomy, namelyDominionStatus.Established in IrelandIrish Free StateThe territory includes the whole island of Ireland, but the treaty allows six northern counties (i.eNorthern Ireland）Not a member of the Irish Free State.The Constitution of the Irish Free State also stipulates that Ireland isConstitutional monarchyThe King of Ireland is concurrently held by the King of England. At the same time, the position of Governor is established. The Parliament adopts a bicameral system and establishes an "Executive Committee" (i.ecabinet）, establish the post of Chairman of the Administrative Committee.
On December 6, 1921, Britain was forced to allow 26 counties in the south to establish a "Free State", while 6 counties in the north still belonged to Britain.[3]
On December 29, 1937, Ireland adopted the newIrish Constitution（irish: Bunreacht na h É ireann), officially named the country "Ireland" (Irish:.establishmentPresident of Ireland(Irish: Uachtar á in na h é ireann), but the king continued to be the symbol of the Irish State internationally according to the written law.
The Irish Republic Act passed on April 1, 1949 finally abolished the monarchy and handed over all the powers of the king to the President, making Ireland a republic.According to Article 4 of the Irish Constitution, "Ireland" is the name of the country, while Articles 2 and 3 claim that Ireland also enjoys sovereignty over Northern Ireland (this article was abolished in 1999). Therefore, the Republic of Ireland generally calls itself "Ireland" in the diplomatic field (such as the Irish Constitution, the Irish President).However, due to the actual exercise of British sovereignty over the six northern counties, many countries avoid using the word "eire" directly to accommodate the position of Northern Ireland and avoid the suspicion of favoritism.
In April 1949, after Ireland announced the establishment of the Republic, it automatically withdrewCommonwealth。Although Ireland did not reapply to join the Commonwealth, it retained the rights of many member countries and enjoyed a special status in the United Kingdom.On April 18, 1949, Britain recognized its independence, but the six northern counties still belong to Britain.
In 1955, Ireland joined the United Nations and cooperated with the United Kingdom to solve the problem of violent conflict in Northern Ireland.Voters in Ireland and Northern Ireland adopted theBelfast Agreement(English: Belfast Agreement) It is being implemented.[2]
In April 2024, Simon Harris will become the Prime Minister of Ireland.[18]
geographical environment
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Regional location
Location Map of Ireland
Ireland in western EuropeIrelandSouth central, west of Atlantic Ocean, northeast of BritainNorthern IrelandBordering to the eastIrish SeaAndbritainAcross the country, it covers an area of 70000 square kilometers.[10]
topographic features
Irish satellite map
The central part of Ireland is a plain with many lakes and marshes, with an average elevation of about 100 meters.In the north, northwest and south are plateaus and mountains.The middle ishillAnd plains, mostly highlands along the coast;Longest riverXiangnong River(Abha na Sionanne) is about 370km long, and the largest lake isKorib Lake（Loch Koilib）。
Ireland Island is 475 kilometers long from north to south, 275 kilometers wide from east to west, and covers an area of 84000 square kilometers, of which 5/6 belongs to the Republic of Ireland.The territory of Ireland is composed of the central plain and the coastal mountains surrounding it, which looks like a basin with steep edges, high from north to south and low in the middle;The central plain accounts for more than half of the total area of the country, with an altitude of 30~120 meters and low hills of 200~300 meters. This area is covered with lush forests and green lands, making it an ideal grassland and pasture.
The eastern and northern mountains are 700-900 meters above sea level, and the southern mountains are 700-1000 meters above sea level;The cliffs along the southwest coast are steep and rugged.There are many caves and undercurrents in the mountain;The coastal mountains have been eroded for a long time, and the mountains are divided by wide valleys, which is conducive to the transportation between the mainland and the coast.Ireland's coastline is more than 3000 kilometers long, and its eastern coast is relatively flat, lacking natural harbor;The coastline in the west and south is crisscross, rolling and changing.
Topographic map of Ireland
The whole island is surrounded by small hills, and the middle part is relatively low. It is a lowland with rivers and lakes.The longest river is Shannon River, and the rest are short.The whole island is divided into north and south parts by the east-west direction of an Life River.West Karantuuer Mountain is the highest point in the country (1041 meters above sea level).The harbours along the Atlantic coast are deep and tortuous, and there are many good harbors.The east bank is relatively flat and straight.
Climatic characteristics
Ireland has a temperate marine climate. There is no obvious difference between the four seasons. There is little difference in the temperature across the country. It is mild and humid in winter and warm and dry in summer.The annual average temperature is 10-20 ℃, 3.2 ℃ in February and 16.2 ℃ in August.There are many rainy days, with an average annual rainfall of 800-1200mm, and sunny weather accounts for about 1/5 of the whole year.[10]
natural resources
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Ireland's main mineral resources include natural gas, peat, copper, leadgraphite, zinc, silverBarite, gypsum, limestonedolomiteEtc.
Ireland is rich in lead-zinc deposits and the largest producer of lead-zinc in Europe.Zinc production accounts for 4.3% of the world, lead production accounts for 2% of the world, and peat is widely distributed, accounting for about 13% of the national area.The natural gas reserves are estimated to be 38.2 billion cubic meters.70% of its energy needs depend on imports.[4]
administrative division
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Main division
The country is divided into 26 counties, 3 prefecture level cities and 2 cities and counties.The 26 counties are Carrow, Cavan, Clare, Cork, Donegal, Dun Laoghaire Rathdown, Fingal, Galway, Kerry, Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, LeitrimLongford, Louth, Mayo, Meath, Monaghan, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo, South Dublin, Tipperary, Westmeath, Wexford, Wicklow.The three prefectures are Dublin, Cork and Galway, and the two prefectures are Limerick and Waterford.[1]
Important cities
Dublin
Dublin (English: Dublin; Irish: Baile Á tha Cliath) is the capital of Ireland, located at the mouth of the River Liffey in Dublin County, with a land area of more than 115 square kilometers, surrounded by mountains in the south, and agricultural plains in the west and north.The Lifei River has always been regarded as the traditional north-south dividing line of the region: the northern part is generally widely distributed with the working class, while the southern part is considered as the gathering place of the upper middle class.
Dublin is also Ireland's well deserved cultural and sports center. Almost all sports organizations are headquartered in Dublin.The most popular sports are:Gaelic footballRugby and Irish cricket.Dublin is world-famous for its literary history. It has produced many outstanding writers, but the most famous one isJames Joyce Dubliners, his personal representative work Ulysses, is also located in Dublin, soBloom DayThe main celebration of the event also originated in Dublin.The National Library of Ireland and the National Printing Museum of Ireland are the largest libraries and literary museums in Ireland.
Like other Irish cities, downtown Dublin is full of pubs.The Temple Bar area south of the Lifei River is an internationally renowned nightlife area, which has become a hot spot for sightseeing.
galway
Located in IrelandWest CoastGalway, the fourth largest city in Ireland, with a population of about 70000, is the cultural, tourism and trade center of Ireland.Galway, with a history of more than 500 years, is a perfect combination of tradition and modernity. As one of the fastest growing cities in Europe, it has the reputation of "cultural capital" and "capital of the west" of Ireland.Keats once called Galway "the Venice of the West". With its superior geographical location and natural environment, Galway is suitable for various outdoor activities such as golf, fishing, horse riding, sailing, etc.Galway has three universities and several private schools, and 15% of the population is young students.Galway has a rich and colorful cultural life. Every year, a grand international literature festival, art festival, music festival and horse racing festival are held regularly. The most famous one is Galway Art Festival, which has a history of more than 30 years.
Kildare
Kildare (English: County Kildare; Irish: Contae Chill Dare) is located in the east of Ireland Island, covering an area of 1693 square kilometers, and the capital is Ness.Speaking of Kildare, female friends must not miss it.Because Kildare Village, located in Kildare County, is the only fashion boutique shopping village in Ayer, which is also the main reason for most visitors to Kildare.Tourists can buy many Irish local designer brands and international high-end brands at a low discount price, which can be as low as 40% off and is available all year round.Every summer, the colorful summer festival in Kildare Village will continue to be lively throughout July.
In addition, WaterfordKerry County, Mayo County, etc.
National symbol
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Country name
The country name of Ireland was formerlyUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandAnd Ireland.These doubts arise because part of Ireland belongs to the United Kingdom, making Ireland an inappropriate name in the United Kingdom.In 1989, the Irish Supreme Court held that the Irish authorities should not force other countries to use Ireland as the official name.The court held that "if the courts of countries seeking assistance to this country are unwilling to support the constitution of this country is correct, then in my opinion, the internationally recognized name and the right of authentication return to these countries until they have been amended." After the end of the tension, in 1998Good FridayThrough the agreement, the issues settled by the agreement are related to the Northern Ireland issue, and Ireland has declared that it waives the jurisdiction of the whole island of Ireland.Later, the United Kingdom accepted the international agreement that the name of Ireland was "Ireland" and the Dublin government, and used that name.
Republic of Ireland is used together with Ireland, which is often used to describe the Republic of Ireland.Irish Republic，It was the name unilaterally announced by the Republic in 1919. During the period of independence, it was also often used internationally, especially in the British press.
national flag
Irish flag
Irish flagIt is a horizontal rectangle, and the ratio of length to width is 2:1.From left to right, it is composed of three parallel and equal vertical rectangles, green, white and orange.Green represents faithCatholicismThe Irish people, also a symbol of Ireland's green island;Orange stands forprotestantismAnd its followers, this color is also derived from the color of Orange Nassau Palace, which also represents dignity andwealth；White symbolizes permanence between Catholics and ProtestantstruceUnity and fraternity also symbolize the pursuit of light, freedom, democracy and peace.
national emblem
National Emblem of Ireland
National Emblem of IrelandAdopted on November 9, 1945, the harp badge.The sky blue shield is painted with a golden harp.
Blue symbolizes the blue eyes of Irish people, as well as the sea and sky. The harp is loved by Irish people“Angel's harp”, symbolizing peacepeace、fraternityThe anthem of, inspired the people indomitable, courageously forward.
Population and nationality
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population
5.28 million (May 2023).Most of them are Irish.The official languages are Irish and English.Catholics accounted for 74.6%, and the rest mainly believed in Protestantism.[1][4]
nation
More than 80% of the Irish population are Irish, and the rest are mainly English and Scots.In the 1990s, with the rise of Ireland's economy, some Chinese poured in from mainland China, Britain, Southeast Asia and other countries[5]。There are about 50000 to 60000 overseas Chinese in Ireland, mainly in Dublin, Cork and other large and medium-sized cities.Chinese and overseas Chinese in Ireland are mainly engaged in catering, traditional Chinese medicine, supermarkets and other service industries.In addition, after graduation, some of the overseas students are engaged in mainstream Irish professions such as lawyers, doctors, company staff, and university teachers, gradually improving the social and economic status of Chinese and overseas Chinese in Ireland.[1]
Politics
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regime
Ireland is a parliamentary democracy.Its legal basis is common law and regulations passed by Parliament within the framework of the Constitution.EU regulations have the force of law in Ireland.
constitution
The current Constitution was adopted by the Parliament on June 14, 1937, and came into force on December 29 of the same year.According to the Constitution, Ireland is a republic, and the President is directly elected by the voters for a term of seven years. He has the right to convene and dissolve Parliament, appoint the Prime Minister and ministers of the Cabinet, and serve as the commander in chief of the army.In December 1999, according to the Belfast Agreement reached by the governments of Britain and Ireland and the relevant parties in Northern Ireland, the Irish government amended the Constitution and cancelled the provisions on claiming the territorial sovereignty of Northern Ireland.[1]
parliament
It is composed of the President, the House of Representatives and the Senate.The members of the House of Representatives are elected according to the proportional representation system, and their term of office is five years.The current House of Representatives was formed in February 2020, with a total of 160 members. At present, there are 36 members from the Republican Party, 36 members from Sinn Fein Party, 33 members from the United Party, 11 members from the Green Party, 7 members from the Labor Party, 37 members from other parties and independent members, and the Speaker of the House of Representatives is Sean Ó Feargha í l.The current Senate was elected in June 2020, and the chairman of the Senate is Jerry Buttimer.[1][13]
government
Irish Presidential Palace
The House of Representatives election will be held in February 2020. Since none of the parties has obtained the 80 seats required for a separate cabinet, the United Party, the Republican Party and the Green Party reached an agreement in June to form a joint cabinet.Michel á l Martin, the head of the Republican Party, and Leo Varadkar, the head of the United Party, took turns as prime ministers. Martin served first until December 2022, and then was succeeded by Varadkar.In March 2024, Varadka resigned as the head of the United Party, and Simon Harris was elected as the head of the party.On April 9, Harris was elected Prime Minister by the vote of the House of Representatives.At present, the main members of the government of Ireland include: Prime Minister Simon Harris (head of the United Party), Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Defense Michel Martin (head of the Republican Party), Ministry of Environment, Climate, Communications and Minister of Transport Eamon Ryan (head of the Green Party), enterprisesPeter Burke, Secretary of Trade and Employment (United Party), Michael McGrath, Secretary of Finance (Republican Party), Paschal Donohoe, Secretary of Public Expenditure and Reform (United Party), Catherine Martin, Secretary of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Ireland, Sports and Media (Green Party)Darragh O'Brien (Republican), Minister of Local Government and Heritage, Norma Foley (Republican), Minister of Education, Heather Humphreys (United Party), Minister of Social Security and Rural and Community Development, children, equality, disabled peopleRoderic O'Gorman, Minister of Integration and Youth (Green Party), Patrick O'Donovan, Minister of Continuing Education, Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science (United Party), Helen McEntee, Minister of Justice (United Party), Stephen Donnelly, Minister of Health (Republican Party), AgricultureSecretary of Food and Marine Charlie McConalogue (Republican).[1][20]
party
The main political parties include the United Party, the Republican Party and Sinn Fein Party.
party
Date of establishment
introduce
Fianna F á il
1926
There are about 15000 Party members.In history, the party has formed a cabinet alone or jointly for 19 times.From 1932 to 2011, it was the largest party in the parliament. After the general election in 2011, it was defeated miserably. After the general election in 2020, it will become the largest party in the parliament again.Traditionally, they are conservative. They advocate tax reduction, increase employment opportunities at home, and neutral policies abroad to support European integration.The party leader is Michelle Martin.
Sinn F é in
1905
There are about 15000 Party members, who were originally a political organization of the Irish Republican Army and committed to achieving the independence and unity of Ireland.Since 1986, the political views have tended to ease and have made great progress. In 2020, the general election will become the second largest party in the parliament for the first time.At present, it is the largest party in the British Northern Ireland Local Council, with 7 seats in the lower house of the British Parliament (but does not attend the British Parliament meeting).The party leader is Mary Lou McDonald.[13]
Fine Gael
1933
There are about 20000 Party members, and now it is the third largest party in the parliament.Representing the interests of rich farmers, the middle class and industrial and commercial capitalist groups, it is a center right party.Internally, it advocates reducing public expenditure, reducing tax rates and privatization;It advocates economic openness to the outside world and participates in the construction of European integration.The party leader is Simon Harris.[1][20]
On March 24, 2024 local time, the Irish Unity Party announced that Simon Harris was elected the new leader of the party.He will become Irish Prime Minister in April.[18]
judicial
The Supreme Court, the Court of Final Appeal, is the highest judicial organ, which consists of the High Court, the Circuit Court and the District Court.Judges are recommended by the government and appointed by the President.A judge who is incompetent or misbehaves may be removed from office with the approval of both houses of Parliament.There are 26 district court jurisdictions and 8 circuit court jurisdictions in China.The District Court has 63 judges, 37 circuit judges and 36 high judges.The Supreme Court is composed of the Chief Justice, the President of the High Court, the President of the Court of Appeal and nine other judges.There is also a special criminal court, composed of 11 judges drawn from the High Court, the Circuit Court and the District Court, which is dedicated to hearing cases endangering public security.Justice Donald O'Donnell, President of the High Court David Barniville.The Attorney General, Paul Gallagher, is responsible for making recommendations to the government on legal and legislative matters.[1]
Dignitaries
Michael Higgins: President.Born in 1941, he studied at the National University of Ireland, the University of Manchester in England and Indiana University in the United States, and obtained a bachelor's degree in sociology.He served as a senator from 1973 to 1977, and was elected as a member of the House of Representatives in 1981. He successively served as Mayor of Galway, Minister of Arts, Culture and Irish Language Affairs, and Chairman of the Labor Party.He won the presidential election as a candidate of the Labor Party in October 2011 and was re elected in November 2018.
Simon Harris: Prime Minister.Born in 1986.In 2009, he was elected as a member of the Wicklow County Council.In 2011, he was elected to the House of Representatives.Since July 2014, he has successively served as the Minister of State and Minister of Health of the Ministry of Finance. In June 2020, he will serve as the Minister of Continuing Education, Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science.In April 2024, he will be the Prime Minister.[19-20]
Economics
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overview
Ireland's traditional economy is dominated by agriculture and animal husbandry.The Shannon Development Zone, which was established in 1959, is the first special economic zone in the world and is known as a successful model of regional development.Since the 1980s, we have made great efforts to develop high-tech industries such as software and bioengineering, and attracted a large number of overseas high-tech investment with a good investment environment. The economic structure has rapidly completed the leap from agriculture and animal husbandry to knowledge, achieving rapid growth. The economic growth rate once ranked first among the member countries of the European Union.
After the international financial crisis in 2008, Ireland became one of the first European countries to experience economic recession. In 2010, Ireland fell into the sovereign debt crisis, received 85 billion euros of aid from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund, and implemented fiscal austerity policies.In 2011, it took the lead in restoring economic growth among the heavily indebted countries in the EU. In December 2013, it announced its unconditional withdrawal from the aid plan of the EU, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund.In 2021, the GDP will grow 13.5% year on year, making it the fastest growing economy in Europe in that year. In 2022, it will maintain a high growth rate of 9.4%.In 2023, there will be an economic downturn, with the GDP of 466.2 billion euros, down 1.9% year on year.[1][20]
Industry
It mainly includes electronics, telecommunications, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, machinery manufacturing, mining, textiles, clothing, leather, paper making, printing, food processing, wood processing and other departments.In recent years, the chemical industry, electronic engineering, computer software industry and other industries have made rapid progress, and the proportion of traditional clothing, footwear and leather industries has declined significantly.[1]
Agriculture
Mainly animal husbandry.Livestock and its products account for more than 70% of the total agricultural output value.The main crops are wheat, oats, potatoes, sugar beets, etc.The area of cultivated land and forest land accounts for 75% of the total land area.[1]
Finance
In 2023, the tax revenue will reach 83.1 billion euros, an increase of 700 million euros year on year, of which the corporate income tax revenue will grow by 11 billion euros year on year, surpassing the value-added tax and becoming the second largest tax source of the country.By the end of 2023, the debt of the government of Estonia had reached 223.5 billion euros, a year-on-year decrease of 1.5 billion euros.
Central Bank of Ireland: Founded in 1943, it was reorganized and renamed as the Central Bank and Financial Service Authority of Ireland in May 2003.Euro will be used as of January 1, 2002.[1][20]
foreign trade
It plays an important role in the economy.The main trading partners are other EU member states, the United States, China and other countries.The main export commodities are pharmaceuticals and organic chemicals, and the main import commodities are aircraft and machinery products.In 2023, the total trade exports will be 197 billion euros, down 6% year on year, and the total imports will be 140 billion euros, down 1% year on year.[1][20]
foreign aid
Attach importance to foreign development assistance.In 2022, 2.3 billion euros will be spent on overseas development assistance, a significant increase from 967 million euros in 2021, accounting for 0.63% of the gross national income. It will be mainly used to deal with Ukrainian refugee problems and respond to humanitarian crises.[13]
Culture
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language
Irish, as a national language, is the first official language;English is the second official language.But in fact, English is the first common language.About 35% of Irish people in the country master Irish, which is also a compulsory course for primary and secondary schools.The National Irish Language Council has promoted the use of Irish throughout the country and established Irish language radio and television stations.[10]
Religion
87% of Irish people believe in Roman Catholicism, while others believe in Christianity, Protestantism, Buddhism, etc.Irish people are simple and enthusiastic, and dress neatly and appropriately in social occasions.Meeting and talking at home, tavern or other places is a common way for people to relax.[10]
custom
Irish people are simple and enthusiastic, and dress neatly and appropriately in social occasions.Meeting and talking at home, tavern or other places is a common way for people to relax.If you want to negotiate business, you need to make an appointment in advance.If invited to an Irish home, a bottle of wine, a bunch of flowers, a box of chocolate candy or cheese are all suitable gifts.Irish people usually shake hands when meeting guests on social occasions.When meeting relatives and friends, most people use cheek kissing or cheek cheek touching for two or three times instead of shaking hands to show their intimacy and friendship.
Like most western countries, Irish people taboo "13" and "Friday" and do not want others to ask about their whereabouts, salary, age and marital status.Irish people like green and avoid red, white and blue combinations.
festival
St. Patrick's Day
The main festivals in Ireland are: New Year's Day on January 1, Saint Patrick's Day on March 17 (the National Day of Ireland), Good Friday and Easter (the first Sunday after the full moon on March 21 is Easter, the Friday before Easter is Good Friday, and the holidays are from Friday to Monday)Bank holiday (the first Monday in June and August and the last Monday in October), Halloween on October 31, Christmas Eve on December 24, Christmas Day on December 25, St. Stephen's Day on December 26, and Carnival on December 31.
Work five days a week, and Saturday and Sunday are public holidays.[10]
diet
The traditional diet of Ireland is very similar to that of Britain. The family diet is dominated by potatoes, vegetables and beef. Bread is one of the staple foods of Irish people.Potatoes are rich in cooking methods, while vegetables are mainly cooked in water.Because Dublin is close to the sea, there are many fresh seafood and seafood dishes.On the basis of traditional diet, Ireland has introduced the diet of France, Italy and other countries. Irish food is not greasy and very light. Usually, the dinner is potatoes, meat (mutton, pork, chicken) or fish, one or two vegetables (carrots, celery, cabbage, onion, pepper, cucumber, mushrooms are seasonal vegetables), or eaten raw (salad) or boiled in water;In addition, Irish people love to eat dairy products, eggs, cheese, milk, yogurt, fruit, etc.
Irish people usually eat English style western food and use knives and forks. They especially like stewed dishes, especially those with high nutritional value;Be willing to drink clear soup, and like to equip various condiments on the table;At the same time, they also like Chinese Jiangsu cuisine and Cantonese cuisine.Irish tea parties for friends are very particular. When friends come to visit and sit down, first let the guests drink the unique Irish black beer (Guinness Guinness) cup by cup, and then the host will bring tea, coffee and other convenient food.It is said that the world famous Guinness World Record is just Irish drinkingGuinness, created when boasting and betting.Irish WhiskeyIrish Whiskey is a whisky produced only in Ireland and distilled from barley malt and grain.
Clothes & Accessories
The traditional dress of Irish men is skirt.
dance
Dance of the River
Music plays an important role in Irish culture. The harp is a typical traditional instrument in Ireland. Its shape has been chosen as the symbol of the patriotic emblem, which indicates the extremely important position of music in Ireland.
Irish tap dancing is passionate and unrestrained, with beautiful melody and extremely distinctive and varied rhythm. It combines the essence of Irish traditional music, songs and dances, and reflects the spirit of modern Ireland.The large-scale dance drama Dance of the River, known as the "Irish Cultural Envoy", combines Irish dance, tap dance, Russian folk dance, Spanish Flamingo and other dance forms.It has been widely praised around the world, known as "the world's first tap dance", and is an excellent representative of Irish culture.
《Dance of the River》Since its debut in Dublin in 1995, River Dance has performed more than 12000 times worldwide (in 2013).(The musical Cat has been performed 7000 times in 21 years);More than 2000 theaters have performed in 32 countries and regions around the world;More than 25 million viewers watched the performance of the River Dance on site, with 2.7 billion TV viewers worldwide.The touring mileage exceeds 563000 miles, which is equivalent to the round-trip distance from the earth to the moon;Won the Grammy "Best Musical Award" and sold 10 million DVDs of River Dance in the world.A total of 1200 dancers have joined the troupe, used 12000 pairs of dance shoes, wore 9000 sets of clothing, and drank 150000 gallons of mineral water.
Sports
Hockey
IrelandHockey（hurling）It is a unique traditional movement. Its history can be traced back to before Christianity was introduced into Ireland (in the 5th century AD). It is the fastest grassland movement in the world.
golf
Irish golf has a history of indulging in golf since 7000 BC.The unique natural geographical situation has created Ireland.The Ryder Cup held in 2006 was unanimously recognized by the global golf industry, and the world-class golf managers' association named Ireland as the best golf destination in the world.
Gaelic football
Gaelic footballandhurling The two most popular sports in Ireland areGaelic Sports AssociationTwo of the four major Gaelic movements promoted.In addition, football is also a popular sport among the general public,Irish National Football TeamIt is also one of the symbols of the country.The 2011 European League Final was held on May 18 in Dublin, IrelandAviva Stadium conduct.As the European Football Association avoids naming the stadium as a sponsor, the stadium will be renamed "Dublin Stadium" in the final.Gaelic football is divided into the first half and the second half, with 15 players from each side. The duration of the game is 60 minutes or 70 minutes.The competition time of cross county level and above competitions is 70 minutes, and most of the Gaelic football matches of adult group and under 21 group are 60 minutes;If the two sides are tied, there will be a 20 minute overtime match, which will also be divided into the first half and the second half.
music
Ireland is known as the hometown of pop music, where one of the world's greatest rock bands was bornu2, a popular men's groupboyzoneandwestlife, pure sounds of nature Enya and women's group celtic women,the cranberries (The Cranberries), Niall Horan, a member of One Direction, and Declan, a music prodigy, etc.
Irish musicIt developed in the struggle for national independence and the promotion of national culture.In the twelfth century,Irish Harp His superb playing skills have been known in Europe.In the 17th century, the Irish people used the harp ingeniously to fight against the British colonialists.In the 18th century, with IrelandNational liberation movementThe rise of the anti feudal movement and the revival of Irish national culture not only restored the ancient harp competition, but also made the music of Western Europe take root, blossom, and bear fruit in Ireland. Dublin, the capital of Ireland, has developed into an important music center in Europe.
The Irish people are proud of the famous German composerHandelThe painstaking classic work, the oratorio "Messiah" based on the Bible story, was first performed in Dublin in 1742 and directed by the composer himself;Between 1814 and 1816,BeethovenHe has adapted 62 Irish songs;thanChopinDublin pianist and composer in his thirtiesJohn FieldCreated many beautifulSerenadeThese serenades had a great impact on Chopin.Contemporary famous new century music queenEnyaOur music is very popular in the world.
Irish folk songs and ballads with beautiful melody, strong flavor of life and romantic color are well-known in the world.The folk song "The Last Rose in Summer" written by the 18th century Dublin poet Thomas Moore is a song loved by people all over the world.
military
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national defense
Adhering to the policy of neutrality and not a member of NATO, he joined the NATO "Partnership for Peace" program in 1999.The National Defense Force and its reserves have nearly 10000 personnel.The armed forces are directly under the leadership of the Ministry of National Defense, with the President as the supreme commander.The system of voluntary military service is implemented, with a service period of three years and a reserve period of six years.[1][4]
Military system
The army was founded in 1922.The national defense force is divided into the Standing Force (PDF) and the Reserve Force (RDF).standing armyIt includes the army, navy and air force. The reserve force consists of the army reserve force and the navy reserve force.The President is the supreme commander of the armed forces.The armed forces are directly under the leadership of the Ministry of Defence.
We will practise voluntary military service,Reserve serviceThe service period is 6 years, and the regular army service period is 3 years.
In March 2008, the Ministry of National Defense of Ireland released the 2008-2012 Strategic Plan, which proposed that Love will build a sustainable and flexiblemilitary forceLove insists on military neutrality but supportsUnited Nations peacekeeping operationsAnd continue to support EU security and defense policies, and maintain good relations with NATO.
In March 2015, the Ministry of Defence of Ireland released the White Paper on National Defense, which proposed that Ireland would increase military spending and improve the level of military modernization. While adhering to military neutrality, it would continue to firmly support the collective security guarantee system with the United Nations at the core, fully participate in the EU's common foreign and defense policies, and strengthen cooperation with NATO through the NATO "Partnership for Peace".
Military expenditure
In 2008, Ireland's defense budget was 1.8 billion euros.
traffic
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survey
Inland transportation is dominated by roads and railways.The total length of the highway is 96000 kilometers.The vast majority of international trade in goods is carried by sea.Dublin, Shannon and Cork have major ports and international airports.[1]
highway
The roads in Ireland are in good condition. The transportation is mainly by roads, and the road network is connected with Northern Ireland.The total length of national roads is about 53.09 million kilometers.Large cities in Ireland are connected by highways or national highways.In 2019, Irish road freight volume was 159 million tons.[10]
aviation
The major airports that can take off and land international flights in Ireland are Dublin International Airport, Shannon International Airport and Cork International Airport.Among them, Dublin International Airport is the gateway airport of Ireland.Affected by the epidemic, in 2020, the passenger throughput of major airports in Ireland was only 8.293 million person times, down 78.2% year on year.
In 2018, HNA and Cathay Pacific respectively opened direct flights from Beijing and Hong Kong to Dublin, in 2019, HNA opened direct flights from Shenzhen to Dublin, and Lucky Airlines opened flights from Dublin to Shanghai in 2020.The COVID-19 epidemic needs to be recovered after the end.[10]
Railway
The Irish railway network is connected to the British railway network.The total length of Irish railways in 2019 is about 3237 km, which is divided into urban light rail (Luas) and ordinary railway (Rail).The light rail mileage is 42.8 kilometers, and the passenger volume is 48.347 million person times.The general railway mileage is 2045 kilometers, the passenger volume is 50 million person times, and the freight volume is 346000 tons.The Irish railway is convenient and fast. There are railway stations in major cities and towns, and there are three major railway stations in Dublin leading to all parts of the country.[10]
water transport
Maritime transport plays an important role in Irish transport. There are 21 operating ports, including Dublin, Cork and Waterford.Cork Port is the largest seaport in the southern coast of Ireland. Limerick is the southwest coastal port and close to Shannon International Airport. Galway is the western coastal port, while Waterford is the southern coastal port, which is specially used for container transportation.In 2019, the cargo throughput of Irish ports was 53.24 million tons and the passenger volume was 2.6 million person times.[10]
Sociology
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media
There are nearly 100 national daily, weekly, weekly, monthly and magazine newspapers and local newspapers.The main newspapers are the Irish Times, the Irish Independent and the Observer.There is no official news agency.The Irish National Broadcasting Corporation was founded in 1926 and began to broadcast in English. In 1961, it began to broadcast television programs.There are also Irish language radio stations.
In Ireland, due to the large number of Chinese in Dublin, Chinese newspapers came into being.The two largest free Chinese newspapers are the New Island Weekly and the Chinese Daily, which issue one issue every week with a circulation of about 18000.Newspapers are free but very practical.It publishes all kinds of latest Irish news, study abroad materials, 2 hands/house rental/recruitment and other practical information, which is very popular among local Chinese.In addition, the British "London Times" is also published in Dublin, the capital of Ireland.[4]
marriage
In 1937, the Irish Constitution explicitly prohibited divorce. In 1986, the referendum rejected the abolition of the law. Until 1995, the proposal to abolish the law was put forward again, eliminating the opposition of the local church, and supported the abolition of the law with a support rate of about 58%[17]And will enter into force in 1997.The important condition is that the couple applying for divorce must live apart for more than 4 years, which is the only criterion for Irish divorce cases, so the divorce conditions in Ireland are still more stringent than those in other regions.
science education
Ireland implements compulsory education in primary and secondary schools, and universities are partially funded by the state.The number of illiterate people accounts for about 2% of the national population.Ireland's public education expenditure accounts for about 14% of the government's recurrent expenditure and about 5% of GDP.Ireland's education system has traditionally been divided into three stages: 8 years of primary education;5-6 years of secondary education;Higher education provides a wide range of courses including vocational education, technical training, undergraduate and graduate students.Ireland's compulsory free education is from 6 to 15 years old.Most Irish people are highly educated.In order to further improve the education level of citizens, the Irish government has invested 25.8 billion euros in education and training in the National Development Plan 2007-2013.Among them, 13 billion euros is used for the capital construction of the third stage educational institutions (higher education institutions), and 5 billion euros is used for the improvement of the conditions of the first and second stage educational institutions (primary and secondary schools).[6]
Irish education systemIreland's long history and excellent education level are recognized by the world.As early as the Middle Ages, Ireland waswestern worldA leader in education in China.All Irish governments have taken education as an important development direction and increased investment and support.Ireland is one of the most educated countries in the world, which has greatly promoted economic prosperity and creativity.Irish people have gradually formed the concept of "lifelong learning", and learning opportunities are everywhere.
There are 7 universities in the Republic of Ireland.Trinity College Dublin ranks 67th in the latest ranking of world universities in 2013.
International Relations
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foreign policy
Attach importance to developing relations with Britain and the United States and the European Union.
We attach importance to the role of the United Nations, advocate taking the United Nations as the core of the international collective security system, peacefully resolving international disputes in accordance with international law, and safeguarding the security and well-being of all countries through international cooperation and multilateralism.It advocates that large and small countries play an equal role in international affairs, actively promote the reform of the United Nations, and expand their influence by participating in United Nations peacekeeping and development assistance.We attach importance to climate change, advocate that developed countries bear historical responsibility for climate change, should take the lead in significantly reducing emissions, and provide support to developing countries in terms of capital and technology transfer.Served as a non permanent member of the UN Security Council from 2021 to 2022.
On June 9, 2022 local time, the members of the United Nations General Assembly voted at the United Nations Headquarters in New York to elect the non permanent members of the Security Council from 2023 to 2024.The new members of the Security Council will take over the existing Ireland and other countries from January 1, 2023[8-9]。
Love Britain relationship
Ireland and the United Kingdom signed a landmark agreement on mutual exemption of short-term visas on October 6, 2014, allowing tourists and business personnel from non EU countries such as China, India and Russia to use one visa to travel between the two island countries without hindrance.
Irish Justice Minister Francis Fitzgerald said that Ireland and the United Kingdom implement the short-term visa exemption policy, and China will be the first beneficiary countries. Chinese citizens will enjoy the convenience brought by the policy from the end of this month.India is the second beneficiary country.It is expected that the policy will be applicable to all non EU citizens by the end of 2015.[6]
China Ireland relations
Political relations
On June 22, 1979, China and Ireland signed the communiqu é on the establishment of diplomatic relations. In 1980, the two countries exchanged ambassadors.Since the establishment of diplomatic ties, China Ireland bilateral relations have developed rapidly.In 1998 and 2005, the government of Ireland formulated the "Asia Strategy" and the "Asia Strategy" of the new stage respectively. In 2020, it introduced the Asia Pacific 2025 Plan, a global development strategy, and regarded China as an important partner of Ireland in Asia.
Economic and trade relations
China Ireland economic and trade cooperation has developed rapidly in recent years.China is the fourth largest trading partner of Love in the world.Love has had a trade surplus with China for many consecutive years.The bilateral trade volume between China and Ireland will reach US $22.9 billion in 2021 and US $23.8 billion in 2022.In 2023, the bilateral trade volume will be 21.76 billion US dollars, down 6.3% year on year, of which China's exports will be 4.38 billion US dollars, down 14.6% year on year, and imports will be 17.38 billion US dollars, down 4% year on year.Love joined the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank in March 2017.In April 2024, Ireland will be the guest of honor of the 4th China International Consumer Goods Expo.[21]
Exchange and cooperation in other fields
China and Ireland signed the Cultural Exchange Agreement in 1985.The Memorandum of Understanding on Cultural Cooperation was signed in 2001 and renewed in 2016.In 2014, the two sides signed the Memorandum of Understanding on the Establishment of a Chinese Cultural Center in Ireland.Dublin has successfully held the Chinese New Year celebration for 15 consecutive years, and President Higgins of Ireland and other dignitaries have attended relevant activities for many times in recent years.
China and Ireland signed the Agreement on Education Cooperation in 2001 and the Agreement on Mutual Recognition of Degrees and Qualifications in Higher Education in 2006.So far, China has opened three Confucius Institutes in Aioi.Since 2014, the government of Ireland has listed Chinese as an elective subject in junior high schools, 2020 as an elective subject in senior high schools, and 2022 as an official subject in the college entrance examination.
China and Ireland signed the Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement in 2000, the Science and Technology Cooperation Research Fund Agreement in 2002, and the Agreement on Industry University Research Cooperation in Life Sciences in 2012.In July 2019, China and Ireland signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Promoting Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation, established the mechanism of the Joint Committee on Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation between China and Ireland, and held the first mechanism meeting.In October 2022, the two sides held the second meeting of the China Ireland Joint Committee on Science and Technology Cooperation in the form of video.
In 2015, China and Ireland signed the Agreement on Mutual Exemption of Visas for Persons Holding Diplomatic and Official Passports.From July 1, 2019, Ireland will issue five year multiple entry business visas and tourist visas to Chinese citizens.At present, there are about 50000 overseas Chinese and Chinese students working, studying and living in Ai.From March 14, 2024, China will try out a visa free policy for Ireland.[14]
At present, there are 8 pairs of sister cities (provinces) between China and Ireland: Beijing and Dublin, Shanghai and Cork, Jiangsu Province and Cork County, Gansu Province and Sligo County, Chengdu and Finger County, Yunnan Province and Clare County, Hainan Province and Wicklow County, Changzhou City and Galway City.Ireland has consulates general in Shanghai and Hong Kong.[20]
On the morning of January 17, 2024, Premier Li Qiang of the State Council held talks with Prime Minister Valladka of Ireland at the Dublin State Guesthouse.In order to facilitate personnel exchanges between the two countries, China will grant Ireland a unilateral visa waiverEncounter.[12]
Relations with Israel
On May 22, 2024 local time, it was reported that Israel was recalling its diplomats in Ireland to Israel.[22]
With the State of Palestine
On May 22, 2024, Irish Prime Minister Harris announced the recognition of the Palestinian State.[23]
On May 28, 2024, the Irish government issued a statement announcing that Ireland's decision to recognize the Palestinian State had officially come into force with the approval of the Cabinet meeting.[24]
specialty
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All kinds of Irish Whiskey
There are two kinds of Irish wine that must be tasted. One is 700 years oldIrish Whiskey(Irish Whiskey)Baileys Irish Cream（Baileys）。The spelling of Irish whisky is different from that of Britain and America. It is not "Whisky", but "Whiskey".The local people laughed that the addition of an "e" means that Irish whisky is superior to British and American whisky;Baili liqueur is Ireland's most creative masterpiece, ranking 13th in the world's foreign wine;In addition, there are many flavors in IrelandHandmade chocolateIt is a good gift for relatives and friends.Other Irish specialties include Waterford Krystal, Irish tartanIrish bagpipes、The Claddagh ring (Kladdagh Ring), Tala Brooch, handmade woolen sweater, etc., can be sent to yourself or your bosom friend.
Travel?
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The Republic of Ireland is located in the North Atlantic OceanIrish SeaIt faces the east of England.Northeast（Northern Ireland）YesCommonwealthPart of.Ireland has a central area surrounded by mountains. With beautiful scenery and quicksand beaches, it is an excellent scenic spot in Europe.The warm current moistens the bay in the sub temperate zone, and the rugged and steep cliffs stretch along the 5600km coastline.Ireland is picturesque. Its rich and varied natural scenery is fascinating. There are green villages, endless beaches, winding lakes and rivers.People here are hospitable by nature, and are willing to talk with others.All these are the essence of Ireland as an excellent resort.Ireland's national culture is not single, different regions have different cultures;Moreover, the lives of urban and rural residents are very different in some aspects.However, wherever they live, Irish people maintain a vibrant and lively national culture.
Natural scenery
Giant levee
Giant leveeGiant's Causeway is located on the Atlantic coast northwest of Belfast, Northern Ireland. This causeway, which stretches for several kilometers and is gathered by tens of thousands of evenly sized basalt rock columns, is one of the 15 most wonderful geomorphological phenomena in the world, and it is also the first scenic spot on the Irish Island.
The name Giant Causeway comes from a folk legend in Ireland.It is said that this is the legendary great hero of IrelandFinn McCool (Written in English as Finn Mac Cool, the famous Fenian mythological warriors and the leaders of Fiona Knights, who are said to be very active in the third century AD) This causeway was built to meet the challenge of the Scottish giants. When the Scottish giants attacked, its huge size exceeded Finn McCool's expectations,At this time, his wife had a plan to let him pretend to be his own baby, and let the Scottish giant think that Finn McCool's babies were so big that Finn must be more massive, so she took the initiative to retreat. In order to prevent the pursuit, the Scottish giant destroyed the causeway, leaving today's giant road[4][7]。
Xiangnong River
Xiangnong RiverRiver Shannon, the longest river in Ireland, has been an important waterway since ancient times, with a total length of about 400 kilometers, almost running through the entire island of Ireland.The Shannon River originates from the western foot of Quelca in northwest Ireland, and then meanders and undulates between hills and flows southward through the central plain to the port city of Limenirik in southwest Ireland.There are many special sceneries along the Xiangnong River, and these sceneries, whether cultural or natural, are inextricably linked with water.It is particularly recommended that the lakes, rivers and bridges in Galway, which is adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean, set off each other with medieval style buildings, known as "Venice in the West".Xiangnong, a small town at the mouth of the sea, has always been an important tourist attraction.A unique medieval castle party is often held here, with the host dressed as a knight, and the waitress dressed in traditional finery, such as a long skirt, serving guests and performing folk songs and dances.The annual Xiangnong River regatta is a great opportunity for tourists to enjoy the Xiangnong River.
Lake Lane
Lough Leane is a famous lake in the south of Ireland Island. It belongs to the Kuarney group of lakes. It is beautiful and peaceful.Legend has it that the famous hero poet of ancient IrelandZedoary phase(Ossian) It was here that he was taken into a mysterious fairyland by the elves and spent 300 years there.
Cliffs of Moher
Cliffs of MoherCliffs of Moher is on the central and western edge of Ireland Island. Facing the vast Atlantic Ocean, the cliff is famous for its adventure. It is the highest cliff in Europe. It stretches 8000 meters along the west coast of Ireland, and the top of the cliff is 200 meters deep from the rough sea.Mohe Cliff, standing in the sea, is the most important habitat for seabirds in Ireland. There are also many rare plant species growing here, and it is also the location of many films.Mohe Cliff is a masterpiece of crustal changes and the impact of countless years of Atlantic waves. The steep and straight cliffs and faults are lined up like giant books.The towering Brian Tower near the cliff is the vantage point for viewing. When you climb up and look far, that "giant book" will surely make you exclaim the magic of time and nature.
Cropatrick Hill
Cropatrick HillCroagh Patrick is 764 meters high and is a quartz peak located in Mayo County, Ireland.It is said that in 441 AD, the sage St. Patrick went on a hunger strike for 40 days here. Since then, the mountain has been closely linked with culture and religion. Now, on the last Sunday of July every year, pilgrims will come to the mountain to pray in a small church.
It is also worth mentioning that the toilet at the top of Cropatrick Mountain is known as one of the most beautiful toilets in the world.
Park attractions
Phoenix Park
Phoenix ParkPhoenix Park is located on the north bank of the Lefey River in the northwest of Dublin, covering an area of 1760 acres. It was originally the deer park built by the Duke of Ormond in 1663. After centuries of changes, it still retains the characteristics of the deer park in the 17th century.Phoenix Park is the largest urban park in Western Europe and the most famous park in Ireland.Since the deer park was named Finniskk (meaning clear water and green grass) in Celtic, and its pronunciation is similar to the English "Phoenix", the British called it "Phoenix Park".There are many roads in the park, including the Irish Presidential Palace and the residence of the American ambassador.
Victorian St. Stephen Park
St. Stepahen's Green in Victorian style isDublinThe largest park in the urban area, with gardens, artificial lakes and more than ten Dublin celebrity statues including Joyce.It used to be a private garden, which was donated to the Dublin Municipal Government by its owner. Today, this 22 hectare park is the venue for many activities, such as the Saint Patrick's Day on June 16 every year, where thousands of revelers sing and dance.There are Irish National Museum, Natural History Museum, National Gallery and other famous scenic spots near the park. If you want to take a carriage to visit the center of Dublin, you can take it near the park.
St Annes Park
St Annes Park St. Anne Park is the second largest park in Dublin, owned by members of the Guinness family and founded by Benjamin Lee Guinness in 1835.There are open forests and various entertainment facilities, and St. Anne Rose Garden is the most famous one in the park. Tourists from all over the world come here in the flower season from June to September every year.
Saint Anne Rose Garden has been open to the public since 1975. In 1980, it was awarded the Citizenship Award by the National Tourism Administration and the College of Urban Planning. Since 1981, it has been an international rose cultivation center.
Historic sites
Up to 2011, Ireland has two world heritage sites, the Boyne Palace andSkylig Michael Island。Newgrange Tomb, located in the archaeological collection of Boyne River meander (Boyne Palace) in Mies County, northeast Ireland, is one of the most famous prehistoric tombs in Ireland. Newgrange Tomb was built around 3200 BC in the Neolithic Age. After the arrival of the Celts, Newgrange Tomb was considered to be the residence of their gods.Boyin meander often appears in Celtic mythology.Newgrange's tomb passage is about 60 feet long, leading to a room with three recesses.The tomb is supported by a completely sealed vault.The stone mound covering the tomb weighs about 200000 tons and is supported by a foundation composed of 97 huge stones.Newgrange Tomb combines astronomical research. From this phenomenon, we can know that Newgrange Tomb was built about 500 years earlier than the Egyptian pyramids and about 1000 years earlier than Stonehenge.This may reflect that the builders want to express the beginning of the new year, or the victory of life over death.
Birr Castle
Birr Castle The Birr Castle, which has been inhabited by the Parsons for generations since 1620, fully demonstrates the wisdom and imagination of the owners of the family from generation to generation.In the 17th century, the square hedge planted here was the highest hedge in the world in Guinness records;In the 18th century, the beautiful man-made lake took shape;In the 19th century, the suspension bridge and winter garden were completed;Formal Garden, Terrace Garden and River Garden can all be regarded as classic gardens.In fact, the garden of Bill Castle is also the largest garden in Ireland, of which 50 trees are also known as the "Champion Trees of Britain Island";The telescope built by Earl Ross, the third generation master of Bill Castle, has been the largest telescope in the world for 70 years since its completion. The Earl once observed a swirling nebula with it, which was later confirmed to be the first time that humans observed a swirling galaxy.
Dublin Castle
Dublin Castle Dublin Castle is one of the oldest buildings in Dublin. It was ordered to be built by King John of England on August 30, 1204. It was originally used to house the king's gold, silver and jewelry.Dublin Castle is rectangular in shape, and its four corners are composed of four Peibao. At the beginning of its construction, its architectural style and scale were the highest in Europe, surrounded by high walls, and the main gate has a suspension bridge. Dublin was the "city in the city" in the Middle Ages.Dublin Castle has long been the seat of the British authority over Ireland in history. The richly decorated St. Patrick's Hall (banquet hall), the Assembly Room, and the Throne Room were once the main venues for the British Governor in Ireland.Dublin Castle is the most important place for Irish state activities. The inauguration ceremony of the president and the state banquet welcoming foreign heads of state or government are held here.More than half of the historic Dublin Castle was destroyed by the fire in 1684.Most of the existing Dublin castles were built in the 18th century. During the centennial national independence movement, Dublin castles were washed and baptized by the wave of national liberation for many times because of the British settlement.After national independence, Dublin Castle became the historical witness of national independence.
St. Patrick's Cathedral
St. Patrick's Cathedral If you go to Dublin to visit, St. Patrick's Cathedral is definitely the place you must visit.St. Patrick's Cathedral is the second church in Dublin in the middle ancient times. It is located in the west of the south bank of the Liffey River in the urban area. It is the oldest place in the urban area where Christianity originated. It is said that Saint Patrick, the sage, converted to Christianity after being baptized in an ancient well here.
The earliest St. Patrick's Cathedral was built in 450 AD, and in 1181 AD, after Henry II appointed John Comyn as the archbishop of Dublin,St. Patrick's Cathedral The bell tower, built in 1370 and built in succession, houses the largest bell in Ireland.The church we see today was rebuilt in the 19th century.
Kylemore Abbey
Kylemore Abbey (Kylemore Abbey) is located on the west coast of Ireland, backed by lofty mountains.GrandioseGothic styleThe castle building and Victoria's walled garden make it one of the most popular tourist attractions in the region.The monastery was founded in 1852. During the First World War, Benedictine nuns who moved here from Belgium bought it from the owners of the castle from England, so the castle was renamed as Kalimore Monastery.After World War II, the nuns transformed part of the castle into a women's boarding school managed by them.In addition, it is worth recommending the Victorian walled garden covering six acres, which is one of the last several Victorian gardens built in Victorian Ireland.The passage of time has covered the garden with dust and vicissitudes, but an overall repair in 2000 has brought new vitality to the garden. The plants planted in the garden in the Victorian era are still growing thickly today.
museum
Irish Famine Museum
Great Famine It occurred between 1845 and 1852.The main factor causing famine islate blight(Phytophthora infestans) caused potato rot, and potato was the main food source of Irish people at that time.
During the famine, Ireland was under the rule of the British government, but the British government provided very little help: during this period, Britain still imported a large amount of food from the Americas, and some of the food was even transported through Irish ports, but hungry Irish people were unable to afford these food, which eventually caused a high proportion of Irish people to starve to death.During the seven years of the Great Famine, the population of Ireland under British rule dropped by nearly a quarter;In addition to those who died of hunger and illness, there are about one million people who have migrated overseas due to famine.
This disaster and other social and economic factors have severely hit the livelihood of poor farmers.The famine had a profound impact on Irish society, culture and population.
Cobh Heritage Centre
In 1912, the giant ship Titanic struck an iceberg and sank on its maiden voyage from Britain to the United States - this is the story background of the well-known film Titanic.But do you know?The last stop for Titanic to leave Europe is the Cobh wharf in the Irish port city of Cork.Kaofu also played an important historical role in the far-reaching famine and immigration events. In the late 1980s, in order to build the Kaofu Memorial Center, the local committee issued a document called "Queenstown Plan", and began to establish an important foundation to raise funds for the Kaofu Memorial Center.Today's Kaufu Memorial Center is recognized as one of the flagship projects funded by the Irish Tourism Agency and the European Union Fund, attracting more than 100000 tourists every year.Visiting the Kaofu Memorial Center will help you understand the historical development of Ireland.
Guinness Dark Beer Exhibition Hall
GuinnessIt is Ireland's national treasure. It can be found everywhere in Ireland.When you arrive in Dublin, you must visit the Guinness Storehouse.Guinness, originated from the family name, has become a world famous brand of dark beer after 250 years of trials and tribulations.Guinness Dark Beer Exhibition Hall is a new center of Guinness comprehensive system, where you will have a fresh understanding of Ireland beyond the tradition.
The Guinness Beer Exhibition Hall was completed in 1904, covering an area of 64 acres. It is in Chicago architectural style, and the whole building is made of steel bars.The beer exhibition hall has eight floors, which systematically introduces the corporate culture of Guinness.The first floor can taste pure black beer;The second floor showed the brewing process of Guinness black beer;The third floor is the Guinness Dark Beer Advertising Exhibition, with posters, audio and video products
Dublin Writers Museum
There were four Nobel Prize winners in Dublin, the city of writers. If you have a simple understanding of world literature, you must not miss the Dublin Writers Museum.
Located on Parnell Square in the north of the center of Dublin, the Museum of Writers is a magnificent 18th century Georgian style building, which has collected the proud achievements of Dublin literary giants over the past 300 years.Through the exhibition of works, letters, portraits and personal belongings, people will know more closelySwift、Wilde、Bernard Shaw、Yeats、Joyce、Beckett、HiniAnd other writers.
