NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a chemical substance, generally referring to reduced coenzyme I, which isNicotinamide adenine dinucleotideThe reduced state of.N refers to nicotinamide, A refers to adenine, and D refers to dinucleotide.
Because NADH is mainly involved in material and energy metabolism in cells, it is generated from the citric acid cycle in glycolysis and cell respiration, and acts as the carrier and electron donor of biological hydrogenMitochondrial intimaIt transfers energy to ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation process, so NADH is also called mitochondrial hormone.In theory, the energy released by 1 molecule NADH can synthesize 2.5 molecules of ATP.[1]
NADH plays an important role in maintaining cell growth, differentiation, energy metabolism and cell protection.[1]
NADH born inGlycolysisandCellular respirationActiveCitric acid cycle。NADH molecule ismitochondrionThe control marker in the medium energy production chain.Monitoring the redox state of NADH is the best parameter to characterize the function of mitochondria in vivo.Ultraviolet light can stimulate NADH to produce fluorescence in mitochondria to monitor mitochondrial function.
NADH and NAD+It is a pair of redox pairs in cells, and NADH is a coenzyme NAD+Restored form of, NAD+Is its oxidation form.stayRedox reactionNADH is the donor of hydrogen and electron, NAD+As the receptor of hydrogen and electron, it participates in physiological processes such as respiration, photosynthesis, alcohol metabolism, etc.They participate in life activities as coenzymes of many oxidation-reduction reactions in organisms, and transform each other.
Under anaerobic conditions, ATP produced by glucose metabolism is very little.Under aerobic conditions, NADH or FADH produced by glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycletwoA large amount of ATP can be produced by oxidizing phosphoric acid reaction.The amount of NADH is directly related to the amount of ATP production. The more NADH each cell contains, the more energy it generates.Organs that need more energy contain (or need) more NADH[2]。
organization
NADH content (mg/kg)
heart
ninety
muscle
fifty
brain
forty
liver
eleven
red blood cell
eight
Research History
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In 1906, Nobel Prize winner Arthur Harden discovered NADH
In 1935, the research on NADH function was officially kicked off
In 1987, NADH started clinical treatment
In 1994, Professor George Birkmeier developed "stable NADH"
NADH is widely used in research fields such as sub-health, aging and cancer prevention in the 21st century
In 2015, the highly stable NADH dietary supplement entered the Chinese market
In May 2022, the latest research of Chinese scientific research team on NAD+and aging, Association of Human Whole Blood NAD+Contents With Aging, was published in the authoritative journal Frontiers in Endocrinology.In this study, the Chinese scientific research team carried out the world's first large-scale analysis of the correlation between blood NAD+(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and age and gender in Chinese people. It was found that there was a significant gender difference in the relationship between blood NAD+levels and aging, and male NAD+levels declined significantly with age, especially in middle-aged and elderly men.[17]
Physiological function of NADH
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Improve energy levels
NADH is not only an important coenzyme in aerobic respiration, but also [H] of NADH carries a lot of energy.Studies have confirmed that extracellular use of NADH can promote the increase of intracellular ATP level, indicating that NADH can penetrate the cell membrane and enhance the energy level of cells[3]。From a macro perspective, exogenous NADH supplementation can help restore physical strength and increase appetite.In addition, NADH can also improve mental state and sleep quality by improving brain energy level.NADH has been applied abroad to improveChronic fatigue syndrome, improve sports endurance, reverse jet lag and other fields[4]。
Cell protection
NADH is a strong antioxidant naturally existing in cells.NADH canFree radical reactionSo as to inhibit theperoxidationTo protect mitochondrial membrane and mitochondrial function.The study found that NADH can reduce the oxidative stress of cells caused by radiation, drugs, toxic substances, strenuous exercise, ischemia and other factors, thus protecting vascular endothelial cells, hepatocytesCardiac myocyteFibroblasts, neurons, etc[5-7]。Therefore, injection or oral NADH is clinically used to improveCardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseasesAssist in cancer radiotherapy and chemotherapy.External use of NADH has been proved to be effectiveRosaceaandContact dermatitis[8]。
Promote the production of neurotransmitters
Research shows that NADH significantly promotes the production of neurotransmitter dopamine, which is a short-term memory,Involuntary movement, muscle tension and spontaneous physical reactions are crucial chemical signals.It also mediatesgrowth hormoneRelease and determine muscle movement.Without enough dopamine, muscles become stiff.For example, Parkinson's disease is partly caused by the disorder of dopamine synthesis in brain cells.Preliminary clinical trial data show that NADH can help improve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease[9]。NADH can also promote nail removaladrenalineAnd the biosynthesis of serotonin, showing good application potential for relieving depression and Alzheimer's disease[2]。
Security of NADH
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NADH has been tested for animal toxicity in rats and dogs. Even at high concentrations, NADH has no toxicity or side effects[10-11]。NADH is approved as a nutritional product on the world's largest and most complete drug and drug target resource bank, Drug Bank.As a dietary supplement[12]NADH has been sold in European and American markets for more than 20 years. According to the data contained in FDA Adverse Event Reporting System and CFSAN Adverse Event Reporting System, there has never been any adverse event report caused by oral NADH[13]。In 2018, the U.S. PURESSENCEBIO-TECH (USA) Inc. CELFULL Sirleaf NADH obtained the NPN (Natural Product Number) certificate issued by the Ministry of Health of Canada.[14]
Cell protection
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Cell protection refers to the ability of certain substances to prevent or reduce the damage of toxic substances to normal cells. Excessive damage to cells will affect the functioning of biological organism.Research shows that nuclear radiation, biological and chemical poisons can cause cell base damage,DNA strand breaks and protein cross-linking biological and chemical toxins not only act on DNA, but also directly act on the respiratory chain of mitochondria and the bio oxidized tricarboxylic acid cycle. By inhibiting the basic bio oxidative metabolic process in the process of life activities, they block energy supply, induce apoptosis of human normal cells, and cause disorder and destruction of normal physiological functions of the body.Therefore, cell protection becomeslife sciencesA cutting-edge topic with important clinical guiding significance, NADH is a coenzyme necessary for cell energy metabolism, with a molecular weight of 709.4 and an isoelectric point of 3.0.All kinds of activities and cell renewal of life phenomena and the maintenance and balance of the whole life structure require energy. NADH plays an electron transfer role in biological processes.
Overview of major metabolism and physiological functions of NAD+[16]
The electrons in the energy reaction are usually first transferred to NAD, and then reduced to NADH. The electrons are transferred to oxygen through the transfer chain, and energy is released. The oxidative phosphorylation uses these energies to produce ATP, and one molecule of NADH is reduced to produce 2.5 molecules of ATP.NADH main participationcarbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Because NADH activates the multi enzyme system, promotes the synthesis and metabolism of nucleic acid, protein and polysaccharide, increases material operation and regulation control, and improves metabolic function, it has a material basis for cell regeneration, repair, and protection.NADH plays an important role in maintaining cell growth, differentiation and energy metabolismBiochemical reagentAt the same time, it may also play a role in cell protection as a biochemical drug.
Spontaneous fluorescence
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NADH showed spontaneous fluorescence in the reduced form, while NAD did not.This allows microscopic determination of the redox state of NAD (H) by measuring the fluorescence intensity of NADH, which has been proved to be related to the process of cell metabolism.Since the evaluation of NADH spontaneous fluorescence is a labeling free method, it has general applicability in vivo, such as skeletal muscle, brain, kidney, skin and many other tissues.
Cell redox status and NAD level have been proved to play an indispensable role in cell health.Therefore, NADH spontaneous fluorescence can provide insights into cell metabolism, proton dynamics, growth rate and many other processes, and provide potential for new therapeutic and diagnostic methods.In the future, we may be able to determine multiple cell parameters by measuring NADH fluorescence, which will be a real revolution in bioenergetics.[18]
NADH preparation methods mainly include extraction, fermentation, enhancement, biosynthesis and organic synthesis[15]。
