Cataclysm is one of the theories about the origin of the solar system, which believes that the formation of the solar system is the result of some accidental event that causes great changes in the universe.Since the French naturalist Buffon proposed that comets collide with the sun's edge in 1745, causing the sun to separate many hot lumps and form planets after its rotation, the more famous catastrophes in history are: the "star son theory" proposed by the American geologist Chamberlain, which was later developed by the American astronomer Morton.It was proposed by British astronomer John Kings.Tide theory ".And since the 20th century.Double star theory "and the" supernova theory "proposed by British astronomer Hoyle and others.All kinds of catastrophe theories fail to explain the characteristics of the special distribution of angular momentum in the solar system, and it is scientifically groundless to use external accidental factors to explain the origin of the solar system, which also violates the basic theories and principles of dialectics in philosophy.[1]
Chinese name
Cataclysm theory
Foreign name
catastrophic hypothesis
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One of the theories of the origin of the solar system
One of the theories of the origin of the solar systemplanetIt is formed by the drastic change caused by some accidental event.The first catastrophe is the FrenchG L L BuffonProposed in 1745Comet theory: Think of oneBig cometTouch the sun to make itrotationAnd the solar matter knocked out forms planets and satellites in the process of circling.It denied the creation of God, and once had a considerable impact.In 1900, the American geologist Chamberlain put forward the "star son theory" (or "micro star theory").Later, he worked with American astronomer Morton to revise and develop it.They imagined that a star once traveled only a few million kilometers away from the sun and set off two huge tides on the front and back of the sun.The matter ejected from the sun gradually converges to form a gas disk around the sun, then condenses into many solid particles, and then agglomerates into solid blocks, called "stars", and finally they converge intoplanetAnd satellites.In 1916, British astronomer John Kings put forward the famous“tideSaid, "He assumes that there is a huge star approaching the sun, and under its action, the sun surface will produce tidal bulges;";The front bulge is quite large, and gradually separates from the sun, forming a cigar shaped strip that rotates around the sun. The gas in the strip condenses, and then gathers into various planets.This theory was rejected by later theoretical calculations.Kings' later catastrophe theories mainly include: ① Jeffries' "collision theory", which believes that another star collides with the sun, and the matter collided formed the planetary system; ②Ritton et al.'s "double star theory" believes that the sun is a child star of a double star, and this pair of stars, due to the action of the third star, separate material and form a planetary system; ③The "supernova theory" of Hoyle et al. believes that the companion star of the sun is a supernova, and some of the matter it erupts is captured by the sun.In order to illustrate the observed facts, most catastrophe theories assume many accidental factors, which is the main weakness of the catastrophe theory.In addition, none of them can explain the special distribution of angular momentum in the solar system. In fact, hot materials separated from the sun are easy to diffuse and cannot condense into planets.Therefore, these theories have been denied.Some astronomers who advocated the theory of cataclysm later changed their positionNebula theory。
Cataclysm theory
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From the 1870s to the 1950s, there were more than 20 kinds of catastrophe theories.The common feature is that the origin of planets can be explained by the close proximity or collision of two or three stars (one of which is the sun).However, it was later discovered that they had at least three problems: ① approaching or collision between starsprobabilityExtremely small, it is difficult to explain the existence of many extrasolar galaxies. ②The diffusion speed of the material pulled from the star or the sun is much faster than the condensation speed, and it will not form a planet. ③The calculation shows that this model can not avoid the difficulty of angular momentum.As a result, it gradually declined after the 1950s, and some scholars gave up their original views to support the new nebula theory.Of course, some catastrophe theories also have some merits, such as TC. Chamberlain and FR. Morton's Cataclysm Theory Concerning the Collision of Planets by Asteroidsaccretion The thought formed by the way has been inherited and developed by most new nebula theories.
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Cataclysm theory
The earliest catastrophe theory was put forward by the French zoologist George Louis Leclerc de Buffon in 1745.He believed that the sun formed before the planets. After the sun formed, there was once acomet"Glancing" (passing by) makes the sun rotate, and at the same time, a lot of matter is knocked out.Some of these materials fall back to the sun, some fly away from the sun's gravity, and some rotate around the sun, and later form planets.According to our current understanding of comets, this view is obviously untenable, but in Buffon's era, comets were considered to be massive celestial bodies.
In the first 40 years of the 20th century, the Kant Laplace classical nebula theory encountered difficulties that were difficult to solve - the abnormal angular momentum distribution, and the catastrophe theory once took an absolute advantage.From the end of the 19th century to the 1940s and 1950s, there were about twenty different theories of catastrophe.They mostly explain the origin of the solar system by the accidental event of two or three stars approaching or colliding with each other.Among them, the most famous one is the "Completion Plan" proposed by the British astronomer Jeans in 1916?Video.Kings believes that when another star approaches the sun, a great tide is generated on the surface of the sun.The tide on the opposite side is much smaller than that on the front side, and soon fades.The tide on the front is very large, and the material is pulled out by the passing stars to form a long strip.When this star leaves the sun, all planets form in the strip.The middle part of the strip is thicker and the two ends are thinner, so JupiterSaturnLarger.
As far as we know, the density of stars in space is very low, and the distribution of stars near the sun is similar to some ping-pong balls that are more than 960 kilometers apart.The stars in the universe are very close to each other.According to the observation of nearby stars, at least two stars are likely to have their own planets.Based on these findings, it is estimated thatGalaxyAbout 1% to 10% of the stars may have planets.Such a large number of planets cannot be explained by the accidental encounter between stars.Therefore, the disaster gradually declined in the 1950s.basis
Cataclysm theory
In the 1930s, the Sperham skull discovered in 1932 and the Swanscom skull discovered in 1935 led some scholars to believe that the late Homo sapiensNeanderthalIt has appeared before, so the Neanderthals should be a collateral branch in the evolution.These two skulls show a relatively round skull and a higher skull crest.Although it is recognized today that the characteristics of Homo erectus on these two skulls are still very obvious, a theory called "Anthropocene Catastrophe Theory" was formed at that time, which believed that the late Homo sapiens represented by these two skulls had appeared about 200000 years ago.However, they are suppressed by the Nepalese, because they are more physically adapted to the harshGlacial climateHowever, the late Homo sapiens who were more advanced in physical form only lived in some warmer regions in Asia and gradually developed more advanced technology and culture.About 37000 years ago, they returned to Europe to replace and eliminate the Nepalese people.
By the 1980s, the theory of substitution for disasters had resurfaced, based on:
(1) Archaeologists may have misunderstood the more progressive aspects of Neanderthal behavior, such as "flower burial" and "cave bear sacrifice".Apart from the simplest burial custom of the Nepalese people, there is no etiquette in fact.Nepalese technology is very simple and conservative, lacking evidence of flexible thinking.The Neanderthals are not clever hunters. At best, they just take meat from beasts. Therefore, the difference in behavior between Neanderthals and late Homo sapiens shows that their inheritance relationship is weak.
However, this view is somewhat biased in the face of new discoveries.In the mid-1980s, when excavating some sites of the Mostian culture in Western Europe, evidence was found that the Neanderthals hunted certain large animals.These evidences show that some scholars are not completely correct in their view that Neanderthals are mentally retarded and incapable of hunting large animals.
(2) American ConstitutionanthropologistAlan Wilson of the University of California, BerkeleyMitochondrial DNAAccording to the evidence, all modern people have a common female ancestor, who lived about 300000 to 150000 years ago.If the molecular biology calculation is correct, the late grandmother should be from South Africa.Her descendants gradually spread to the whole world.
(3) NewDating techniqueNot only did it not solve the problem of the origin of modern people, but it made the problem more complicated.For example, a complete Neanderthal skeleton was unearthed from the Saint Saeser site in western France. The skull shows the relatively thick and thick characteristics of typical Neanderthals. The fossil age teeth were determined 35000-33000 years ago.However, many late Homo sapiens fossils dating back to 30000 years ago have been found in other sites in western France.From the perspective of evolutionary speed, it is unlikely that human beings will achieve the goal of self evolution from Nepal in a short period of two or three thousand yearsmodernEvolution of.
What is the answer to the question of the origin of modern people?There is no conclusion yet.Humans with completely modern physical characteristics did appear in Africa 70000-80000 years ago. It seems that their spread is throughGene exchangeInstead ofPopulation migration。
Moreover, for East AsiaThe origin of modern manIn terms ofFossil recordThere is no evidence of substitutive evolution in terms of cultural characteristics.Continuous regional evolution seems more convincing.In other words, in East Asia and China, modern humans evolved from indigenous Homo erectus through early Homo sapiens to late Homo sapiens.
New progress has been made in the relationship between Nigerians and modern people.American scholars used DNA method to test the bones of Neanderthals and proved that Neanderthals and late Homo sapiens did not evolve in a straight line, but instead replaced each other by inlaying.[2]
Faaidong catastrophe theory
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Faaidong catastrophe theoryIt refers to a hypothesis put forward by modern scientists, which reasonably explains the extinction of dinosaurs, the formation of Saturn's halo, the formation of Pluto, and the relationship between Mars and JupiterAsteroid beltFormation of.
This hypothesis is that about 75 million years ago, there was a highly civilized planet in the solar system, which was Faedong (Faedong was named after Faedong, the son of Helios, the sun god in Greek mythology).His science and technology are far superior to today's earth.Its age is about 1.5 times that of the earth.
There are highly intelligent organic life in this planet, and their civilization has already surpassed our human beings.And they also have the technology and knowledge that the earth people do not know.
However, when this highly civilized planet is thriving and developing, disasters have occurred.
Probably in both countriesnuclear warMiddle, because this fragileplanetUnable to withstand such a big blow, it will explode and be destroyed once.
The disintegrated planetary debris permeated the entire solar system.
One of the largest fragments has the impact force to increase the revolution speed, and it rushes towards the outer space of its revolution orbit. It first rushes toSaturnNearby, one of Saturn's moons collided to change its rotation direction, and another satellite was smashed into small pieces, forming Saturn's halo under Saturn's gravity.
And then this fragment sweeps pastNeptune, its kinetic energy is exhausted, and it becomes the ninth celestial body orbiting the sun Pluto.
The small fragments left by Faedon stay between the orbits of Mars and JupiterAsteroid belt。
Another part of small pieces and dust were thrown around the earth to block most of the sunlight, reducing the temperature of the earth and preventing plants from growing, which led to the demise of dinosaurs 75 million years ago.
This hypothesis makes many people feel how reasonable all this is.
Astronomers regard the sun god (representing the sun) as their beloved childFaaidong(Representing the planet) has made a name, and also uses this hypothesis to teach people to protect the earth, not to end up like the planet in Faedon Cataclysm.
