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Mars exploration

This entry is made by Compilation and application of scientific encyclopedia entries of "Science Popularization China" to examine.

Mars exploration refers to the process of human beings launching Space probe , scientific exploration activities on Mars.

Mars rushes into the sun about every 26 months, Mars rushes toward the sun This means that the detector can be sent to Mars Therefore, human Mars exploration activities usually have a climax every 26 months.

Two scientists from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States have disclosed to US space officials that they have strong evidence to prove that there is life on Mars, and these life forms are likely to hide in caves below the surface of Mars. Mars was explored Eight planets in the solar system One is the fourth in the order from near to far from the sun.

On November 14, 2019, the Chinese Mars exploration mission was located in Huailai, Hebei Province Comprehensive test ground for landing of extraterrestrial objects First public appearance. It is reported that China's first Mars exploration mission is planned to be carried out in 2020.^[1] On April 24, 2020, the Chinese planetary exploration mission was named“ Tianwen Series ”, the first Mars exploration mission was named“ Tianwen No.1 ”, subsequent planetary missions are numbered in sequence.^[2] At 12:41 on July 23, Long March 5 Yao-4 carrier rocket Holding the first Mars exploration mission of China, "Tianwen No.1" probe Wenchang Space Launch Site, China Ignite and lift off.^[3] On April 24, 2021, China's first Mars rover was named“ Zhu Rong ”^[19] 。

On June 11, 2021, the National Space Administration held the unveiling ceremony of the first batch of scientific image maps of the Tianwen 1 probe landing on Mars in Beijing, and released the panoramic view of the landing site, Martian topography, "China's imprint", "group photos of the landing tour" and other image maps taken by the Zhurong Mars rover.^[23]

Chinese name: Mars exploration
Foreign name: Mars exploration
Mars: One of the eight planets in the solar system

Martian rotation period: 24 hours and 37 minutes
1960: The former Soviet Union launched its first probe to Mars
1964: The United States successfully launched a probe to Mars
2011: The Chinese and Russian probes were launched by Russian rockets

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brief introduction

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Virtual map of "Mars Dash" released by NASA

Mars is Eight planets in the solar system One is the fourth in the order from near to far from the sun. Among the eight planets in the solar system, Mars is also the closest to the Earth except Venus planet 。 Mars happens about every 26 months Chong Ri ， Earth and Mars The distance of will reach a very close value during the rush period, usually less than 100 million Kilometers The distance was even less than 60 million kilometers when Mars crashed. Mars rushes toward the sun This means that the probe can be sent to Mars at a small cost at this time. Therefore, the human Mars exploration activities usually have a climax every 26 months.

So far, Mars is the most known planet besides the Earth, and there are more than 30 detector After arriving at Mars, they made a detailed investigation on Mars and sent back a lot of data to the Earth. At the same time, Mars exploration is also full of difficulties. About two-thirds of the probes, especially those launched earlier, failed to successfully complete their missions. But Mars has a special attraction for humans, because it is one of the most Earth like objects in the solar system. Equatorial plane and revolution of mars Track plane The intersection angle of is very close to the earth, which makes it have the four seasons alternating like the earth. At the same time, the rotation period of Mars is 24 hours and 37 minutes, which makes the day on Mars almost as long as that on the earth.

history

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1960s

Mars exploration

Human use Space probe The history of Mars exploration almost runs through the entire history of human spaceflight. Almost as soon as human beings were able to escape the gravity of the earth and fly into space Mars probe It also began its journey. The earliest probes almost all failed, and Mars exploration is going forward in failure again and again.

On October 10, 1960, Former Soviet Union The first probe was launched to Mars. Four days later, on October 14, 1960, the second Mars probe was launched. However, the two pioneers of Mars exploration failed to reach the Earth orbit.

On October 24, 1962, when Mars moved to the right position again, the third Mars probe of the former Soviet Union was launched, but this time it only arrived Orbit the Earth nothing more. On November 1, 1962, the former Soviet Union launched Mars 1 to Mars. This probe successfully entered the orbit to Mars and planned to reach Mars on June 19, 1963. However, when it flew 106 million kilometers from the Earth on March 21, 1963, it lost communication with the ground forever. Three days later, on March 24, 1963, another probe of the former Soviet Union was launched. This probe also faced the fate of failure. It only reached the orbit around the earth. After that, the rocket failed to ignite again and fell into Earth's atmosphere Burn down.

In 1964, the United States also launched two probes to Mars: Mariner 3 and Mariner 4 。 Mariner 3 was launched on December 5, the first Mars probe launched by the United States Protective enclosure The failure to successfully separate from the detector as scheduled caused the detector to deviate from the orbit, which ultimately led to launch failure. Mariner 4 was launched on December 28, the first probe ever to successfully reach Mars and send back data. Mariner 4 flew over the surface of Mars 9800km on July 14, 1965, sending back 21 photos to the Earth, and then spent three years in orbit around the sun to detect the solar wind. The data sent back by Mariner 4 shows that the density of Mars' atmosphere is much thinner than previously thought.

Mars exploration

The former Soviet Union also launched another probe to Mars on November 30, 1964, but this detector It failed again. Although it finally arrived near Mars, it failed to send any data back to the Earth. In 1969, the United States launched Sailor 6 and Sailor 7 。 The former was launched on February 24 and arrived at Mars on July 31. The latter was launched on March 27 and arrived at Mars on August 5. These two probes carry more advanced instruments and communication equipment. They successfully skimmed Mars Martian atmosphere The composition was analyzed and a large number of photos were sent back.

The former Soviet Union also launched two to Mars in 1969 detector However, this time the situation was even worse than before. The first detector exploded due to engine failure 7 minutes after launch, while the other detector fell to the ground less than 1 minute after launch.

1970s

Mars exploration - Mars rover

In 1971, the United States launched two probes to Mars to try to enter Mars orbit , flying around Mars to get high-resolution photos of Mars. On May 8, Sailor 8 was launched. A few minutes later, it crashed into the Atlantic Ocean due to rocket failure. On May 30, Mariner 9 was launched, which was the first probe ever to successfully enter the orbit around Mars and achieved unprecedented success. Mariner 9 Arrived at Mars on November 14, 1971, and worked in Mars orbit for nearly a year. 7329 photos were sent back, covering more than 80% of the surface of Mars. At the same time, two Mars satellites were also explored. The former Soviet Union launched three probes to Mars in 1971. The first probe was launched on May 10, including an orbiter and a lander. It tried to land on the surface of Mars, but actually it only reached the orbit around the earth. According to the plan, the probe should Earth orbit It stayed on for 1.5 hours, then ignited and headed for Mars, but due to mistakes, its timer It will take 1.5 years to send the firing order to the rocket. This probe was later called Cosmos 419, because the former Soviet Union later denied that this probe was going to Mars. Mars 2 and Mars 3 The other two were launched by the former Soviet Union that year Mars probe The design is almost the same as that of Cosmos 419, which was launched on May 19 and May 28, respectively. The Mars 2 lander lost contact with the Earth soon after it arrived on Mars on December 27. The orbiter has operated for about 8 months, while the Mars 3 orbiter has not been successful, but its lander has become the first probe ever to successfully land on the surface of Mars, Although it only worked on Mars for about 20 seconds, it lost communication with the Earth forever without even sending back a complete picture.

In 1973, the former Soviet Union successively launched four rockets to Mars detector , but they have not completed their detection tasks. Mars 4 was launched on July 21, 1973, and Mars 5 was launched on July 25, 1973. They arrived near Mars on February 10, 1974 and February 12, 1974, respectively. Mars 4 failed to enter Orbit Mars Mars 5 stopped working after it entered orbit around Mars and took the world's first color picture of Mars. Mars 6 Both Mars 7 and Mars 7 carry orbiters and landers. They were launched on August 5, 1973 and August 9, 1973, respectively, and then arrived near Mars on March 12, 1974 and March 9, 1974, respectively. The lander of Mars 6 successfully entered the Martian atmosphere and opened it parachute , and then lost, and Mars 7 It was lost even before it entered orbit around Mars.

1980s

with Phobos Named after Phobos 1 and phobos 2 The probe was launched on July 7, 1988 and July 12, 1988 respectively, which is another example of the Soviet Union's failure in 1973 Mars Exploration Program 。 However, despite 15 years of separation, the two detectors still failed, Phoebus 1 lost contact on the way to Mars on September 2, 1988, while Phobos 2 lost communication with the Earth shortly after the probe entered the orbit around Mars on March 27, 1989, and its lander failed to land on the surface of Mars.

1990s

After many delays Mars Observer The probe was launched on September 25, 1992, starting its journey to Mars. Everything seemed to be going fairly smoothly, and then on August 21, 1993, when it was almost about to reach Mars, when it was ready to ignite and enter the orbit around Mars, it lost communication with the Earth.

December 7, 1996, American Mars Global Surveyor The detector was launched and launched. This detector has been in operation for 10 years, and finally lost signal contact on November 5, 2006. It is the most successful Mars exploration mission one of.

On December 16, 1996, Russia launched Mars 96 Detector Earth orbit After that, it failed to ignite and enter the orbit to Mars, and soon after that, it fell into the Pacific Ocean and declared failure.

The four probes launched at the end of 1998 and the beginning of 1999 all ended in failure, including Japan's hope No. 1 detector, American Mars Climate Orbiter 、 Mars Polar Lander and Shenkong 2 。

2000

April 7, 2001: The United States launched the "Odyssey" Mars probe At present, it is still in Mars orbit, testing the geology and climate of Mars, and trying to find signs of life and water on Mars. In 2002, "Odyssey" found that there may be abundant Frozen water However, this issue is currently controversial.

On June 2, 2003, European Space Agency Of“ Mars express ”The probe was launched.

On June 10, 2003, she carried the Spirit Mars rover The US Mars Exploration Rover was launched.

On July 7, 2003, the Mars rover Opportunity, the twin brother of Spirit, was launched.

On January 14, 2004, President George W. Bush of the United States announced that he would like to send a man to Mars on the moon after 2020.

On 23 January 2004, European Space Agency It was announced that the Mars Express probe found the existence of the South Pole of Mars Frozen water 。 This is the first time that humans have found water directly on the surface of Mars.

On February 25, 2007, the European Space Agency's Rosetta Comet detector Fly close to Mars and successfully complete the task of adjusting the flight speed and orbit by using the gravity of Mars.

In January 2008, the Russian Space Research Institute announced that it would strive to send a Russian astronaut to Mars by 2025.

Relevant plans

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US Plan

2009

NASA and Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cooperative Mars Science Laboratory It will leave for Mars in December 2009. It will land on the surface of Mars, have six wheels, have unprecedented mobility, and use nuclear energy to provide power. At least one will work on the surface of Mars Mars Year Time of. At the same time, the Mars Science Laboratory will also carry various advanced instruments, which will be equipped with a 2 million pixel main camera , combined with 10x optical zoom lens and three color true color photosensitivity Panorama At the same time, this camera will also have built-in MPEG-2 hardware video compression capability, which can shoot high-definition video at 10 frames per second. The camera itself will be equipped with at least 256MB memory and 8GB flash memory to temporarily save the photos and videos taken Mars communication orbiter Ultra high bandwidth support based on laser communication provided, Mars Science Laboratory Will make the twins working on Mars Mars rover Spirit and Opportunity are dwarfed.

2011

In 2011, NASA The second Mars reconnaissance mission is expected. This mission is expected to be a dual mission, because NASA will send two different plans to Mars at the same time. At present, NASA has not yet decided which two plans to send to Mars. Some plans that may be selected include (each scientist working in NASA can only choose one plan):

Artemis, this plan will be launched from the mother ship orbiting Mars Saucer lander Landing on Mars, each two feet in diameter, may launch up to four. each Lander The parachute will be used to land on the Martian surface and analyze the Martian soil and atmosphere. Two of the four landers are expected to land in the polar regions of Mars. CryoScout's plan is to build a torpedo shaped probe and use nozzle heating to melt the ice cap in the Martian polar region. The probe is expected to go 100 yards (91 meters) below the surface and analyze the melted water to determine the state of Mars' polar regions. KittyHawk This plan is expected to build three or four Glider , the glider wing extends about 6 feet (1.83 meters), and detects Valles Marineris 。 These gliders will carry infrared spectrometers and cameras. Naiades was named after the goddess who lived in the mountains and rivers in Greek mythology. This plan is expected to send two landers to areas that may contain groundwater, and use low-frequency electromagnetic and other equipment to detect whether there is groundwater on Mars. Pascal's plan is to build 24 small weather stations and spread them around Mars. Urey's plan is expected to include both landers and rovers to study the age of Martian rocks. The plan is expected to conduct research on the Cerberus Plateau and find specific minerals to help scientists study the differences between the craters on Mars and on the moon.^[4]

After 2011

American Mars sample retrieval mission plan It will be implemented in 2013, and it is planned that about half a kilogram of Martian soil and core sample Sent back to earth for further study. This plan includes a return device orbiting Mars and one or two landing devices, which may be equipped with small range mobile Mars rover , if at that time Mars Science Laboratory It can still work, and may also use the Mars Science Laboratory to advance Collect samples Or launch another Mars rover similar to the Mars Science Laboratory for this purpose. After collecting the sample, the sample will be rocket launching To Mars orbit and dock with the return device, this docking may also be more than once, and then it will send the sample back to the Earth at one time.

The Mars mission in 2018 will be a lander to find evidence of possible life on Mars.

In 2020, the "Jizhi" Mars helicopter has been in NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory The next flight mission will be conducted on Mars. According to the plan, "Jizhi" will take the "Perseverance" Mars rover to launch in July 2020, and is expected to reach Mars in February 2021. This will be the first aircraft to take off from the surface of another planet.^[5]

On the afternoon of February 18, 2021, the US "Perseverance" Mars rover successfully landed on Mars, becoming the fifth Mars rover successfully landed by NASA. Perseverance will collect samples on Mars and try to find evidence of life^[6] 。

2037

In the southern Indian city Hyderabad The 58th session held International Astronautical Federation At the conference, NASA announced that it plans to send astronauts to Mars in 2037, instead of the year 2031, which was previously rumored.

Russian plan (cooperation with China)

The whole plan is divided into four stages:

Phase 1: (Now to 2009) will make adequate preparations for the first mission, including setting detection targets, technology research and development, and seeking international cooperation.

Phase 2: (After 2009) Launched satellites will explore the Martian environment, and the data obtained will be used as Mars soft landing Use.

Phase 3: Launch a Mars lander and carry one Mars rover , soft landing on Mars.

Phase 4: establish Mars Surface Observatory Develop aircraft to shuttle between the Earth and Mars, and establish a Mars base for mechanical detectors to enter. The ultimate goal of this stage is to provide the basis for human landing on Mars in the future, so that humans can observe Mars in the Mars observation station.

Yinghuo 1 (YH-1) Yes China Mars Exploration Program China's first Mars probe, as one of the Sino Russian space cooperation projects, is planned to cooperate with Russia's“ Forbes - Soil ”(Phobos Grunt) carried together Soyuz Launch vehicle from Baikonur Space Center Launch. After about 10 to 11 and a half months of flight, it entered the orbit of Mars. Yinghuo 1 mainly studies Martian the ionosphere And surrounding space environment, Mars magnetic field Etc. The first sample was completed in April 2008 and released to the public. In June 2009, the prototype was completed and went to Russia for joint testing.

Yinghuo 1

The design parameters are:

Size: 750 × 750 × 600 mm

Weight: 110 kg

Power: 90 W (average) 180 W (peak)

Data transmission rate ：80 bit/s

Solar panel , 2 x 3 pieces, total length 7.85m

China Mars Exploration Program It is China's first Mars exploration plan, China National Space Administration Connect with Russian Federal Space Agency Work together to explore Mars. China's first Mars probe“ Yinghuo 1 ”With Russia“ Forbes - Soil ”The detector was located in the Baikonur Launching Site Take the Russian carrier rocket to launch.^[7]

The Mars probe "Forbes Soil" failed to change its orbit as planned. He said: "We spent a very heavy night, and we were unable to find the spacecraft for a long time. Finally, we determined its location, and found that its starting device did not work, and the ignition was unsuccessful twice." This means that China's first Mars probe failed to launch.^[8]

China Plan

On January 18, 2016, it was reported that China's Mars exploration project was being set up, and the first launch was expected to achieve a three-stage exploration mission of "circling, landing and patrolling". This is Beijing Institute of Space Science and Technology Information Director Yuan Minhui is here today《 International space 》The information disclosed at the annual global and China's top ten aerospace press conference jointly hosted with Satellite Applications.

Editor in chief of International Space Pang Zhihao It was revealed that the time point of Mars exploration in China may be 2020.^[9]

On January 14, 2019, the State Council Information Office held the lunar exploration project Chang'e-4 Press conference on the mission. Wu Yanhua, Deputy Director of the National Space Administration and Deputy Commander in Chief of the Lunar Exploration Project, said at the press conference that China's first Mars exploration mission will be implemented around 2020.^[10]

November 14, 2019, in Hebei Huailai Of Comprehensive test ground for landing of extraterrestrial objects China's Mars exploration mission was unveiled for the first time. suffer China National Space Administration Some foreign embassies and international organizations were invited to observe China's first Mars exploration mission Lander Hover obstacle avoidance test and visit relevant test facilities. The test simulated the process of the lander hovering, obstacle avoidance and slow descent in the Martian environment, and comprehensively verified the correctness of its design. It is reported that China's first Mars exploration mission is planned to be carried out in 2020. The goal is to achieve a round and landing inspection of Mars through a single launch mission, carry out global and comprehensive exploration of Mars, and conduct a detailed inspection and survey of key areas on the surface of Mars. This lander hovering obstacle avoidance test is the largest in Asia Extraterrestrial objects The landing was conducted on the comprehensive test site, and the gravity environment of Mars was simulated (the gravity acceleration of Mars is about 1/3 of that of the Earth).^[1]

On March 10, 2020, Beijing Space Flight Control Center The radio joint test of China's first Mars exploration mission was successfully completed, which fully verified the matching and consistency of the interface between the probe and the ground system, and comprehensively tested various schemes, technical status, software and hardware systems, laying a solid foundation for the smooth implementation of the mission.^[11]

On April 24, 2020, the Chinese planetary exploration mission was named“ Tianwen Series ”, the first Mars exploration mission was named“ Tianwen No.1 ”, subsequent planetary missions are numbered in sequence.^[2]

At 12:41 on July 23, 2020, the Long March 5 Yao-4 carrier rocket carried the "Tianwen 1" probe of China's first Mars exploration mission Wenchang Space Launch Site, China Ignite and lift off.^[3]

On May 14, 2021, according to the official website of the National Space Administration, according to the current flight situation, the Tianwen 1 probe is scheduled to land in Martian Ukraine from the early morning of May 15 to May 19, Beijing time The Topian Plain.^[20]

At 7:18 on May 15, 2021, the scientific research team confirmed that the Tianwen 1 lander was successfully landed in the preselected landing area in the south of the Martian Utopia Plain according to the telemetry signal sent back by the "Zhurong" Mars rover, and China's first Mars exploration mission landed on Mars successfully^[21] 。 At 8:00 on May 17, the Tianwen 1 orbiter had implemented the fourth near fire braking and successfully entered the 8.2 hour relay communication track. Zhurong Mars rover is carrying out environmental awareness and status inspection as planned, and all systems are working normally. The communication link between the two rovers has been established, and the telemetry data of the rover is transmitted back through the orbiter for the first time.^[22]

On June 12, 2021, the National Space Administration held a press conference to introduce China's first Mars exploration mission. Mars sampling return and Jupiter system exploration missions will be carried out in the future.^[24]

On April 24, 2023, the National Space Administration and the Chinese Academy of Sciences jointly released the global image map of China's first Mars exploration.^[26]

China draws global image map of Mars

India Plan

India is ready to launch between 2012 and 2013 Mars probe , participate in the global competition and cooperation of Mars exploration.

Japan Plan

Japan's Hope Mars probe was launched on July 3, 1998, the first in Japan Mars probe , making Japan the third country in the world to launch a Mars probe.

The Japanese Mars probe Hope was finally abandoned on December 9, 2003 after five years of hard flight. So far, Japan's first Mars exploration mission has failed.

Japan has no exploration plan at present.

New plan - Expedition to Mars

NASA has drawn up a new plan for manned landing on Mars, and plans to send astronauts to Mars in February 2031. As one of the eight major planets in the solar system, Mars is adjacent to the Earth, and the nearest distance from the Earth is about 55 million kilometers. According to NASA's new plan Manned spacecraft It will take six or seven months to fly from the Earth to Mars. In addition, it will take about 30 months to stay and return to Mars.

Manned spacecraft There will be 3 to 4 new heavy Carrier rocket "Ares" - 5 is assembled after being launched from the ground to the Earth's low orbit. "Before the soldiers and horses arrive, food and fodder go first", astronaut Before landing on Mars, NASA will launch cargo landing module and satellite living module to Mars in 2028 and 2029, respectively, to prepare astronauts for landing and work on Mars. Ares - 5 is under development. If it is successfully developed, it will be the largest carrier rocket in the United States. This rocket uses advanced cryogenic fuel propellant It can transport 140 tons of load to the low orbit of the earth, or about 70 tons of load to the moon.

After landing on Mars, American astronauts will live on the surface of the planet for a period of time, up to 16 months. During this period, astronauts will use nuclear energy to provide necessary power for work and life. Since there is no air and water on Mars, astronauts will use a "closed cycle" life support system to continuously recycle air and water when landing on Mars. In order to survive on Mars for a long time, the spacecraft will also grow some vegetables and fruits for astronauts to eat. At the same time, it also gives astronauts a feeling of living on the earth, which is conducive to physical and mental health. Since this will be the most complex space expedition for mankind, NASA also plans to land on Mars on the moon Rehearsal To ensure that everything is safe.^[12]

Mars exploration equipment

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1996 Mars Pioneer

Mars Pathfinder

Mars Pathfinder yes NASA The 1996 Mars Exploration Program of Mars Global Surveyor Launched after liftoff, it was also the third soft landing on the surface of Mars in history. NASA's Mars exploration program has long been committed to the red planet Mars Unmanned detection Mars pioneers are part of this series of unmanned exploration programs.

Mars Pathfinder It landed on the surface of Mars on July 4, 1997. It carries Suojena Mars rover It is the first Mars rover sent to Mars by humans.

1996 Mars Global Surveyor

Mars Exploration Rover

Mars Global Surveyor （ Mars Global Surveyor ）

yes NASA Of Mars exploration satellite And also launched a new Mars exploration plan.

It was launched in 1996 and completed its mission in 2006.

November 7, 1996: launch

September 11, 1997: Arrive at Mars and enter orbit

April 1, 1999: The main surveying and mapping task began

February 1, 2001: the first extended mission started

February 1, 2002: start of the second extension mission

January 1, 2003: Relay mission started

March 30, 2004: Shoot the track of the tire where Spirit passed in the first 85 Martian average solar days.

December 1, 2004: Science and Support Mission Begins

April 2005: Mars Global Surveyor is the first to photograph other planets outside the Earth Space probe Detectors for. MGS took two photos of the 2001 Mars Odyssey and one of the Mars Express.

October 1, 2006: the scheduled two-year extension mission begins.

November 2, 2006: Communication was lost due to an error in the repositioning of the solar panel.

November 5, 2006: A weak signal was detected, indicating that MGS was waiting for instructions, and soon the signal was interrupted.

November 21, 2006: NASA announces the end of MGS mission

December 6, 2006: NASA announced that MGS had taken a new image of the ravine, proving that liquid water still exists on Mars.

April 13, 2007: NASA released the report of MGS loss.

2001 Mars Odyssey

2001 Mars Odyssey yes NASA The main mission of the Mars exploration satellite is to find water and volcano Signs of activity, launched in 2001. The name of this mission is based on the film 2001 Space Odyssey.^[13]

April 2001 - The Mars Odyssey orbiter began to fly to Mars to analyze the element composition of the planet. It reached Mars on October 23, 2001.

In 2003, two identical Mars exploration rovers searched for water on Mars or could prove the existence of water.

2005 - The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is planned to be launched. Its goal is to analyze the surface of Mars at a new scale to find traces of water. It will measure the Martian surface with a resolution of 20 to 30 cm, which is enough to see the rocks the size of beach balloons.

In 2007, NASA plans to launch a mobile science laboratory to promote the measurement of the Martian surface.

2011-2016 - The mission to acquire samples of Mars is the most ambitious part of NASA's program. This requires the spacecraft to be able to land on Mars, collect soil, and then launch and return to Earth on its own.

2003 Mars Exploration Rover

Mars Exploration Rover yes NASA 2003 Mars Exploration Program. The main purpose of this project is to combine the Spirit and Opportunity Two Mars rover Send to Mars for field investigation on the planet Mars.

Usually in a day, the rover will earth Send photos, instrument data and status data. Scientists make corresponding decisions based on the data of the day and the previous day. Then scientists use High gain antenna , send the command to the rover through the 3-hour direct communication window. In the next 20 hours, the rover will work by itself, including executing commands and transmitting data to two satellites in the sky. The order of the rover may be to order it to go to a new rock and grind rock , analyze rocks, take photos or use other instruments to collect data.

In a period of about 90 days, the rover and scientists will repeat this working mode. After that, the rover's energy began to fail. At the same time, the distance between Mars and the Earth will be farther and farther, which will bring more difficulties to communication. Finally, when the detection vehicle does not have enough energy or is too far away to communicate, the detection task is declared to be ended.

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 2005

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter It is one of the Mars exploration plans of NASA in 2005. The main purpose of this plan is to send a satellite to Mars, conduct a detailed investigation of the red planet Mars with unprecedented camera resolution, find suitable landing sites for future Mars surface missions, and provide high-speed communication and transmission functions for these missions. The plan is expected to orbit Mars for at least four years and become the fourth spacecraft in use on Mars.

According to the radar measurement report in 2009, the volume of ice under the ice sheet in the Martian Arctic region is 821000 cubic kilometers (197000 cubic miles), which is equal to 30% of the Greenland ice on the earth.

A scientific article published in September 2009 revealed that there was pure water ice around some new impact craters. After this fact was exposed, the ice seemed to gradually disappear with the sublimation. The new impact crater was found by the CTX camera. CRISM later confirmed the existence of ice at five locations: three are located in Cebrenia quadrangle, and the specific locations are 55.57 ° N 150.62 ° E; 43.28°N 176.9°E; And 45 ° N 164.5 ° E. The other two are located in Diacria quadrangle: 46.7 ° N 176.8 ° E and 46.33 ° N 176.9 ° E.

According to the data of MRO and other Mars probes, scientists have found that there are widespread chlorides on Mars. These chlorides are formed by evaporation of water rich minerals. Carbonate, sulfate, silicon dioxide They should be the first to settle down. And the rover has found sulfate and silica on the surface of Mars. Various life forms may have existed in places with chlorides in the past, so this is an ideal place for humans to explore whether there are life traces on Mars.

2011 August 4th NASA announced that MRO has detected that there seems to be liquid water flowing on the surface of Mars in warm months.^[14]

Phoenix Mars Probe in 2007

Phoenix Mars Probe yes NASA The 2007 Mars Exploration Program. The main purpose of this plan is to send a lander to the North Pole of Mars Polar environment Detect.

Phoenix

Phoenix will be in the heat shield, parachute and Rocket thruster With the help of Solar panel Accumulated power, stretching out about 2.3 meters Robot arm Dig down and send the excavated soil samples back to Phoenix to analyze the water ice in the soil with advanced instruments. The project cost a total of 420 million dollars.

The purpose of Phoenix is to find the possible existence of Vital characteristics The water ice in shallow underground is studied. Phoenix is already in US Eastern Time At 5:26 on August 4, 2007 Florida Cape Canaveral Air Base Successfully launched by Delta 2 Carrier rocket The carrier successfully landed on Mars on May 25, 2008. Phoenix is the only one not used after Pirate II in 1976 Airbag cushion A spacecraft that successfully landed on Mars through technology.

In November 2008, Phoenix lost contact with the ground control center.^[15]

Launch window: twice a day from August 3 to August 24;

Space travel: it will fly about 680 million kilometers, and make a soft landing at the North Pole of Mars in May 2008;

Name meaning: NASA hopes that it can complete the phoenix nirvana rebirth on the basis of previous failures;

Unique design: Phoenix is supported by three legs, and its mechanical arm is 20 feet long. It works like a backhoe excavator. A shovel can dig a 20 inch deep trench on Mars.

Search for life: search for the evidence of liquid water that has existed for 100000 years; Martian soil samples will be heated in their micro furnaces to study their chemical composition.^[15]

2011 Curiosity Mars Probe

The most advanced Mars probe "Curiosity" was successfully launched on November 26, 2011. It was named after a Chinese girl“ Mars rover ”The main task of this trip is to explore whether there are signs of life on Mars.

stay Florida Cape Canaveral Air Base Launched and flew 354 million miles. It is expected to arrive at Mars in August 2012. Curiosity is known as the largest, most complex, most expensive and most advanced Mars probe 。 It is equipped with a batch of advanced Detecting instrument , including 17 advanced camera , a mechanical arm, a drilling machine, a laser device, which is also equipped with Chemical Laboratory For sample analysis. It is the size of a car and weighs about 900kg. It is the former "twin" Mars rover ——Five times as long as Spirit and Opportunity, and twice as long.

The name "Curiosity" was created by a 12-year-old Chinese girl Ma Tianqi From. NASA solicited names from American students in 2008, and Ma Tianqi's name finally stood out from 9000 entries.

Humans have always been curious about the beautiful and mysterious Mars. For nearly half a century, most of the more than 30 attempts to explore Mars have ended in failure. Earlier this month, Russia's "Forbes Soil" Mars probe The mission to Mars was declared a failure.

"Mars really belongs to the solar system‘ Bermuda Triangle ’It is a "death planet" Hartmann The United States is the only successful landing and driving on the surface of Mars Mars rover Now we are ready to prepare again. "^[16]

Tianwen No.1 detector in 2020

"Tianwen" is the name of China's planetary exploration mission, which originates from Qu Yuan's long poem "Tianwen", expressing the Chinese nation's tenacity and perseverance in the pursuit of truth, reflecting the cultural heritage of natural and space exploration, implying that the journey to explore scientific truth is long and the pursuit of scientific innovation is endless.

At 12:41 on July 23, 2020, the Long March 5 Yao-4 carrier rocket carried China's first Mars exploration mission“ Tianwen No.1 ”The probe was ignited at Wenchang Space Launch Site, China.^[3]

Zhurong Mars rover in 2021

The "Zhurong" rover is 1.85 meters high and weighs about 240 kilograms. The design life is 3 Mars months, equivalent to about 92 Earth days. The "Zhurong" Mars rover will carry out exploration work on the surface composition, material type distribution, geological structure and Martian meteorological environment on Mars.

On April 24, 2021, the opening ceremony of 2021 China Space Day was held in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. After being selected by global name collection, expert review, online voting, etc“ Zhurong No ”Stand out^[18] 。

Geological characteristics

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Studying the geological profile of Mars can understand the change process of Mars and the differences and commonalities between the Earth and Mars. As part of the Mars exploration program, scientists hope to understand wind, water Volcanism , structural geology, impact crater and other processes in the formation and change of the Martian surface.^[17]

volcano

For example, there are incredible huge volcanoes on Mars, whose scale is 10 times or even more than 100 times that of volcanoes on Earth. The explanation for this difference is that the Martian crust does not move like the Earth's crust. This means that all Magma It converges into a very huge volcano.

Magnetic material

The Mars Global Surveyor recently found a large area of magnetic material distributed on Mars, which indicates that Mars once had a magnetic field like the Earth's. Because the magnetic field usually protects the planet from various cosmic rays This discovery suggests that it is possible to find evidence that life once existed on the surface of Mars. The study of the ancient magnetic field will also provide important information on the past internal structure, temperature and composition of Mars. The existence of the magnetic field also shows that Mars was once as full of vitality as the Earth.

rock

The most important is the composition and age of various rocks on Mars. Geologists use the age of rocks to determine the sequence of events in the history of Mars. Composition tells people what happened in the past. One of the most important tasks is to identify rocks and minerals that can only be formed with water. Water is one of the keys to solving the mystery of life on Mars.

Honors won

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On February 14, 2022, China's first Mars exploration mission was successfully selected as one of the top ten popular science events in 2021.^[25]

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