Laser processing technology

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The processing technology of cutting, welding, surface treatment, drilling and micromachining of materials based on the interaction between laser beam and materials

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laser Processing technology is to cut, weld surface treatment , punching and Micromachining It is a processing technology. laser processing As advanced manufacturing technology It has been widely used in automobile, electronics, electrical appliances, aviation, metallurgy Machinery manufacturing etc. national economy Important department, improving product quality 、 labour productivity Automation, pollution-free and reducing material consumption play an increasingly important role.

Chinese name: Laser processing technology

application area: Automobile, electronics, aviation, machinery manufacturing
Professional category: engineering course

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Academic classification

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Laser technology is a comprehensive technology involving light, mechanics, electricity, materials, detection and other disciplines. Traditionally, its research scope can be divided into the following nine aspects:

one . Laser processing system. include Laser , light guide system, processing machine tool, control system and detecting system ；

two . Laser processing technology 。 Including welding, surface treatment, punching, marking, fine adjustment and other processing processes;

three Laser welding: Car body Thin and thick sheets, auto parts, lithium batteries pacemaker , sealed relay and other sealed devices as well as various devices that do not allow welding pollution and deformation. The lasers used are YAG Laser, CO2 laser and Semiconductor pumped laser ；

four Laser cutting: automobile industry, computer, electrical Casing , wood knife mold industry, various metal parts And cutting of special materials, circular saw blades Acrylic , Spring shim Copper plate and some metals for electronic parts less than 2mm Screen , steel pipe Tinning Iron plate, lead plated steel plate Phosphor bronze 、 Electric board , thin aluminium alloy 、 quartz glass 、 silicon rubber Less than 1mm Alumina ceramic sheet 、 Aerospace industry Used titanium alloy wait. There are YAG lasers and CO2 laser ；

five . Laser marking : Widely used in various materials and almost all industries, the lasers used are YAG Laser 、 CO2 laser And semiconductor pumped lasers;

six . Laser drilling : Laser drilling is mainly used in aerospace, automobile manufacturing Electronic instruments , chemical industry, etc. The rapid development of laser drilling, the average of YAG lasers for main body drilling output power It has increased from 400w to 800w to 1000w. The mature application of laser drilling in China is synthetic diamond and Natural diamond Drawing die Production and clock and instrument Jewel bearing , aircraft blade, multi-layer Printed circuit board And other industries. YAG laser CO2 laser Mainly, but also some Excimer laser 、 isotope Laser and semiconductor pumped laser;

seven Laser heat treatment: automotive industry Widely used in, such as Cylinder liner 、 crankshaft 、 Piston ring 、 commutator , gear, etc Machine tool industry And others Machinery industry It is also widely used. Chinese Laser heat treatment The application is far more extensive than abroad. Most of the lasers used are YAG lasers and CO2 lasers;

eight Laser rapid prototyping: integrating laser processing technology, computer numerical control technology and Flexible manufacturing technology It is mainly used in mold and model industries. Most of the lasers used are YAG lasers and CO2 lasers;

nine . laser cladding : Widely used in aerospace, mold and electromechanical industries. Most of the lasers used are high-power YAG lasers and CO2 lasers.

Laser processing is Industrial manufacturing It provides a clean and pollution-free environment and Production process This is also the biggest advantage of laser processing.^[1]

Processing system

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Composition of laser processing

Laser processing consists of four parts: laser, power supply, optical system and mechanical system

working principle

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Principle of gas laser processing

High utilization of laser processing power density The laser beam of Special processing 。 The early laser processing was mostly used for drilling small holes and micro welding because of its low power.^[2] By the 1970s, with high power CO2 laser , the emergence of high repetition rate yttrium aluminum garnet lasers, and Laser processing machine With the in-depth study of theory and technology, laser processing technology has made great progress, and its application scope has expanded accordingly. Several kilowatts of laser processing machines have been used in high-speed cutting, deep penetration welding and material heat treatment of various materials. All kinds of special laser processing equipment are competing to appear, and they are also competing with photoelectric tracking and computer digital control , industrial robots and other technologies, greatly improving the Automation level And use functions. The high-intensity laser output from the laser is focused on the workpiece through the lens. The power density at the focus is as high as 10~10 (W/cm), and the temperature is as high as 10000 degrees Celsius. Any material will melt and vaporize instantaneously. Laser processing uses this light energy heat effect Welding, drilling and cutting of materials. The lasers usually used for processing are solid-state laser and Gas laser 。

Solid state laser processing principle

Technical characteristics

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Compared with traditional processing technology, laser processing technology has many advantages, so it is widely used. Especially suitable for the development of new products: once the product drawings are formed, laser processing can be carried out immediately, and the physical objects of new products can be obtained in the shortest time.

1、 light spot Small, concentrated energy, Heat affected zone Small.

2. No contact with the workpiece, no pollution to the workpiece.

3. Not accepted electromagnetic interference , and Electron beam processing It is more convenient than application.

4. The laser beam is easy to focus, guide and Automatic control 。

5. Wide range: It can carve and cut almost any material.

6. Safe and reliable: non-contact processing will not cause mechanical extrusion or Mechanical stress 。

7. Precise and detailed: Machining accuracy It can reach 0.1mm.

8. Consistent effect: ensure that the processing effect of the same batch is almost identical.

9. High speed and fast: it can instantly carve and cut according to the drawings output by the computer, and laser cutting Speed vs Wire cutting The speed is much faster.

10. Low cost: It is not limited by the number of processes. For small batch processing services, laser processing is cheaper.

11. Cut Kerf Fine: the slit cut by laser is generally 0.1-0.2mm.

12、 Cutting surface Smooth: the cutting surface of laser cutting is free of burrs.

13、 thermal deformation Small: The laser cutting of laser processing is thin, fast and concentrated, so the heat transferred to the material to be cut is small, and the deformation of the material is also very small.

14. Suitable for processing large products: molds for large products Manufacturing expenses Very high, laser processing does not need any mold manufacturing, and laser processing completely avoids the collapse formed during material punching and shearing, which can greatly reduce the production costs Improve the quality of products.

15. Material saving: laser processing Computer programming It can cut products with different shapes to maximize the Utilization , greatly reducing the enterprise material cost 。

Different laser technologies give rise to different Laser , for example, CO2 laser 、 solid-state laser 、 Fiber laser and Excimer laser They have played an important role in industrial processing and manufacturing.

From the perspective of regional development, the laser market Asia Pacific The rapid development of the laser industry is another major factor. China, Japan, South Korea Development speed Especially outstanding. In the next five years, these major development areas will gain more development space in automobile manufacturing, original equipment manufacturing, etc.^[1]

Scope of application

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Laser processing technology is a comprehensive technology involving light, machinery, electricity, materials, testing and other disciplines^[2] Its scope can generally be divided into:

1. Laser processing system. include Laser 、 Light guide system , processing machine, control system and detecting system 。

2. Laser processing technology.

Laser marking technology

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brief introduction

Tobacco and wine laser marking machine

Laser marking technology yes laser processing One of the largest application fields. Laser marking is to use high energy density laser to carry out Local exposure To vaporize the surface material or Color change Of chemical reaction To stay Permanent A marking method of marking. Laser marking can produce various characters, symbols and patterns, and the character size can range from millimeter to micrometer, which is of special significance to the anti-counterfeiting of products. The focused extremely thin laser beam is like a tool, which can remove the material on the surface of the object point by point progressiveness Because the marking process is Non-contact Processing without mechanical extrusion or Mechanical stress Therefore, the processed articles will not be damaged; Because the size after laser focusing is very small, the heat affected area is small, and the processing is fine, some processes that cannot be realized by conventional methods can be completed.

The "tool" used in laser processing is the focused light spot, and no additional equipment and materials are needed. As long as the laser can work normally, it can be processed continuously for a long time. Laser processing is fast and cheap. laser processing from Computer automatic control No human intervention is required during production.

effect

What kind of information can be marked by the laser is only related to the content designed in the computer, as long as the information designed in the computer artwork The marking system can recognize, then Marking machine Then you can Design information Precise reduction on suitable carrier. Therefore, the function of the laser marking software actually determines the function of the laser marking system to a large extent.

Cutting technology

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brief introduction

Classification of laser cutting:

1. Vaporization cutting

The workpiece is rapidly heated to the boiling point under the action of laser, and some materials are turned into steam to escape, and some materials are Ejecta Blow away from the bottom of the cutting seam. This cutting machine is a cutting method without melting materials.

laser cutting

2. Melting cutting

The laser heats the workpiece to the melting state, and the auxiliary air flow such as argon and nitrogen coaxial with the beam will melt the material from Kerf Blow off in the middle.

3. Oxygen assisted melting and cutting

The metal is rapidly heated by the laser to above the ignition point, which is violent with oxygen oxidation reaction (i.e. combustion), release a lot of heat, and then heat the next layer of metal, the metal will continue to be oxidized, and with the help of gas pressure take oxide Blow out from the slit.

effect

Laser cutting technology Widely used in metals and Non metallic materials Can greatly reduce processing time and reduce Processing cost To improve the quality of the workpiece. The modern laser has become the "sword" of "cutting iron like mud" that people dream of pursuing. with CO2 laser cutting machine For example, the whole system is composed of Control system 、 Motion system 、 optical system , water cooling system, smoke exhaust and air blowing protection system And other components, using the most advanced numerical control mode Multi axis linkage And laser cutting with equal energy not affected by speed, and DXP, PLT CNC And strengthen the ability of drawing and processing interface graphics; Imported products with superior performance servo motor And transmission Guide structure Realize good motion accuracy at high speed.

laser cutting It is realized by using the high power density energy generated after laser focusing. Under the control of the computer, the laser is discharged by pulse, so as to output controlled repetitive high frequency pulsed laser , forming a beam with a certain frequency and a certain pulse width. The pulsed laser beam is transmitted and reflected through the optical path and passes through Focusing lens The group focuses on the surface of the processed object, forming tiny, high energy density facula ， Focal spot It is located near the surface to be processed to melt or gasify the processed material at an instant high temperature. Every high energy Laser pulse The surface of the object is immediately splashed out with a small hole. Under the control of the computer, the laser processing head and the material to be processed are continuous according to the pre drawn figure relative motion Dot, so that the object can be processed into the desired shape. When cutting, a coaxial airflow with the beam is ejected from the cutting head to melt or vaporize the material from the bottom of the incision Blow out (Note: if the blown gas and the material to be cut have a thermal effect reaction, this reaction will provide additional energy required for cutting; the air flow also cools the cut surface, reducing the heat affected area and ensuring focusing lenses Non pollution effect). And traditional board Compared with processing methods, laser cutting has high cutting quality（ Notch width Narrow, small heat affected zone, smooth cut), high Cutting speed High flexibility (can cut any shape at will), extensive material adaptability and other advantages.

welding technique

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brief introduction

Laser welding yes Laser material machining Technology application One of the important aspects of heat conduction Type, i.e. laser Radiant heating On the surface of the workpiece, the surface heat is diffused through the heat transfer guide inside. By controlling the width, energy, peak power, repetition rate and other parameters of the laser pulse, the workpiece is melted to form a specific molten pool. Because of its unique advantages, it has been successfully applied to the welding of micro and small parts. The emergence of high-power CO2 and high-power YAG lasers has opened up a new field of laser welding. Obtained with Pinhole effect Deep fusion welding based on theory, applied in machinery, automobile, steel, etc industrial sector Has been increasingly widely used.

Laser welding diamond

And others welding technique Comparison, Laser welding The main advantages of laser welding are: high speed, large depth and small deformation. Able to weld at room temperature or under special conditions, Welding equipment The device is simple. For example, a laser passes through electromagnetic field , the beam will not shift; Laser can weld in air and some gas environment, and can weld through glass or materials with transparent beam.^[2] After laser focusing, the power density is high. When welding high-power devices, the depth width ratio can reach 5:1, and the maximum can reach 10:1. It can weld refractory materials such as titanium, quartz, etc., and can weld dissimilar materials with good results. For example, if copper and tantalum are welded together, the qualification rate is almost 100%. Micro welding is also possible. After focusing, the laser beam can obtain very small light spot, and can be precisely positioned, which can be used in large quantities Automated production For example, integrated circuit leads, watch hairspring Kinescope electron gun Laser welding is adopted for assembly, which not only production efficiency Large, high, and small heat affected zone, Solder joint No pollution, greatly improving the quality of welding.

effect

It can weld the parts that are difficult to access. It is very flexible to carry out non-contact remote welding. Using fiber in YAG laser technology Transmission technology , make Laser welding technology It has been popularized and applied more widely. The laser beam can be easily realized according to time and space Spectroscopic It can carry out multi beam simultaneous processing and multi station processing, providing conditions for more precise welding.

heat treatment

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brief introduction

Laser heat treatment

Laser heat treatment (Laser transformation hardening Laser quenching ）High utilization power density Laser beam of surface treatment It can realize transformation hardening (or Surface hardening , surface amorphization, surface remelting and melting fire) Surface alloying etc. Surface modification Treatment, resulting in changes in surface composition, structure and properties that cannot be achieved with its large surface quenching. through Laser processing Rear, cast iron surface hardness Attainable HRC The surface hardness of medium carbon and high carbon carbon steel can reach HRC70 or above, which can improve the wear resistance, corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance and other properties, and extend its service life.

effect

Laser heat treatment technology and other heat treatment such as High frequency quenching , carburizing, nitriding, etc Traditional craft Compared with, it has the following characteristics:

1. No need to use external materials, only change the processed Material surface Of organization structure The treated modified layer has sufficient thickness, and the depth can be adjusted as required, generally up to 0.1-0.8mm.

2. The bonding strength between the treated layer and the substrate is high Laser surface treatment Modified layer and Base material Is dense Metallurgical combination And the surface of the treated layer is a compact metallurgical structure with high hardness and Abrasion resistance 。

3. The deformation of the processed part is very small, because Laser power density High, the action time with parts is very short (10-2-10 seconds), so the heat of parts Deformation zone And the overall change is very small. Therefore, it is suitable for high-precision parts processing as the final processing procedure of materials and parts.

4. Good processing flexibility and wide application. Leverage flexible Light guide system The laser can be directed to the processing part at will, so that it can be processed conveniently Deep hole 、 Inner hole , blind holes, grooves, etc., can be selectively processed locally.

Other Technologies

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Punching technology

Laser drilling machine

Laser drilling technology It has high precision, strong versatility, high efficiency, low cost and Comprehensive technology economic performance It has become one of the key technologies in the field of modern manufacturing. Before the advent of laser, only materials with higher hardness could be used to punch holes on materials with lower hardness. In this way diamond Punching becomes extremely difficult.

With the advent of laser, this kind of operation is fast and safe. However, the hole drilled by laser is conical rather than cylindrical, which is inconvenient in some places.

Cladding technology

Using laser high power density, the laser processing system, under the control of numerical control Designated parts To form a thin micro melting layer, and add Self fluxing alloy Powder, such as nickel base, cobalt base and Iron base alloy Wait, make them melt The state is evenly spread on the surface of the part and reaches the predetermined thickness, forming a good metallurgical bond with the micro melting base metal material, and there is only a small amount of Dilution , in the following fast Solidification process In, a functional cladding material layer completely different from the base material is formed on the surface of the part, which has predetermined special properties, so that the surface performance of the material can be completely changed, and the low-cost material surface can obtain extremely high wear resistance, corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance and other properties. The process can repair holes and cracks on the surface of materials, and restore the geometric dimensions and properties of worn parts. This technology can also be used in Rapid Prototyping In the field of laser cladding metal layer by layer or alloy powder , rapidly manufacturing parts.^[2]

Laser cladding of crankshaft

Forming technology

Laser Rapid Prototyping Technology Integrated laser technology CAD /The latest achievements of CAM technology and material technology, according to the CAD model of parts, photosensitive polymer materials are solidified layer by layer by laser beam, and accurately stacked into samples. Complex shaped parts can be quickly and accurately manufactured without molds and cutters Aerospace , electronics, automotive and other industrial fields have been widely used.

Development trend

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As the main symbol and modernity of the development of science and technology in the 20th century information society Optoelectronic Technology The development of laser technology and laser industry, as one of the pillars of, has been highly valued by the world's advanced countries.

Laser processing is the largest project in laser application abroad, and it is also the key to Traditional industries The important means of transformation are mainly kW to 10kW CO2 laser and 100W to kW YAG laser to achieve cutting, welding, drilling, marking and heat treatment of various materials. According to the latest review and forecast of laser market from 1997 to 1998, the total sales of laser market in the world reached 3.22 billion US dollars in 1997, an increase of 14% over 1996, including 829 million US dollars for material processing, 400 million US dollars for medical applications and 150 million US dollars for research fields. In 1998, the total revenue is expected to increase by 19%, reaching 3.82 billion US dollars. Among them, the first material processing is expected to exceed US $1 billion, and the medical laser is the second largest application abroad.

In the field of laser processing applications, CO2 lasers are most widely used for cutting and welding, accounting for 70% and 20% respectively, while surface treatment is less than 10%. YAG laser is mainly used for welding, marking (50%) and cutting (15%). CO2 lasers account for 70-80% in the United States and Europe. In China, 10% of laser processing is mainly cutting, of which more than 98% CO2 lasers have power in the range of 1.5kW~2kW, while about 15% are mainly heat treated, most of which are laser treated automobile engine Of Cylinder liner 。 The economy and social results They are all very high, so they have great market prospects.

In the automotive industry, laser processing technology gives full play to its advanced, fast and flexible processing characteristics. For example, it is widely used in automobile prototype and small batch production 3D laser cutting machine It not only saves samples and tooling equipment, but also greatly shortens Production preparation Cycle; The laser beam punches holes on high hardness materials and complex and curved surfaces at a high speed without damage; Laser welding has become a standard process in the automotive industry. Toyota of Japan has used laser for the welding of body panels, welding metal plates with different thicknesses and surfaces, and then stamping. Although laser heat treatment is not as common as welding and cutting abroad, it is still widely used in the automotive industry, such as heat treatment of cylinder liners, crankshafts, piston rings, commutators, gears and other parts. In industry developed country Laser processing technology, computer numerical control technology and flexible manufacturing technology are combined to derive laser rapid prototyping technology. This technology can not only rapidly manufacture models, but also directly metal powder Melting Metal mold 。

In the 1980s, YAG lasers played an increasingly important role in welding, cutting, drilling and marking. It is generally believed that YAG laser cutting can achieve good cutting quality and high cutting accuracy, but the cutting speed is limited. With the output power of YAG laser and Beam quality And was broken through. YAG lasers have begun to enter the kw class CO2 laser cutting market. YAG laser is especially suitable for welding micro devices that do not allow thermal deformation and welding pollution, such as lithium batteries, cardiac pacemakers, sealed relays, etc. YAG laser drilling has become the largest laser processing application.

Foreign laser drilling is mainly used in aerospace, automobile manufacturing Electronic instruments , chemical industry, etc. Punching peak power Up to 30~50kw, for punching pulse width Narrow and high repetition rate, laser Output parameters The improvement of drilling quality, speed and Scope of application 。 The relatively mature application of laser drilling in China is in the production of artificial diamond and natural diamond wire drawing dies and the production of watch gem bearings.

Research and development

The key points of research and development of laser processing technology can be summarized as follows:

Research on new generation industrial lasers In the period of technological renewal, its mark is Diode pump All solid state laser Development and application of;

Fine laser processing In the statistics of laser processing applications, micro processing accounted for only 6% in 1996, doubled to 12% in 1997, and increased to 20% in 1998;

Intelligent processing system ， system integration Not only the processing itself, but also with real-time detection, feedback processing expert system The establishment of intelligent machining system has become an inevitable trend of development.

After more than 30 years of development in China, laser technology has made thousands of achievements Scientific and technological achievements Many of them have been used in production practice. The output of laser processing equipment is growing at an average rate of 20% every year, which has solved many problems for the technical transformation of traditional industries and improving product quality, such as laser hair chemical fiber Technology is Baosteel , Benxi Steel and other large steel plants will change our country Automobile covering parts The steel plate of Marker And Laser welding machine Its quality, function and price meet the needs of the domestic market, Market share More than 90%.

Main problems:

Transformation of scientific research achievements Because of the poor ability of commodities, many promising achievements remain in the prototype stage of the laboratory;

Laser processing system The core component of laser is less variety, backward technology and poor reliability. In foreign countries, not only diode pumped solid-state lasers have been used in the production process, but also diode lasers have been used. However, diode pumped solid-state lasers in China are still at the beginning of research Development phase ；

yes process technology The research on ultra violet laser processing is very few, especially on fine processing technology;

Laser processing equipment Reliability, safety Maintainability The supporting facilities are poor, which is difficult to meet the needs of industrial production.

Technical science

The task of science is Know the world , the task of technology is Transform the world Technology is the intermediate link from science to production scientific theory As a bridge to transform into productivity, technology comes from the summary of experimental experience and the guidance of scientific principles.

Technical characteristics

When technology is used everywhere in modern society, a set of common characteristics can be used in modern technology. Many authors, such as McGinn (1991) and Winston (2003), list the following key features:

Complexity It refers to the characteristics that are difficult for most of today's tools to understand (that is, it requires a series of prior training for manufacturing or use). Some are relatively simple to use, but relatively difficult to understand their sources and manufacturing methods, such as Dinner knife , Baseball and Tall Processed food Etc. In addition, there are also some difficult to use and understand, such as tractors, televisions, computers, etc.

dependence It refers to the fact that today's tools mostly depend on other modern tools, while other modern tools depend on other modern tools, whether in manufacturing or use. For example, cars are supported by a huge and complex manufacturing and maintenance industry. The use also requires a complex road, street expressway , gas stations, maintenance plants, waste collection and other equipment.

Diversity , refers to different types and variations of the same tool. Imagine the many spoons and scissors that exist today. Even more complex tools usually have many shapes and styles, such as construction cranes or cars.

popularity Scale refers to the popularization of modern technology. Simply put, technology seems to be everywhere. It dominates modern life. In addition, scale also refers to the scope of many modern technology projects, such as mobile phone networks, the Internet, aircraft navigation Communication satellite And its influence on people on the earth.

Development status

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Laser technology And atomic energy , semiconductor and computer are the four most famous inventions in the twentieth century.

As a new light source invented in the last century, laser has directional Good, high brightness, good monochromaticity and high energy density have been widely used in industrial production , communication, information processing medical and health work , military cultural education And scientific research. According to statistics, from high-end optical fiber to common barcode scanners Related products And services market value Up to trillions of dollars. China's laser products are mainly used in industrial processing, accounting for more than 40% Market space 。

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As the most common application of laser system, laser processing mainly includes laser welding, laser cutting, surface modification Laser marking Laser drilling Micromachining And photochemical deposition, stereo lithography laser ablation Etc.

Laser processing equipment is one of the key technologies and equipment to transform the traditional manufacturing industry with laser processing technology. The main products include various types of Laser marking machine 、 Welding machine , cutting machine Dicing machine 、 Engraving machine 、 Heat treatment machine 、 3D molding machine And texturing machine. Such products have entered or are entering various industrial fields.

In terms of the application fields of global laser products, the material processing industry is still the main application market, accounting for 35.2%; The communication industry ranks second, accounting for 30.6%; In addition, data storage The industry occupies the third place, accounting for 12.6%.

Compared with traditional processing technology, laser processing technology has the advantages of less material waste, obvious cost effect in large-scale production, and strong adaptability to processing objects. In Europe, for high-grade car shell and base Aircraft wing as well as spacecraft The welding of special materials such as fuselage basically adopts laser technology.

In the past decade, with the continuous expansion of the industrial laser application market, the laser processing field has also been continuously developed, including traditional clocks, batteries, buttons, etc Light industry towards Machinery manufacturing , automobile manufacturing, aviation, power and energy, medical and dental equipment manufacturing and other application fields will effectively stimulate the demand for laser processing equipment.

In 2011, the global Laser industrial processing Equipment sales recorded strong double-digit growth. According to Industrial Laser Solutions（ ILS ）Of data display Global Laser Systems 2011 sales revenue US $7.06 billion, Year on year growth 16%, including laser sales revenue of 1.956 billion US dollars, up 18% year on year.

Development application

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Laser is one of the major inventions of this century, which has great technical potential. Experts believe that the computer is the main actor in the victory period of electronic technology, and the next generation will be the era of optical technology, with laser as the main actor. Laser is monochromatic coherence And parallelism, especially suitable for material processing. Laser processing is Laser Applications In the most promising field, more than 20 kinds of laser processing technologies have been developed abroad. Laser space controllability It has good control over the material, shape, size and processing environment of the processing object, and is especially suitable for Automatic processing 。 Laser processing system And computer Numerical control technology The combination can form efficient automatic processing equipment, which has become a timely production key technology It opens up a broad prospect for high-quality, efficient and low-cost processing and production.

Application of laser processing technology

The mature laser processing technologies include: Laser Rapid Prototyping Technology 、 Laser welding technology 、 Laser drilling technology Laser cutting technology Laser marking technology 、 Laser de balancing technology , Laser Etching technology 、 Laser trimming technology , Laser Storage technology , laser marking technology Laser cleaning Technology, laser heat treatment and surface treatment technology.

Laser welding The technology has a dissolving tank Purification effect , can be pure weld metal , applicable to the same and different Metallic materials Welding between. High energy density of laser welding High melting point , High reflectivity , High Thermal conductivity It is quite different from the physical characteristics Metal welding Particularly advantageous.

Laser cutting technology can be widely used in the processing of metal and non-metallic materials, which can greatly reduce processing time, reduce processing costs, and improve the quality of workpiece. Pulse laser is applicable to metal materials, and continuous laser is applicable to non-metallic materials, the latter is an important part of laser cutting technology application area 。

Laser marking technology is one of the largest application fields of laser processing. excimer laser A new technology developed by marking, especially suitable for metal marking, can realize Submicron Marking has been widely used microelectronics Industry and bioengineering 。

The laser weight removal and balancing technology is to use laser to remove the unbalanced overweight part on high-speed rotating parts, so that the inertial axis and Rotation axis Reclosing to achieve dynamic balance. The laser weight removal and balancing technology has two major functions: measurement and weight removal. It can simultaneously measure and correct the imbalance, greatly improving the efficiency, and has broad application prospects in the field of gyro manufacturing. For high-precision rotors, Laser dynamic balance Can be multiplied Balance accuracy The balance accuracy of its mass eccentricity value can reach 1% or several thousandths of a micron.

Laser etching technology is better than traditional Chemical etching Technical process Simple, can greatly reduce production costs, can process 0.125~1 micron wide lines, and is very suitable for vlsi Manufacturing of.

Laser trimming The technology can automatically fine tune the specified resistance, with an accuracy of 0.01%~0.002%, which is higher in precision, efficiency and cost than traditional processing methods. Laser trimming includes Film resistance (0.01~0.6 μ m thick) and Thick film resistor (20~50 μ m thick), capacitor and Hybrid integrated circuit Fine tuning of.

Laser storage technology is a technology that uses laser to record video, audio, text and computer information information age One of the supporting technologies of.

Laser marking technology is production Integrated circuit The key technology of（ line width 15~25 μ m, groove depth 5~200 μ m), high processing speed (up to 200 mm/s), Yield It can reach more than 99.5%.

The application of laser cleaning technology can greatly reduce the particulate pollution of processing devices and improve the yield of precision devices.

Laser thermal and surface treatment technologies include: laser transformation hardening technology, laser cladding technology Laser surface alloying Technology, laser annealing Technology Laser shock hardening Technology, laser strengthening Electroplating technology 、 Laser glazing Technology, which can change the Mechanical properties 、 Heat resistance And corrosion resistance.

Laser transformation hardening (i.e. laser quenching) is a new process that has been studied earliest, developed most rapidly and applied most widely in laser heat treatment. It is applicable to different parts of most materials and parts with different shapes, and can improve the wear resistance and fatigue strength Some foreign industrial departments use this technology as a guarantee product quality Means.

Laser cladding technology is a kind of laser widely used in industry Surface modification technology One, with good Economy It can greatly improve the corrosion resistance of the product.

Laser surface alloying technology is a new method for local surface modification of materials Future applications The most potential Surface modification technology One, applicable to aviation, aerospace, weapons Nuclear industry 、 Automobile manufacturing Parts that need to improve wear resistance, corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance, etc.

Laser annealing Technology is a new process for semiconductor processing, and its effect is better than that of conventional technology Thermal annealing Much better. After laser annealing, the substitution rate of impurities can reach 98%~99%, which can make polysilicon Of resistivity It can also greatly improve the Integration , make Circuit element The spacing between is reduced to 0.5 microns.

Laser shock hardening technology can improve the mechanical properties of metal materials, prevent the generation and propagation of cracks, improve the strength and hardness of steel, aluminum, titanium and other alloys, and improve their fatigue resistance.

Laser enhanced electroplating technology can improve the deposition rate of metal, Speed ratio nothing Laser irradiation 1000 times faster, for micro switches, precision instrument parts Microelectronic device and large-scale integrated circuit The production and repair of is of great significance. The firmness of the electrical layer can be increased by 100~1000 times by using the modified technology.

Laser glazing technology has a bright future for material modification. Its low cost, easy control and replication are conducive to the development of new materials. Laser glazing bonding Flame spraying 、 plasma spraying , ion deposition and other technologies have broad application prospects in controlling microstructure, improving surface wear resistance and corrosion resistance. Electronic materials , electromagnetic materials and other electrical materials after laser glazing Measuring instrument Extremely ideal.

2、 Laser processing technology Development trend

1. Numerical control and integration

Combining laser with computer numerical control technology, advanced optical system and high-precision and automated workpiece positioning to form a research and production processing center has become an important trend in the development of laser processing.

2. Miniaturization and combination

The two processing methods of laser cutting and die stamping have been combined on a machine tool to produce laser Punch It has both the versatility of laser cutting and Stamping It is characterized by high speed and efficiency, and can complete the processing of cutting complex shapes, punching, marking, and scribing.

3. High frequency and high reliability

abroad YAG laser The repetition frequency of has reached 2000 times/second, diode array pumping Nd: YAG laser Mean time to repair It has increased from hundreds of hours to 10000 to 20000 hours.

4. Using a polariton laser Metalworking

This is a new subject of laser processing abroad. The polariton laser can emit an ultraviolet laser with a wavelength of 157~350 nm. Most metals have very low reflectivity to this laser, absorptivity Therefore, this kind of laser has great application value in the field of metal processing.

3、 Dental laser system According to the different functions of laser in dental application, there are several different laser systems. One of the important characteristics that distinguish lasers is the wavelength of light. Different wavelengths of lasers have different effects on tissues visible light and near infrared spectroscopy Range light, suction Opticity Low, strong penetrability, it can penetrate deeper parts of tooth tissue, such as argon ion laser, diode laser or Nd: YAG laser. Er: YAG laser and CO laser have poor light penetration, which can only penetrate tooth tissue about 0.01mm. The second important feature distinguishing lasers is: laser intensity (i.e. power), such as Diagnostics The diode laser used in the Laser display On. The laser used for treatment is usually a medium intensity laser of several watts. The effect of laser on tissue also depends on the Launch mode The typical continuous pulse lasers are: argon ion laser, diode laser, CO2, laser; Lasers emitted in short pulse mode include Er: YAG laser or Nd: YAG laser. The intensity (power) of short pulse laser can reach 1000 watts or more. These lasers with high intensity and high absorption are only suitable for cleaning Hard tissue 。 Laser in dental caries Application in diagnosis of 1. Demineralization Superficial caries 2. Application of concealed caries laser in treatment 1. Cutting 2. Polymerization of fillings, Fovea handle

Market Outlook

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Compared with the international laser processing systems, China's laser processing systems have a big gap, accounting for only about 2% of the global sales. The main performance is: there are few or no high-end laser processing systems; The main laser is not qualified; The gap of micro laser processing equipment is large; In these fields, China's production enterprises are accumulating strength to enter steadily, and there is great room for development in the domestic application market.

It is predicted that in the next 2-3 years, China's sales will increase from 1.5 billion yuan in 2004 RMB That is to say, the output value will reach 3 billion yuan. Reasons:

1. The state attaches importance to it, and government departments at all levels are Active attention , planning, project initiation, and various funds are being injected. In particular, the state emphasizes that the main body of project approval should be changed from colleges and universities to enterprises, which promotes Enterprise products Independent innovation and technology upgrading.

2. Various domestic manufacturing industries have accepted laser processing technology, which can increase their products technical content , speed up the upgrading of products, which can achieve“ Agile manufacturing ”To meet the market's requirements for "personalized" products.

3. An industrial group of laser parts supporting enterprises has gradually formed in China, and various manufacturers with distinctive laser processing systems have been established. Four laser processing systems have been formed in China Equipment manufacturing Of Industrial belt , which are mainly distributed in Central China ; Zhujiang delta ; Yangtze River Delta and Beijing Tianjin Circum Bohai Sea Economically developed areas.

4. Some internationally renowned laser processing manufacturers have invested and built factories in China; Some are produced by domestic joint ventures, and the general trend is to enter one after another, forming the localization of international competition.

5. Domestic main lasers have gradually passed the standard and entered the market. Such as high power Axial flow CO2 lasers, medium and small power metal cavity RF CO2 lasers, semiconductor pumped all solid state lasers, fiber lasers, frequency doubling DPL, high-power diode modules, etc. are poised to enter the initial stage of productization and market. Create conditions for the appreciation of domestic laser processing to develop new applications.

Under the great situation that has been established in China, we earnestly expect all enterprises in the industry to strive to create products with independent innovation and try to avoid low price and low price profit margin The competition has made domestic equipment more and more healthy.

Employment advantages

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Graduates of this major are oriented to advanced manufacturing Laser forming Domain product design , development, manufacturing and management, mainly engaged in Laser equipment （ SLS ）Operation, processing, maintenance and laser processing Product sales And so on. It can not only serve laser equipment operation and processing posts, but also grow into manufacturing Technicians , graphic designer and prototype manufacturing engineer Etc.

With the third time industrial revolution With the advent of "3D" printing technology, laser processing technology, as the core of "3D" printing technology, will play a decisive role in the future manufacturing industry, and the demand for talents will also be increasing.

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