Tongguan is a geographical term.be locatedShaanxi ProvinceWeinan CityTongguan CountyNorth, northYellow River, located on the mountainside in the south.《Water injection》It says: "The river flows south of Guannei and Tongjiguan Mountain, which is called Tongguan." It was founded in the Eastern Han DynastyJian'anThe first year (196).Tongguan isGuanzhongThe east gate ofTen famous passesSecond, known as the "first pass", Emperor Qianlong visited the great rivers and mountains of the empire and felt the danger of Tongguan when he came here, and left a gilded imperial script of "first pass" on the banner outside the tower.[2]
Tongguan was set up at the end of the Eastern Han DynastyLoess tablelandIn the Sui Dynasty, she moved southward for several miles, while Empress Wu of the Tang Dynasty moved northward under the tableland, forming the former site of Tongguan City.Tang homeTongjin County, explicitly setTongguan Guard, Tongguan County in the Qing Dynasty,Republic of ChinaFollow the times.Because Tongguan is located at the crossing of the Yellow River, which is the key point of Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan provincesLuoyangThe key point of the post road is to get in and outSanqinTherefore, it has become the key to entering the Central Plains from the east and Guanzhong from the west since the end of the Han DynastyWestern RegionsIt has always been a place of great importance for military strategists. It is known as "the first dangerous place in the capital", "the throat of four towns", and "one hundred and two important passes".
Tongguan is located atguanzhong plain In the east, it is located at the crossroads of Qin, Jin and Henan provinces.The situation in Tongguan is very dangerousQinling MountainsThere are Forbidden Valley in the southeast, and 12 cities in the south of Valley;In the north, there are two rivers, Wei River and Luo River, running down from the Yellow River, and in the west near Huayue.It is surrounded by mountains, peaks, deep valleys and steep cliffs. The high mountains and narrow roads lead to a narrow footpath, which only allows one car and one horse to travel.In the past, people used to compare the danger of the situation here with "the struggle between narrow roads and apes" and "the danger of human roads ending at Tongguan".Du FuAfter you came back, you also had a poem that said, "The father-in-law sees where he wants to be, and he is narrow enough to ride a bike. He struggles hard to grow a halberd, and uses one man forever.".
Exterior view of the west gate of Tongguan Ancient City
Tongguan has a long history.According to《Tang script》"Ancient achievementsPeach forest plug”。《Master Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals》There is also a saying that in the 13th year of Duke Wen, Zhan Jia, the envoy of the Marquis of Jin, dealt with the flaws. See ShanxiYishi CountyAnd guard the Peach Forest. "Records.According to the ancient Du family, Taolin is in Tongguan, east of Hongnong Huayin County.From Han Valley to Si, it is higher than the cloud table. The valley is deep and mysterious. The forest is deep and the trees are thick, and the day becomes faint.Also known as Yuntong Pass, it is also called Chongguan Pass.The river flows from Longmen to the east of Huashan Mountain.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty,Cao CaoIn order to prevent the military chaos in the western part of the borderJian'anTongguan was established in the first year (196) and abandoned at the same timestrategic Qin-dynasty pass in Henan。
In the 16th year of Jian'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (212 years), Cao Cao andma chao、Han SuiIn the Tongguan War, the name of Tongguan was first seen in history.Tongguan Pass City was first set in Han Dynasty, on the south of the port, near Yangjiazhuang.
The third year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (328),Emperor Wu of Later ZhaoStone tigerattackHan and ZhaoOsaka,Liu YaoRush to rescue Tongguan, Shi Hu retreats.In the ninth year of Xianhe era (334), the King of Hedong in the Later Zhao DynastyShishengRaise an army in Chang'an to fight against Shi Hu. Shi Hu sends his son Shi Ting as the vanguard to attack Chang'an, and Shi Sheng sends a generalGuo QuanRefusing to fight in Tongguan, Shi Ting was defeated and Shi Hu rushed back to Mianchi.
In the sixth year of Yonghe (350), the monarch of the former Qin DynastyFu Jian, send his brotherFu XiongHe led people to Tongguan PassHou ZhaoYongzhou Governorduhon According to Chang'an, Fujian sent troops to fight against the north of Tongguan Pass and was defeated.Yonghe Decade (354),Eastern Jin DynastyFamous generalHuanwenWhen he attacked Qin, he failed to conquer and returned to Tongguan.
Di Shuai in the 18th year of Taiyuan (393)Yang FosongRebellion, BenLater Qin Dynasty。Yang Qi, the governor of Henan Province, followed him and defeated him at Tongguan.Later Qin DynastyTo save, the Jin army retreated.YixiTwelve years (416),Yao YiRebellion by Puban.Late Qin EmperorYao HongSend Yao Lvtun to Tongguan.
In the 13th year of Yixi (417),Liu YuFa Qin, vanguardWang ZhenhuFrom Mianchi to Tongguan,TandaojiIsostaticNorthern ShaanxiCross the river and attack Pubin.Yao HongshiYao ShaoGovernorFifty thousand people guarded Tongguan Pass and sent troops to save Puban.Shen LinziTandaoji said: Puban City has many strong troops, so it is better to strive for Tongguan Pass instead of being rushed out.If we get it, Puban will collapse without attacking.From it.Yao Shao went out and lost.Shao Fu envoy Yao Luantun Road is also called Sanxiao Road, which helps to break the roadGrain road。Luan DispatchYin YaThe soldiers fought againstGuannanThey were all defeated by the Jin army.Shao also sent Juntun River to break the waterway, but also lost.Liu Yu went to Tongguan and stopped.Liu Yu returned from Chang'an to the east.
King XiaHelianhuoTaking Guanzhong as an example, his officialsWang MaideSaid: QingniShangluo, the north and south are dangerousQingni Pass, seeLantian County。sent in advanceirregularsIf it is cut off, Tongguan Pass will be blocked to the east, and the land and water roads will be cut off.He Lian Huoxing sent his army to Chang'an and ordered his sonHe LianchangTuntongguan.In the 14th year of Yixi (418), Chang'an was in turmoil,Zhu LingshiWhen he went to Tongguan, Helianbuo occupied Guanzhong.
Inside view of the west gate of Tongguan Ancient City
In the 27th year (450) of Yuanjia period of the Southern Dynasty, soldiers were sent to the north to fight, and Yongzhou Governor and King SuiLiu ShengDispatch its genusLiu YuanjingIsostaticNanyangNorth out, inLushiHe pulled out Hongnong, went to Tongguan, and attacked it.Northern Wei DynastyThe garrison leader Lou Xu abandoned the city and left, generalPonzhiqiAnd so on.Heroes in Guanzhong, where they are, come to send money.wait untilWang XuanmoWhen the slide was defeated and the Wei army was in depth, the Song leader should not advance alone with the Yuan scenery.
In the 29th year of Yuanjia era (452), the governor of Yongzhou was sent backZang qualityAnd go to Tongguan separately.When Wei people heard about it, they sent troops to garrison.
In the third year of Xiaochang in the Northern Wei Dynasty (527),Don't break NianshengIn the uprising in Guanzhong, he sent his party to Tongguan, and Wei Fu won it.soon,Xiao BaoyinRebellion in the Guanzhong Pass sent troops to guard Tongguan Pass.Dispatched by the leader of WeiChang SunzhiWait for discussion.To Hengnong,Yang KanIt was called "Zhi Yue": Wu andHan Sui、ma chaoAccording to Tongguan, he refused, so he surpassed his talent and was not the enemy of Wei and Wu.However, those who have not decided the outcome for a long time will be strangled.Today, the guard of the thieves has been fixed. Although Wei Wu has revived, there is no way to show his wisdom and courage. Please divide your troops from Pubin to the west.From it.Zhisui has overcome Tongguan Pass and entered Hedong.YongxiThree years (534),Gao HuanWhen entering Luoyang, the leader of Wei entered the west.Huan pursued and welcomed them to Hongnong, captured Tongguan and entered the villagesHuayin。Find and retreat to the east of Tunhe RiverDon'tXue Yu guards Tongguan Pass.Yu WentaiAttack Tongguan again and cut Yu.
Eastern Wei DynastyTianping two years,Sima ZiruWait to attack Tongguan, Yuwen TaijunOverlordIn case.Three years, repatriateGao AocaoQushangluo,DoutaiQutong Pass.Huan Jun Puban built three bridges to cross the river.Yuwen Taimou attacked his Tongguan Army first.There is a valley on the left of the passXiaoguan。Yu WenshenPlease select the elite and sneak out of the small pass to attack the thief.From it.Dou Tai loses, Huan Jun retreats.Baoding four years later,Yu WenhuaboutTurkicA total of Qi were attacked,EscortTo Tongguan, sendYuchi JiongBe the vanguard and enjoy Luoyang.Quan JingxuanWhen Shuai Shannan was fighting, the Zhou people had Jingxiang.The south of the mountain is called Jingxiang, and the interesting hanging gourd is seen in HenanRuning Mansion。Yang ZiShaojunOutCloseShaojun, modern ShanxiYuanqu County。Guan, see HenanJiyuanCounty.In the second year of the elephant, Yu Chijun raised his troopsXiangzhouDebateYang Jian。A determined generalYang ShangxiJiangbing Town Tongguan.In the seventh year of the Sui DynastyTongguan RoadGo to the old pass for more than four miles in the Beast Sill Valley of the Yin Que at the corner between the towns in the north and south.In the 13th year of the Tang Dynasty, the Duke of the Tang Dynasty sent Shizi to build a military garrisonYongfeng WarehouseSee Huayin County and guard Tongguan to prepare for the Oriental Army.Qu TutongTo attract troops from Hedong to Chang'anTang JunRejected, Tongguan North City was protected to the east, and Tang was in a stalemate.
In the seventh year of the Sui Dynasty (611), the city of Guancheng was moved to the area around the north village of the south city of Yangjiazhuang. It was confronted with the Han Dynasty and formed two Guancheng. The situation was even more dangerous.In 691, the second year of Emperor Tianshui of the Tang Dynasty, Tongguan was moved from the upper part of the plateau to the lower part of the source, and a road was built along the river, that is, Tongguan.In order to consolidate their dominance, the rulers of all dynasties stationed heavy troops and set up gatekeepers here.Tongguan has been repaired many times since the Song and Ming Dynasties, and it is still well preserved.XimenArchitecture of the Ming DynastyThe gatehouse of“Woodcutter's tower”, magnificent.
There areQinling MountainsThe barrier is located in the north of the Yellow River, in the east of the barrier is Nian Tou, standing high and facing down, and in the middle of the barrier are Forbidden Gully, Yuanwang Gully, Man Luochuan, etctransectionThe natural defense lines of the east and west are likely to become "closed doors strangle Kyushu, and birds can not exceed".On the banner of Jindouguan, the door of Gutong Gate, there is a calligraphy written by Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty“First Pass”Three big characters.《Shanhaiguan Annals》There is a saying in it: "Tongguan and Shanhaiguan are the most famous places in the danger of the city." In October 1703, Emperor Kangxi inspected the "Great River Up and Down", crossed the Yellow River from Shanxi by boat to Fenglingdu, and entered Tongguan. Looking up at the towering ancient city wall, he was amazed and couldn't help admiring it.After staying in the temporary palace, I will make《Crossing the Yellow River and stopping at Tongguan》Write a poem and call Tongguan "the best city in the world".Han Tongguan City is located in the south of Chengbei Village, Tongguan County today.
Exterior view of the east gate of Tongguan Ancient City
In the seventh year of Daye in the Sui Dynasty (611), Guancheng was moved to the pit animal trap valley between the northern and southern cities, that is, the forbidden ditch mouth.the tang dynastyHeaven grantIn the second year (691), Tongguan City in the Sui Dynasty was moved to the south bank of the Yellow River and Weihe River.Song DynastyXiningIn the first ten years (1068-1077)To serve as an officialChen Ji expansion.In the fifth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1372), a thousand Liu Tong households built the city. In the ninth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, they commanded the Jin Shi Ma Zengxiu city board to build the city wall "zigzag along the mountain", later known as the Ming City.In the Qing Dynasty, it was built and expanded, facing the Yellow River in the north, crossing the Phoenix and Qilin Mountains in the south, and cutting off the east-west road in the east and facing the Yellow River in the southQilin Mountain；West East West Avenue is close to HenanXiangshan。There are six city gates, each with two holesBarbican Cityto be connected.The east gate was called Jindou, which was first named "Yingen" and then "Pingfan Liangshan";Western appellation“Huaiyuan”Later, it was changed to "control Sanqin".There are two south gates. The one in the east is called Shangnan Gate, which was first named "Lingyun" and later changed“Linyou”, and then change to "Mountain View";The west gate is called the South Gate, which was first named "Yingxun" and then changed to "Feng □".There are also two north gates. To the west is the Great North Gate, which was first called "flood absorption" and then "hegemonic British".There are two gates in the north and south of the gate. There are seven gates in the north gate on the south, with an overpass in it;Nine gates were built at the north gate.There are six city gates. Except the south gate, there are two in each city.Tongshui flows through the city and into the Yellow River through Tongjin Bridge.In the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927),feng yu-hsiangTonghe River Bridge was built.There are Jinling Temple, Bell Tower, Wanghe Tower, Lvzu Temple, Reading Tower, Xiangshan Ancestor Temple, memorial archways and pavilions in the city. In ancient times, it was called "Splendor, reflecting Sichuan".
During the Anti Japanese War, Japaninvading armyArtillery across the river, aircraft bombing.The Kuomintang army took the opportunity of building fortifications to demolish a large number of buildingsArrow TowerBurned.After liberation, the Party and the governmentAppropriationSome buildings in the county seat were repaired.However, in the late 1950s, the central government decided to buildSanmenxia Reservoir，Tongguan Ancient CityIt belongs to the reservoir area. The buildings in Tongguan City have been demolished, and Tongguan County has moved more than ten kilometers to the south. However, the water of the Yellow River has never flooded the old city, and many residents still live here.
geographical environment
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geographical position
Tongguan
Tongguan Countybe situatedShaanxiprovinceguanzhong plain East end, JushanJinAt the junction of Henan and Henan.Connect to the eastHenanprovinceLingbaoCity, Xilian ProvinceHuayinCity, southQinling MountainsAnd the provinceLuonan CountyIt is adjacent to the Yellow River in the northWeihe RiverSame ProvinceDali CountyandShanxiprovinceRuicheng CountyWaterproofLook at each other.It is bounded between 110 ° 09'30 "- 110 ° 25'32" east longitude and 34 ° 23'30 "- 34 ° 39'00" north latitude. It is 28.4km long from north to south, 24.6km wide from east to west, and has a total area of 526km2.Tongguan County is the east gate of Shaanxi Province and the throat connecting the northwest, north China and central plainsgeographical positionIt is of strategic significance.
The location is superior, and the transportation and communication are convenient.Juxian, TaiyuanLuoyangThree major citiesEconomic radiationThe center of the circle.Program controlled telephoneurban and ruralAll haveOpen.Mobile communication is connected with the world.
mineral resourcesIt is rich and has great development potential.Gold, silver, lead, iron, copper, granite, marble, graphitequartzThere are more than 20 gold mines built by the central and local governments. Gold mining, processing, and production have reached a certain scale, with an annual output of nearly 200000 taels of gold, making it the third largest gold producing county in China.
In the new period of historical development, Tongguan has become a key city in the western developmentbridgehead, the east gate of Shaanxi Province.With the in-depth implementation of the spirit of the 16th CPC National Congress andprovincial government“One line and two belts”development strategy The Tongguan County Party Committee and the Tongguan County Government put forward a new idea of building "one county and two districts", and determined a new development idea: to focus on the deep exploration of gold deposits and resources in the southern mountainous areacomprehensive developmentUtilize, protect the leading position and strive for the national Golden City;Middle catchEcological environment constructionbuildGreen civilizationAnd the development of animal husbandry, to ensure the people's wealth, and to expand the scale of forestry and animal husbandry;In the north, we should focus on cultural and historical resources andNatural ecological environmentDeeply develop, promote development and take the road of sustainable development.
landforms
The landform is high in the south and low in the north, with obvious ups and downs in the form of steps.From south to north, it can be divided into three types: mountainous area, remnant plain gully and Yellow River Valley and Weihe River Valley.
Qinling Mountains
The main vein runs from west to east, and the branches run from north to south, forming large and small valley paths. The mountains are high and steep, the peaks are stacked, the rocks are exposed, and the soil layer is shallow.
DomesticQinling MountainsMountains, from Xiyu in the east to Xiyu in the westHuayinPuyu County,Land area176.66 square kilometers, accounting for 39.7% of the total area.Altitude, 700-2100m in the east, 1000-1800m in the west, with an average elevation of 1500m.
Ground slope15% in the east and 10% in the west.The north and south geological fault depressions and deep canyons form Xiyu, Dongtongyu, Shancheyu, TaiyuMayu, Haochayu and Tongyu, each about 15km long.In addition, there are Dadangyu, Xiaodangyu, XiaoyugouMa FengYu, Dangjiayu, Zhaijiayu, Liyu, YushiyuPosterior sulcus, Luling Valley, Luba Valley, Xindi Valley, Maju Valley, Yunchen Valley, Qicha Valley, Lingyu Valley and Zheyuan Valley.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, we should make use of the natural advantages of mountain areas to develop forestry and animal husbandry,Forest protection and fire prevention，Closing mountains for afforestation, afforestation, forage protection, masonryRockfill dam, terracing, wasteland reclamation, stream irrigation, improvementMountain agricultureConditions.The area of this area is 265000 mu,Cultivated land area4018 mu, accounting for 2.11% of the county's arable land.Effective irrigation area410 mu, accounting for 10% of the cultivated land in mountainous areas.Suitable forest land167000 mu, accounting for 63% of the county's arable land.Including:Forestland95400 mu, accounting for 57.13% of the suitable forest land area;Natural grassland83600 mu, accounting for 31.5%, and 30200 mu have been used, accounting for 35.1%;Non production land is 10300 mu, accounting for 5%.The forest, grass and mineral resources are rich and are being developed and utilized.
Loess plateau gully
The original surface is high in the south and high in the north, with deep loess coverage. Long term flood erosion has formed the original high gully and undulating valley plateauGully land。
The Taiyuan gully in this area starts from the east end of Niutouyuan in the east and connects Mengyuan in Huayin County in the west. The land area is 194.79 square kilometers, accounting for 43.8% of the total area.The original surface is fragmented, and the trench generally runs north-south.716 trenches with a length of less than 1km, 207.13km in total;77 lines with a total length of 111.69 km from 1 to 3 km;13 lines with a length of 3-5 km, 46.2 km in total;There are 14 lines with a total length of 116.77 km and more than 5 km.There are 820 ditches in the county, with a total length of 481.79 kilometers,Gully density1.08 km/km2.The depth of the trench is 100-180 meters, and the ratio of the original area of the trench is 7 ∶ 2.Due to different shapes and causes, it can be divided into three parts: primary platform, secondary platform and inter original depression.The original elevation of the first-class platform is 530-610 meters;550-900m for the secondary platform;The original depression is 400-700m, and the original slope is 1-3 degrees.Because receive throughLuochuan、Forbidden ditch, Liexiegou, Yuanwanggou, Tiegou, from east to west, forming Daiziying, Nantou, SijiaoyingWangxiTunWucun, Gaoqiao Liudao Canyuan.
This is the main grain and cotton producing area, with 170000 mu of arable land, accounting for 86.79% of the county's arable land.Trees are planted in the ravines, grass is planted to protect slopes, and forestry and animal husbandry are developed.The orchard covers an area of 6217 mu.36400 mu of suitable forest land, including 19600 mu of forest land, accounting forAfforestable area53.5%。
Huangwei River Valley
Tongguan
The Yellow River and Weihe River have been scoured, and the riverbed has dropped, forming a valley.Three levels along the river from east to westterrace, the ground is flat,groundwater levelHigh, the first and second terraces are oftenFlooding, collapse.
The Yellow and Weihe River valleys includeriver flatThe narrow and long terraces on the south bank of the Huangwei River cover an area of 73.51 square kilometers, accounting for 16.50% of the total area.The flood plain covers an area of 56000 mu, with 27000 mu of arable land. It is distributed in the corner of the right bank of the Yellow River and the north bank of the Weihe River, with an altitude of 331 meters.There are first, second and third terraces on the south bank of the Huangwei River, and the first terrace is distributed in Xiaoquan and the north of Gongzhuang Village.Due to the rise of the riverbed, the boundary with the flood plain is not obvious.The second terrace is distributed inSuspension bridge, Huayuan, Shilipu, with an altitude of 340-350 meters.The third terrace is distributed in Xi'ao, Shangzhai Village and Aoli Village, with an altitude of 410-450 meters.
In addition to the river beach, there are 17500 mu of cultivated land, includingIrrigate the land9300 mu, accounting for 53% of the cultivated landAquacultureAreas with superior conditions.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Tongguan was born as a pass.It is speculated that Tongguan, which was founded in the Eastern Han Dynasty, is located near Chengbei Village, Yangjiazhuang, Gangkou Town, Tongguan County today.The construction of the Han Tongguan Pass is not recorded in the historical books, and because the archaeological work has not been completed, it can only be speculated thatTongguan Ancient CityOn the mountains to the south.
It is generally believed that Tongguan City changed its location three times.In the Han Dynasty, on the southern tablelandForbidden ditchI moved the city site toYellow RiverEdge, from then on until the Ming and Qing DynastiesRepublic of ChinaThe position of Guancheng has not changed.
Tongguan, established in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was abolished in the seventh year of Daye (611) of the Sui Dynasty.Probably because the Yellow River is cutting down and the loess plateau is widening, the city site is moved closer to the north of the Yellow River.The construction of Sui Tongguan Pass is unknown.Some scholars believe that the customs and defense facilities of Han and Sui Tongguan are single, mainly building a pass city, "one" shaped opening, extending to both sides, cutting off the source channel to prevent the enemy from entering, and setting a door on the city wall to facilitate pedestrian access.However, due to the lack of historical data and archaeological evidence, these are just conjectures.
Tang DynastyHeaven grantIn the second year (691), Tongguan, which was established in the Sui Dynasty, was abolished again. The new site was located near the south bank of the Yellow River, which is now the Port Town of Tongguan County. The city site probably occupied the eastern half of the former site of Tongguan City in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.According to the Tongguan Weizhi, Tongguan in the Tang Dynasty built related buildings, dug trenches outside the city, and set up related west posts to the west of the city.The pass city in the Tang Dynasty made full use of Tongguan'sphysical geographyThe situation is extremely dangerous. The gateway is close to mountains in the south and the Yellow River in the north.
In the Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the city of Tongguan was still restored at the former site of Tongguan in the Tang Dynasty, and fortifications were set up according to the danger.
In the Ming Dynasty, Tongguan was a military administration withTongguan GuardThe city expanded unprecedentedly.The Ming Dynasty attached great importance to the construction and garrison of Tongguan City. Since the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the construction of Tongguan City has been constantly improved.In the fifth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1372), Tongguan City was rebuilt on the basis of Tongguan City in the Tang and Song Dynasties.In the ninth year of Hongwu's reign (1376), Tongguan officials expanded Tongguan City, which basically determined the size and shape of Tongguan City in the future.The city wall zigzags along the mountain, including Qilin Mountain, Yantai Mountain (also called Yintai Mountain) and Bijia Mountain in the southeast, Phoenix Mountain and Scorpion Mountain (also called Xiangshan Mountain) in the southwest, and Tonghe River into the Yellow River section into the pass city, making Tonghe River flowing into the Yellow River from south to north pass through Tongguan City.As a result, Tongguan City's defensive ability has been greatly enhanced.It is built on the river, which is rare in the northern cities. The Tonghe River is actually the city'sirrigation waterDrinking water.TongguanliThere are also more than 1000 mu of land, which can be used for food and shelter for a long time. It is easy to defend but difficult to attack.
According to historical records, the expanded Tongguan City is high in the south and low in the north, bordering the Yellow River in the north. The east, west and north walls are five zhang high, while the south wall is ten zhang high.The whole city has a perimeter of nearly 6 kilometers.There are 6 city gates,East GateTo close the door, it is called "Jindou",West GateIts name is Huaiyuan, and there are Shangnan Gate, Xianan Gate (later the South Gate), Dabei Gate (later the North Gate) and Xiaobei Gate.Among them, there are gatehouses at the east, west and north gates.Later, Nanshui Pass was built one after anotherBeishuiguan。In the fourth year of Longqing in the Ming Dynasty (1570), the eastern and western urn cities were built, and gatehouses were built on the urn cities. So far, the magnificent Tongguan City of the Ming and Qing Dynasties has been fully formed.
The contribution of the Ming Dynasty to Tongguan City is not only the city with complete shape and eight sights of Tongguan, which is unique to TongguanLocal Customs It also branded the mark of this period.Before the middle of the Ming Dynasty, there were almost no ordinary residents in Tongguan, and all of them were soldiers stationed in the city.After these soldiers retired, they were given land near the Guancheng Pass, which lasted until the Qing Dynasty.As a result, the tough folk customs and special customs in Tongguan are different from those elsewhere.Li Yongwen, who has lived in Tongguan for more than ten years, said: "Today, most of Tongguan people are foreigners, and there are few indigenous people. A large part of them are the descendants of soldiers and generals stationed in Tongguan, so Tongguan people are straightforward, heroic, and rarely beat about the bush. Today, most of Tongguan people are descendants of Tongguan garrison generals."
Street View of Ancient City
The old city of Tongguan in the Qing Dynasty still followed the scale and organizational system of Tongguan in the Ming Dynasty, and on the basis of it, the grand buildings of Tongguan in the Ming Dynasty were rebuilt, added or rebuilt. At the same time, the north, east and west walls were builtGrey brickSince then, Tongguan City has become more solid, magnificent and beautiful.In the 53rd year of Qianlong's reign (A.D. 1788), the 2400 meter long earthen city wall on the north side of the Yellow River was paved with square stone strips and bricks, and the south and north water gates were built, and major buildings were rebuilt.The gate towers at the north and south water passes through Tongshui River in a grand scale, and the stone bridge across the east and west in the middle is like a rainbow. The river is undulating, and the Yellow River outside the cityGet on the ferryThe communication is like weaving, and the scenery is fascinating.In addition to the beautiful scenery, the north city wall adjacent to the Yellow River has a very important function. It is both a city wall and a dam to prevent the Yellow River from flooding the city.Later, the east and west earthen walls were all pasted with black bricks, making Tongguan City more solid and magnificent.
In addition to the grand buildings on the city walls, there were many views built inside and outside Tongguan City in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, up and down the mountainsTempleTang, as well as wood and stone arches, these ancient buildings, carved beams and painted buildings, are beautifully constructed.In the Qing Dynasty, the streets in Tongguan City mainly included Yuxian Street, Shuaifu Street, Sipaifang Street, Pailou South StreetPailou North Street, Fubu Street, Xianmentong Street, Nanmen Street andXiguan StreetThere are more than 50 tunnels in vertical and horizontal arrangement, which are densely undulating.Although Tongguan City is not big, there are so many streets, lanes andAncient architectureIts prosperity can be imagined.
In ancient times, as an important pass, Tongguan City had a very strict access systemGuanzhongTongguan is a must pass.In ancient times, pedestrians had to pass the east and west gates of Tongguan to pass through Tongguan.Every morning when the sun comes out, the city gate opens.As soon as the sun sets, the city gate will be closed and no passage will be allowed.Therefore, many people passing by here will stay in Tongguan City for one night.This makes the business in the city more prosperous.
Demolition of Ancient Tongguan City
From the end of the Qing Dynasty until the liberation,strategic roleThe dangerous Tongguan Pass has gone through wars again and again, and the city of Tongguan has also been destroyed by wars, especially the Japanese bombing.By the eve of liberation, there were only a few survivors of the buildings left over from ancient times, and none of them had caused a devastating blow to the old city of Tongguan.
In the 1960s, due to overestimationSanmenxiaDue to the water level of the reservoir, Tongguan County had to choose another site for relocation. It is estimated that the old city is too close to the Yellow River, so it was classified into the flooded area.When people went to the city, many buildings in the city were demolished, and their building materials were used by people to build new homes.The ruins of the old city were severely damaged, leaving only the remaining city walls, but the basic outline can still be seen.After the "Cultural Revolution", the main remains of the old city wall of Tongguan will be few.Re experience due toenvironmental deteriorationResulting in water and soil lossNatural erosionThe thousand year old city of Tongguan now has only loess ruins.
Geographical role
"Tongguan County Town"
Tongguan is located in Tongguan County, Shaanxi Province. It got its name from its proximity to Tongshui, which was called Taolinsai in ancient times.It borders on the Qinling Mountains in the south, with the danger of forbidden ditches and deep valleys;In the north, there are Weihe River and Luohe River;The west is the barrier of Huashan Mountain;The east side is connected by mountains, with deep valleys and steep cliffs. The middle part is connected by a narrow path, which only allows one vehicle to ride. When people walk along it, they can overlook the Yellow River, which is extremely dangerous and precipitous.As the poet described it: "The mountains are powerful with three assistants, and closing the door strangles Jiuzhou".When Tongguan was founded, historical documents did not specify it. According to《Romance of the Three Kingdoms·According to the records of Emperor Wu, Cao Cao broke Ma Chao at Tongguan in 211, which shows that Tongguan had begun to be built before then.After repair in the Tang, Song, Ming, Qing and even the Republic of China, it was basically intact.Guancheng has a perimeter of about 5 kilometers, north and northeastSlab buildingEarth wall, the outer green brick is 16m high and 8m wide;South and southeast, cut along the mountainCrenellation, up to 30 meters high.In addition to 6 openings, there are two water gates in the north and south.About 3 kilometers east of Tongguan, there is a forbidden ditch from Tang Dynasty to Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty. For the safety of Tongguan,RammingsquareEarthen platformTwelve are defensive military fortresses.Since Tutai is basically connected with Tongguan City, it is called "Twelve Linked Cities".As the east gate of Guanzhong, Tongguan has experienced dozens of battles.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao and Ma Chao fought at Tongguan, and Ma Chao fought against Cao's division. Later, Cao Cao skillfully seized Tongguan with his wisdom.Northern Zhou DynastyAt the end of the year, when Yang Jian usurped the throne in Chang'an and established the Sui Dynasty, he secretly sent Yang Shangxi to guard the Tongguan Pass to relieve his worries about going east.Mid Tang DynastyAnlu MountainCapture Luoyang, advance to Tongguan, use luring the enemy in depth, and annihilateGe ShuhanThe nearly 200000 Tang troops under its jurisdiction occupied Tongguan and shook the capital,tang xunzongRun west in a hurry.Late Tang DynastyHuangchao UprisingThe army captured Tongguan Pass and attacked Chang'an directly.Song Dynasty“Jingkang Incident ”Later, Tongguan was obtained by Jin, and later in the Jin DynastyMongolian ArmyForcing, moving the capitalBianjing。Concentrate the troops near Tongguan.Someone once said to Mongolian Tiemuzhen, "Jin Ting has been living in Bian for 20 years, and only Tongguan and Huanghe can hold the peace.".So in 1233 AD, when the Mongolian army surrounded Bianjing, Tongguan was the first to seize it.At the end of the Yuan Dynasty,Zhu YuanzhangIt was also the first time to break Tongguan Pass that the whole Guanshan region was quickly pacified.War of LiberationChen Geng and Xie Fuzhi of the People's Liberation ArmySouthern Shaanxi、Western HenanThe opportunity of regional emptiness, crossing the Yellow River in the south, in the Luoyang section of TongguanMobile operationThey sought opportunities to wipe out the enemy, opened up the Henan Shaanxi Hubei base area, and created a favorable situation for the victory of the War of Liberation.
Architectural characteristics
Schematic Diagram of Tongguan Old City
Tongguan is an ancient military garrison station. The place name has a strong military color, such as Daiziying and Sijiao Camp. Let's go to see the ancient battlefieldLi ZichengNanyuanThe place of war.Most of the residents in Tongguan are also descendants of the ancient military garrison,
But he has returned to the fields and become a farmer honestly.I remember a man namedZhaojia VillageThe people in Zhaojia Village have long and thin eyes, flat and wide faces, and sinister faces. They look like Mongolian people outside the Great Wall. They have been killed several times since the 1980s because of robbery.He Jialing is the descendant of the He Family, a military general in northern Shaanxi.According to the ancestorsCentral AsiaComingSogdiana Although the descendant is not a military general, he may have been exiled to Dongtu when ancient Taibai broke the river.In my generation, I was totally submerged in Dongtu and only retained some oral memories.
In the Republic of China, many people from Henan and Shandong came into Shaanxi in large numbers along the Longhai Line because of the Yellow River's dike breach.In fact, since Shanzhou, Henan Province, it has roughly entered the boundary of Guanzhong culture, with similar Shaanxi Guanzhong accent and specialties, such asDried persimmon，Apple，Chinese hamburger。When refugees enter Shaanxi, they also bring diversifiedDietetic culture，Henan Hu Spicy SoupWhen I arrived in Shaanxi, I became a regular breakfast.It's likeWestern RegionsThe Hu people brought itbeefBoiled bunSame,Islamic CultureGradually infiltrated into the birthplace of ancient China.Culture in Guanzhong is inclusive and distinctive.
Liang Xiwa's Rougamo, Yellow RivercatfishSoup,Tongguan pickles, DuckTablet soupSteamed beef and steamed buns are the special food of Tongguan.Tongguan pickles are inCixiWhen the empress dowager took refuge in Xi'an, she wasPraise；Yellow RiverCatfish soupIt is fresh and delicious. All the ingredients used are wild catfish in the Yellow River;Liang Xiwa's Rougamo is good for himBagel cakeIt is crispy but not burnt. It is not like the meat bun in Henan, but also needs juice. It is crispy and delicious when eaten hot.
The development of Tongguan as a whole shows the unified characteristics of the northwest, that is, conservative and backward. Despite the fact that so many immigrants came to the northwest after liberation, one thing they did was to dig out and transport minerals from the northwest toEastern ChinaGo.Leave the local simple and poor northwest people, unwilling to leave their homeland.Tongguan local rich gold deposit, extracted from oreZhaoyuanThe gold mine is different.This caused seriousgroundwater pollutionAnd air pollution.howeverCICCThey are still snatching gold coins from the Qinling Mountains all the time. When the ore vein is exhausted, it is the time for them to leave.It's said that in GansuLongnanWenxian CountyI found it againAsiaThe largest gold mine in the world. I'm sorry for the beautiful scenery thereDaba MountainJing and the poor and simple people.
Long culture
As early as the early Tang DynastyGovernance of ZhenguanAt this time, the talent and strategy of a generation of TianjiaoLi ShiminHe once praised Tongguan for its vigor and vitality with the reputation of "strengthening the two capitals with the front";When the wheel of history entered the last golden age in the feudal history of China“Kangxi Qianlong heyday”In one dynasty, the two emperors visited Tongguan for many times and praised it as "the best city in the world" and "the first pass" in the banner of the imperial script.
《Water injection》: The river flows in the Guannei Pass to the south, rushing the Guanshan Pass, which is called Tongguan.Jin called it the Peach Forest Fortress, and Qin called it Yang Hua.There is Tongshui in the west, and it is poured into the river in the northeast.The river flows from the northeast of Tongguan, and there is Changban on the water side, which is called HuangjuanbanWenxiang County。Beside the Jue Stream, Zhizuiban will rise to Tongguan Pass.
Pan Yue《Western Expedition Fu》: tracing the Yellow River to help Tongyi.It is generally called Hangu Pass when going out of Dongxiao.The deep bank and high sky, the deep empty valley, the gorge of the stream road, the car is not square track, which is called Tianxian.
Great poet and calligrapher of the Qing DynastyZhang Chuanshan"Tongguan Pass" says: "It's easy to pass the grand pass when the time is smooth, and Patma River passes back from the past. A song of smoked cucumbers and flowing water, and several peaks of green Huayin Mountain. You can climb the plate of Ding Nanzhuang, and you can cook sheep and guard officials with wine. It's the best place to hide green poplar, and the painting room of red shirts and green hats." Contemporary literatiChen YunheThe poem of "Fengling Ferry" is a portrayal: "There has been no boat for Fengling Ferry so far, and the old Tongguan has replaced the old Tongguan FerryIron bridge”。
Economics
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Economic aggregateSignificantly expanded.In 2011, the whole county realized regional developmentGDP2.68 billion yuan, calculated at comparable prices, an increase of 16.2% over the previous year.Among them,primary industryThe added value was 260.5 million yuan, up 6.7% over the previous year;the secondary industryThe added value was 1.3973 billion yuan, up 22.9% over the previous year;the service sector; the tertiary industryThe added value was 1022.2 million yuan, an increase of 10.8% over the previous year.1、 The secondary and tertiary industries accounted for 9.72%, 52.14% and 38.14% of GDP respectively.According to the permanent population, the per capita GDP of the whole county is 17207 yuan, an increase of 3990 yuan over the previous year.
Non public ownership throughout the yearEconomic value added1.2885 billion yuan, accounting for 48.07% of GDP, 1.07 more than the previous yearPercentage point。
Commodity consumption
Commodity consumption continued to rise.The whole countyTotal retail sales of consumer goodsIt realized 702.45 million yuan, an increase of 15.8% over the previous year.Of which, countyRetail sales421.47 million yuan, with retail sales below county level of 280.98 million yuan.By industry category, the whole yearWholesale and retailThe sales reached 607 million yuan, up 14.5%;Realization of accommodation and catering industryturnover95.45 million yuan, up 25.53%.
The financial industry is running smoothly.Financial institutions at the end of the yearDeposit balance3518.51 million yuan, down 0.9% over the previous year, including:Personal deposit2678.04 million yuan, down 3.95% over the previous year.each and every itemLoan balance1505.92 million yuan, up 36.76% over the previous year, including:short-term loan1226.71 million yuan, an increase of 50.46% over the previous year,Medium and long-term loans279.21 million yuan, up 70.04%.
The rural economy has developed steadily.In 2011, the whole countyTotal output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheryUp to 457.05 million yuan（present price），Deduct price factor, up 8.75% over the previous year.Among them, the agricultural output value was 243.53 million yuan, the forestry output value was 8.91 million yuan, the animal husbandry output value was 171.28 million yuan, the fishery output value was 5.18 million yuan, and the agricultural, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery service output value was 28.15 million yuan, up 2.39%, 55.74%, 14.98%, and 36.22% respectively from the previous year.At the end of the year, the total power of agricultural machinery was 80343 kilowatts, and the amount of fertilizer applied was 10661 tons (equivalent toPure quantity）。
Output of main agricultural products:
43106 tons of grain decreased by 18% over the previous year
Including:Summer grain24788 tons decreased by 12% over the previous year
Autumn grain18318 tons down 26% over the previous year
966 tons of cotton increased 12.6% over the previous year
5223 tons of oil decreased by 1.12% over the previous year
Apple10655 tons increased by 13.2% over the previous year
largeJujube185 tons down 0.61% over the previous year
construction of water conservancy worksrapid growth.Complete water conservancyConstruction investment63.49 million yuan, of which 4.59 million yuan was invested in the safe drinking water project, 7 new pumping wells were drilled, and 5 new water towers were built,Reservoir6, laying 31.19 kilometers of pipe network, solving the problem of safe drinking water for 8100 people in 11 villages.The completed investment in water and soil loss control is 6.41 million yuan, and the area of water and soil loss control is 28km2.New water savingIrrigation area4500 mu, storage and diversion capacity of 24000 m3, and irrigation area of 4500 mu restored.
Industrial buildings
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industrial economySustained and rapid development.Throughout the countyIndustrial added valueIt reached 1.3032 billion yuan, an increase of 23.8% over the previous year.JurisdictionIndustrial enterprises above designated sizeCompleted output value of 3.93 billion yuan（present price）The added value was 1.231 billion yuan (current price), up 51.3% and 25.2% respectively from the previous year.
Output of main industrial products:
11.33 tons (362560 liang) of gold
17.4% increase over the previous year
Including: 8.74 tons of finished gold (279680 liang)
The post and telecommunications industry has developed healthily.annualPostal servicerealizationMain business incomeThe business income of telecom owners reached 85.5165 million yuan, up 15.7% and 8.98% respectively from the previous year.At the end of the year, the number of fixed telephone users in the county was 18637, 1277 fewer than that at the end of the previous year.There were 124000 mobile phone users, an increase of 7661 over the previous year.At the end of the year, there were 11400 Internet users, up 9.98% from the end of the previous year.
Educational culture
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Science and technology further developed.A total of 4 provincial key science and technology projects and 7 municipal key science and technology projects were organized and implemented throughout the year.Including "350 tons/day roasting tailings comprehensive utilizationkey technology ”The project is listed in the provincial "industrial key problem tackling" plan, "new fine gold"ReselectThe "Application and Promotion of Devices" project was listed in the provincialPatent industrializationProject.Strive for 350000 yuan of funds, organize the implementation of 22 county-level planning projects, and focus on supporting the construction of county-levelScience and technology projects3, of which "one item constitutes gold innovation re-election" declared by R&DTechnical systemOfTechnical Invention”WonWeinan CityFirst prize in science and technology.
educationCoordinated development。We strengthened education construction, formulated the Three Year Action Plan for Preschool Education in Tongguan County, invested 3.0366 million yuan, and completed the reconstruction and expansion of Taiyao and Daiziying townships and the county central kindergarten;Accelerate Sizhi Primary Schoolproject construction Efforts have been made to complete the project construction“Three connections and one leveling”； CompletedYouth Activity CentreWhich provides good conditions for the healthy growth of young people.promoteEducation informatizationLevel, installed for each class of urban primary and secondary schoolsTV computer all-in-one machine180 classes andTongguan Middle SchoolFull coverage of 20 teaching classes.The number of teachers has been increasing. At the end of the year, the county had 1921 teachers, 163 more than the previous year.Among them, there are 975 full-time teachers in ordinary middle schools and 946 full-time teachers in primary schools.In 2011, 211 people went online for one college entrance exam in the county, ranking the third in the city in terms of the ratio of 10000 people;486 people went online for the second book and 1205 people went online for the third book, ranking the fourth in the city in terms of the ratio of 10000 people.
Cultural undertakingsProsperity is on the rise.At the end of 2011, there was one cultural center in the county,a cultural station5 cultural centers, covering an area of 1200 square meters.One library, covering 1180 square meters,public libraryThe total collection of books was 40000, twice that of the previous year.Completed in 2011Rural Bookstore31, village cultureActivity room10, cultureinformation resources sharing 34 village service points, farmersPhysical fitness8 places.Organized "Two Sessions Special Session Comprehensive Literature and Art"Drama performance”"Sing red songs to celebrate Yan'an spirit, sing praises to reform and opening up, and sing home songs to celebrate a better life"“Gaoqiao TownshipMass Opera Concert "," Huafu Tianxia "Cup Qin JinyuYellow River DeltaThe badminton exchange match, the "King's Cup" snooker contest and other wonderful cultural and sports activities have greatly enriched people'scultural life, welcomed by the masses.
Twelve linked citiesYangshao Cultural SiteMa Baoquan, Fotouya, Tiegouwangquan, Yellow River Railway Bridge, Port High LiftPumping station, Guangou Tieqiao, Taiyu Reservoir, etc
Tongguan
Boarding Tongguan Pass, I can't help thinking about thisAncient battlefield。211 yearsCao CaoAfter a fierce battle with Ma Chao at Tongguan, Cao Cao built a wall with sand and watered it with water. It was frozen overnight. Ma Chao was defeated and fled west.756 Tang JiangGe ShuhanWe have 200000 soldiers to guard Tongguan,XuanzongListenYang GuozhongSlander forced Ge Shuhan out of the pass to fight, but he was rebelAnlu MountainDefeat.Anlu Mountain occupied Tongguan and moved westward,tang xunzongRun west in a hurry.880 yearsHuangchao UprisingThe army marched from Luoyang to Tongguan, General TangTian LingziLed 100000 soldiers to guard Tongguan, but unexpectedlyInsurgent armySneak in from the forbidden ditch, seize Tongguan and smash Chang'an directly.At the end of the Yuan Dynasty,Zhu YuanzhangBreak Tongguan Pass to stabilize Shaanxi and Gansu.During the War of LiberationThe Chen Geng and Xie Fuzhi Corps defeated the Kuomintang army in Tongguan area and opened the Henan, Shaanxi and Hubei base areas.So far, many villages in Tongguan have been named "army" and "battalion".
Xiongguan refers to TongguanOld CityThe gate building at the east gate.Ju means squatting or sitting.Tiger Ju means the corner of Qilin Mountain outside the East Gate looks like a dragonFerocious tigerSquat at the pass.The east gate tower faces the Yellow River in the north, the corner of the Qilin Mountain in the face, and the Yuanwanggou Graben in the east. It is the only gate to enter from the east. It is extremely dangerous and has the potential of "one man is in charge of the gate, and ten thousand men cannot open it".When entering the gate, pick up the gifts along the steep ramp outside the east gate, and look up at the gate tower and the towering Qilin Mountain, just like a fierce tiger, guarding the east gate of Shaanxi, which is famous for its majesty and danger.
Qing.
lightWenyuanSheng Zan's poem "Tiger's Stand at the Great Pass":
As soon as the flood in Qinshan passes,
The sky blocks the imperial capital.
But one man must be in charge of the pass,
Never look at Yan City with marbles.
notes:
（1） In a word, there is a Tongguan Pass between the Qinling Mountains and the Yellow River.Zhongtian refers to the Central Plains.The imperial capital refers to Chang'an.
（2） The third and fourth sentences mean that as long as one member is assigned to guard the East Gate, the pass refers to the East Gate, and the "East Letter Valley" is nothing but the rhetoric of the arrogant.This refers to the Eastern Han DynastyWang YuanZeng boasted that he could seal Hangu Pass east with a small number of troops, ridiculing his contemptuous attitude towards Tongguan.
Forbidden ditch Longqiu
Longqiu(qiuqiu) There is a hanging waterfall on the top and a deep pool below, which is called "Longqiu".The scene of Longqiu in the forbidden ditch is at the junction of the forbidden ditch water and Tonghe River in the north of Shimen Pass at the mouth of the forbidden ditch.It is about 2km away from the old city of Tongguan in the north.
The forbidden ditch is long and deep, with flowing water under it, and the water source is fromArtemisia ordosicaChayu, meeting the spring water along the way, flows to the Shimen Pass at the mouth of the gully.The ditch bed is suddenly changed, the turbulence is straight down, and the spray is splashed all over, which seems to be hanging high in white practice.The ditch water falls in harmony with Tonghe River and converges into a deep pool.Ripples of blue waves,Fish leapingwave-making , green trees, flowers and birds, quitesouth of the lower reaches of the Yangtze RiverCharm.
Ming.
Lin Yunhan's poem "Forbidden Valley, Longqiu" goes:
There is a spiritual source at the foot of Forbidden Valley Mountain,
The dragon looked up at the mirror and booed the fog,
The fish pierced the stone and scratched the moss.
At four times, the rain rains to support farmers,
A thousand miles of wind and cloud mediate the clouds.
Come to Huai's scenic spots,
Carry the spring wine to intoxicate Fangzun.
notes:
（1） First and second, there is a deep waterfall at the mouth of the forbidden ditch, which leads to Haimen.It describes the deep water of the pool, which is blue and cannot see the bottom.Lingyuan, here, means Longqiu waterscape.As the ancient saying goes, "The water is not deep, and the dragon will meet the spirit".
（2） Three or four sentences mean that the Dragon is looking up at the sky and breathing fog.Fish shuttles and touchesmoss and lichen。Shh, breathe out.甃甃甃甃甃甃甃甃甃甃甃甃甍甍甍甍甍29965.
（3） Five or six sentences mean that the rain all the year round meets the farmers' wishes, and the wind and clouds of thousands of miles harmonize the changes of nature.Mediate and investigate.Cloudization refers to the change of nature.
（4） Seven or eight sentences mean that you come here to enjoy the scenery and get drunk on the fragrant grass with spring wine.Zun, same bottle, wine vessel.
Qinling Cloud Screen
Screen.Qinling Cloud Screenmist-shroudedThe natural scenery of Tongguan is comparable to the screen of Tongguan.
The Qinling Mountains in the south of Tongguan are undulating, green and fresh, and pleasing to the eye.Before and after the rain and snow, the scene is more beautiful. Clouds are floating in the middle of the mountains. If they are floating, they may be embedded or floating. Suddenly, they come and go without a trace.One moment like a dragon, another like a horseBenz。Sometimes it is like thread, sometimes it covers the sky and the earth, or it is like wearing a hat on a high mountain, or it is like wrapping a plain belt around the waist, or it is like cotton and silk.There are many different forms and endless changes.At the sunrise, the brocade scroll suddenly opens, and the mountain is a picture, and the painting is a mountain,Huashaninosculate as a whole.The author of The Journey to Qin and Shu wrote happily: "Henan (to the south of the Yellow River, referring to Tongguan area) is connected with mountains, which are endless...... When white clouds meet each other, they rise from the middle of the mountain, and they feel uncertain and clear in their mind."
When the Qinling Cloud Screen appears, people can still enjoy this scenic spot and share the pleasure of natural beauty.
（1） First and second, the colorful clouds stand upright like inside the screen, and the Qinling Mountains are more green and fresh. The weather is sunny, and the clouds are like ribbons, wiping the sunset glow across.Lan (Lan Lan), the fog in the mountains.In the twilight, there is still light at sunset.
（2） The third and fourth sentences are to say that, looking for beautiful scenery, we have traveled a long way to Tongluo River, but we can see the village is misty and surrounded by white clouds.Tongchuan and Tongluochuan are the channels that Tonghe River flows through.
Zhongtiaoyue case
Middle clauseZhongtiao Mountain, in today's Shanxi Province.Its west end faces Tongguan across the Yellow River. It was under the jurisdiction of Puzhou in the Ming Dynasty.Zhongtiao Snow Case refers to the quiet snow scenery of Zhongtiao Mountain.In the era, Tongguan was an important military town. The fortification area crossed the Yellow River in the north, and a garrison city was built in Puzhou, with thousands of headquarters in charge of some Guanjin ferries in Puzhou.Tongguan Old City is the best place to enjoy Zhongtiao Snow Case.
With the heavy snow, the verdant Zhongtiao Mountain has changed into plain clothes.Standing in the north of Tongguan city head, we can see "thousands of mountains and birds fly away, thousands of paths and people disappear". The whole scene is covered with white. "Thousands of rivers suddenly lose their momentum. Silver snakes dance in the mountains, like wax elephants".Silver is the tree, jade is the peak,Powder plasticRailings are wrapped in mountains and rivers.If it clears up after snow, it will shine with silver,Qiong YaoDiscoloration, wandering in the mist, the viewer is in a trance in the fairyland.
All tourists who come to Tongguan in winter can enjoy the beautiful scenery of Zhongtiao Snow Table on snowy days and sunny days after snow.
（1） First and second, stand at the head of Tongguan and look north at Zhongtiao Mountain, which is covered with ice and snow everywhere.Far away, far away.
（2） Three or four metaphors: Who came here like Qiongyao white jade on Penglai fairy island?Penglai is said to be a fairy mountain where immortals live.Yanguan refers to Tongguan.
Fengling Xiaodu
Fengling, in myths and legendsNuwaTomb of Shi.It is located on the bank of the Yellow River outside the east gate of the old city of Tongguan.The ferry at Fengling is called "Fengling Ferry".
Tongguan City is located in the Yellow River and Weihe RiverErhe RiverThe intersection, as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, isTransport hubThe waterway needs to be rushed.In the sixth year of Yongzheng's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1728), Fenglingliu had "eleven official boats and eighty-four water men" (Continued Tongguan County Annals).There are also private and upstream and downstream passenger and merchant ships.
At dawn every day, the sleeping Yellow River has just woken up and the trees on the bank are shadowingVaguely distinguishableAt that time, merchants from all over the country gathered at Fengling Ferry.Trolley pushers, horse riders, animal drivers, load bearers, bag bearers... come one after another.Some are on their way, some are waiting for the ferry, and some are already sitting in the bow of a boat.Looking up and down the Yellow River, the smoke is boundless,Mast lamptwinkle.The boats are sailing from north to south, the colorful sails are flying from east to west, and you can listen to the sound of the water, the squeaking of the oars, the high pitched trumpets, the cries of customers, the sound of birds, the sound of bells, etc., all together, and the beautiful early morning crossing echoes on both sides of the ancient ferrysymphony。
clear
The poem "The Wind Tomb at Dawn", written in simple prose and sung from afar:
When the flood waves touch the sky,
A few leaves of a boat cross Xiaoqing.
Qin Jinman was limited to the north of Yunnan,
This mausoleum has reached Tongcheng since ancient times.
notes:
（1） First and second, the huge waves of the Yellow River flash the dawn light, and several boats race at dawn on a sunny day.
（2） Three or four sentences are to say that although Qin and Jin are separated by the Yellow River, the Inner Tomb Ferry has been unblocked from ancient times to the present, connecting Qin and Jin (two national names in the Spring and Autumn Period). At that time, the Yellow River was the boundary, and later became the abbreviation of Shaanxi (Qin) and Shanxi (Jin).
Everything recovers and flowers bloom in spring. In the mountains on the upper reaches of the Yellow River, the snow melts, the ice thaws, and the flow of the Yellow River increases dramatically.Standing at the head of Tongguan, looking north and east, the wind and silver light are shiningIce creamAlong with the river, it surges down, and the water is uniform. In front of us, a leaf of ice ship stands proudly at the top of the wave, rising and falling, appearing and disappearing, and some of them are in long lines,MidstreamDispute;Some are alone, wandering on the shore.The sound of the wind, the sound of the water, and the sound of the rumbling ice collision are majestic and stirring.
The Yellow River is surrounded by ice and willows are smoking,
Suddenly, it seems that the new rising trend is boundless.
The surging waves are alarming for thousands of miles,
The waves are boiling all over the river.
The rain of red apricots is misty on both sides,
A pole paddles the white gull sky in spring.
Lin Liu will remember the event of ascending the Immortal,
Good to borrowStar crotchIt is planned to spend more time in Qianlong.
notes:
（1） First and second, the Yellow River was thawed, and the green willows on both banks were like smoke. Suddenly, I saw the river rising immensely.Pan (pan judgment), ice decomposition.
（2） Three or four sentences are to say that the torrent is surging, the torrent is rushing for thousands of miles, the huge waves are surging, and all rivers are converging.
（3） Five or six words mean standing on the shore, intoxicated with the early morning spring rain in the apricot blossom season, waving a pole to drive a boat and wandering among the white gulls.Zhao, a tool for rowing.
（4） Seven or eight sentences mean that it is better to follow the example of a small boat when rowing in the Yellow River and daydreaming about immortalitydiplomat famed for exploits in Inner AsiaLook for the source of the Yellow River.Cha tea,raft。Qian, Zhang Qian, from the Western Han Dynasty.《Jing Chu's Chronicle》Said Zhang Qian was looking for it on a raftHeadwater of the Yellow RiverAs a result, it flowed to Tianhe and I sawwoman weaverAnd the cowherd.
Night photo of Qiao Lou
Qiao Lou,Ancient architectureOn the tower above the city gate, soldiers are stationed upstairs to watch and report the time.Qiaolou Evening Photo refers to the scene of Qiaolou in Tongguan (referring to the west gate tower) at sunset.
The sun is setting in the west, and the sunset is like fire. The tall and towering Qiaolou --- Xicheng Gate Tower is covered in Jinxiang and is surrounded by colorful clouds.Carved columns and corners, cornices and hook hearts, shining in all directions, the Qiao Tower is clearly dark and bright, the edges are refracted, and the five colors areDecathlon。RailingEmpty placeThe rosy clouds are like bunches.Around Qiaolou, "Returning Hongs compete silently to gather first, and falling geese flutter into view".Tourists upstairs point out the mountains and rivers, as if enjoying the scenery in a painting.
The painting building stands out against the unicorn,
The bucket horn hook heart is full of spring.
Stay in the sunset, and the wild geese are on their backs,
Drums start to move with fewer pedestrians.
notes:
（1） First and second, the towering Qiaolou and the Qilin Mountain reflect each other's beauty. The eaves and columns are intricate and exquisite, and the splendor is everywhere.Sudden (wu wu) means towering and sudden.Qilin, the mountain name, is in the old city of Tongguan.The corner and the center are the same with each other, which describes the intricate structure of the building.
（2） Three or four sentences are to say that when the setting sun shines across the back of the geese, the drum sounds on the Qiao Tower, and the number of pedestrians on the street is gradually decreasing.
Taoist Temple Bell
Taoist temples refer to Taoist temples.The Taoist Temple's divine clock is famous for its unusual "divine clock".
Legend has it thatMing WanliIn 1590, the Yellow River was flooded, and the Yellow River was surging. There were two bells, one female and one male, and the other female (iron bell) ended at Tongguan[1], "out, deduction and extension of cloudy and sunny".And the male clock（Bronze bell）It flows to Shaanxi.In the 24th year of Wanli (1596), this strange female clock was hung on the bell pavilion on the top of the Qilin Mountain.The bell pavilion is surrounded by towering green trees and white clouds. In the morning and evening, the bell rings in cadence."The palace and merchants are changing, the law and the Lv are growing together, and the reputation is heard from afar",Crisp and pleasant, mountains and rivers brighten.
（1） First and second, the mighty Yellow River brought a huge divine bell, which was moved to a temple on the mountain by Taoism.The whale is a metaphor for the divine clock.
（2） Three or four sentences are to say that the ringing of the bell at a few o'clock has broken through the customs of the world of mortals, and the afterglow of the mountain resounds in the sky.Worldly fate refers to the annoyance of worldly affairs.The dome refers to the sky.Hanshan refers to Tang eminent monkHanshan Picked upTwo monks once lived inHanshan Temple(Outside Suzhou City).Tang PoetZhang JiYes“Hanshan Temple , the bell rings at midnight to the passenger ship ".
modern
Chen Yunhe's poem "The Yellow Century's Joy Is Still Here" goes:
The history of old Tongguan is dilapidated,
Only a section of the city wall is lower than me.
It is marked with "Shaanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Insurance",
It's really a smile.
A good key to enter and exit the customs,
Rust for a long time but can not turn away very remote thinking.
Fengling Ferry has no boat yet,
Old Tongguan replaces the iron bridge.
The scars of several city sites,
In today's sunshine, the restoration of the past is not worth showing off.
Folk customs
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Tongguan is atYellow RiverIn the middle reaches, the culture and civilization are the earliest. The marriage customs in the past always follow the old system of the former kingThe order of parents, the words of matchmaker。For the first engagement, take two earrings and give them to the woman. This is called engagement.Then the man's family prepares clothes, jewelry and other things, and sends them to the woman's family on an auspicious day. This is called Xu Kou.It means that the woman has promised the marriage, andCall to eatNoodles, because the woman treats the matchmaker this day, and the food isnoodle, take a hundred years of harmony, long-term and permanent meaning.The modern customs are simpler than beforeBetrothal, housekeepingDoor recognition。An engagement is a round trip agreement between the introducer and the man. After obtaining the consent of both men and women, they will meet and talk at an agreed place. If they have no opinions, they will give gifts to each other as evidence.The so-called housekeeping means that the man chooses an auspicious day, and the woman comes to watch the house, hold a banquet, and buy clothes, commonly known as clothes breaking. On this day, the woman is the main party, and the banquet is rich.Door recognition means that the woman chooses an auspicious day, asks the man to come to the house to recognize the door, invites relatives to accompany the banquet to toast, and the relatives will each present a piece of clothing for the unmarried son-in-law.
Marriage: a financial gift that will be arranged by the man's family one day firstWine and meatThe box, coat hanger and food were sent to the woman's house, because the main person who went to the man's house that day wanted to worship the three generations of ancestors of the woman, which was called salutation.It is much simpler. It is commonly known as "expediting the box". Blasting before entering the village and before eating.On the day of marriage, there used to be sedan chairs and horsemen, but now they use carsWelcome, usually the son-in-law goes to greet him personally, accompanied by carrying the box,Carry dowryOf, shooting.The women's relatives send off their relatives and hold wedding ceremonies, which is called "passing events".The next day, the groom went to his father-in-law's house to visit his relatives and neighbors, and his father-in-law's house also set up a table to greet them. This is called "recognition door", which means that the groom came to know his father-in-law's door first, and also called "return door", which means that the new daughter-in-law went out yesterday, returned today, and returned home with his son-in-law in the afternoon.The daughter-in-law will go back to her mother's house seven or eight days after entering the house. This is called Chushi. Generally, she will stay at her mother's house for seven or eight days.People often say: "Go seven or eight, both ends are hair.".
The daughter-in-law needs to change another pair of shoes when she gets on the sedan (car), which means she doesn't step on her mother's soil. Originally, when she was walking in her mother's house, she stepped on the kang firstWashbasinThen stand on the mat, and then rotate the mat onto the car (car). There is no need to pay attention to these, and this set is also simplified.
special snacks
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Tongguan pickles
“Tongguan pickles”It is a famous traditional famous specialty in Weinan, and is produced by Tongguan County Pickled Vegetable Food Factory.It is famous for its exquisite selection of materials, fine workmanship, beautiful appearance, bright red and brown, fresh color, crispy and tender, salty and sweet, strong bamboo shoots, delicious soy sauce, appetizing food, unique flavor, long storage resistance, and the best food. It is known as "Ten Miles of Fragrance".
Tongguan pickles are nutritious, rich in fatprotein、amino acid、Crude fibre, sugarnitrides, iron, phosphorus, calcium and other nutrients.It also has the function of promoting appetite and strengthening the body.
Braised chicken
Tongguan's famous snack, braised chicken, is the product of the expert Ben Tuwa.Tuwa, also known as Ben Zhongsheng, had no career when he was young,old societyGot it smokingopiumThere are four people in my family who live in poverty.Later, his friend Su Lingzi (doctor) taught him how to make braised chicken.He was determined to learn and devoted himself to this industry. In 1924 (the 13th year of the Republic of China), he and his wife began to elaborately produce and operate this snack, and enjoyed a reputation in Tongguan for 50 years.
The biggest features of this product are:Meat crispyIt is delicious, beautiful in color, good in rainbow, well seasoned, clean and sanitary, and has always been among the best in the industry. It has won acclaim from local customers, people from all walks of life, and foreign merchants. The daily supply exceeds demand. It has become a popular snack in Tongguan, and has been sold to many places in China, such as Henan, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, etc.Every month, more than ten foreign merchants come to place orders.At that time, due to limited conditions, it was packed with soil, such asAsiaThe kerosene drum is cleaned with white alkali water, and each drum contains sixroast chiken, supervised by the customer, welded and sealed the barrel mouth, and shipped to other places.
Amomum
Amomum、PastryBread is also calledPebble cake, Stone Bread.Choose thumb sizecobblestone, put it in the rawIron panLi Yongwangdestroy by fireBake, wait until the bottom of the pot is red and the stones smoke, take out some of the stones, and roll out the "good"cakePlace it flat on the stones in the pot, and then cover the cakes with the stones taken out.It takes about four or five minutes to make a golden, onion scented sand bun.
