Pan Zhencheng(1714-1788, "Cheng" was first completed), with the name of Xunxian, Wenyan, also known as Qi, from Longxi, Fujian (Jiao Mei Pan Cuo)[2], (now FujianZhangzhou Taiwanese Investment ZoneJiaomei TownBaijiao VillagePan Cuo people) foreigners call him Pan Qiguan (Minnan pronunciation: Puankhequa).Pan Zhencheng was poor in his early years and learned to be a businessman.Young people entered Guangdong from Fujian to engage in overseas trade.I went to Luzon three times to sell silk tea.Later in GuangdongThirteen ElementsThe surname Chen is the minister of the merchant, who is deeply impressedtrust, was entrusted with full power.When the merchant surnamed Chen made profits, Pan Zhencheng opened Tongwen Branch and assumed the role of merchant.As a result of honest operation, broad vision, prudent operation, and the courage to be the first, we have accumulated abundant wealth that can rival our country,assetsUp to 600 millionfranc，[4]Named the 18th Century by French Magazine“The richest man in the world”。
Pan Qi is also called Pan Zhencheng, whose name is Xunxian, and whose name is Wenyan. His father Pan Xiang is an authentica farmerThe family is poor.Pan Qi is the eldest of Pan Xiang's five sonsGuangzhouThirteen ElementsGeneral manager of the business (i.e. business leader), 18th centuryThe richest man in the world。
Pan Xiang is in Wenpu Academy (today'sLongchiyan, a great scholar of the Southern Song DynastyZhu XiHe once gave a lecture here.) In studying, Pan Xiang left early and returned late. He worked hard and set an example for Pan Qishu in his youth.At that time, although the Zheng regime in the Southern Ming Dynasty had already been flattenedZhangzhouAs one of the main battlefields of the Qing government and the Nanming Zheng regime, the economy was severely impacted. In addition to the boundary moving of the Qing government and the successive years of sea ban, Yuegang has gone into decline, and Zhangzhou's economy is in a state of utter waste.Pan Qi was diligent and eager to learn from childhood, but in order to share the burden of his father, he began to drop out of school after the lifting of the sea ban in the fifth year of Yongzheng's reign (1727), and went to the seaside to work as a boatman, which marked the beginning of his legendary life.
Life story
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Pan Qigan was the first to do business in Lvsong three times.After Pan Qi became an employee of the local boatman, in order to earn more money, he worked hard and was recognized and appreciated by the boatmancultureBecoming an excellent helmsman has laid the foundation for its voyage and business.Ji Chang married Huang Shujing, a local woman, with his hard-earned money.South FujianThere is an old saying: "The ship has three lives.".Describe the hazards of offshore operations.However, with the encouragement of his father, he braved the danger of high winds and waves and being robbed by pirates. He rode three times to Luzon and sold tea, silk, porcelain and other goods to Spain, BritainPortugalBusinessmen from other countries made a lot of profits and accumulated the first bucket of gold in his life's struggle.
Pan Qishan is good at learning and knows many languages well.In the sailing age, due to the influence of climate and ocean current, the merchant ship could not return in time after selling out goods every time, so Pan Qi had to stay in Luzon for a period of time, waiting for the return when the wind and current were favorable.During his stay in Luzon, Pan Qi kept contact with the SpanishportugueseEnglish people learn languages.In the long run, he can slowly listen to and learn to write Spanish, Portuguese and English, but all mixed with Minnan dialect, such as English today, which is pronounced as "land" in Minnan dialect.It is the "deep understanding of the Yi language" that has established a good interpersonal relationship for Pan Qi's future business in Guangzhou and greatly expanded his business fortune.
Pan Qi tosses aboutGuangzhouAnd open foreign firms in due time.After fighting against risks and making profits, Pan Qi began to seek stable business after the third year of Qianlong's reign (1738). He entered Guangdong from Fujian and left home to live in Guangzhou alone (Guangzhou was the largest import and export trade port in the Qing Dynasty). He managed affairs in a foreign firm with the surname of Chen in Fujian.As a result of honest operation, the goods sold every day are completely consistent with the financial situation. The boss surnamed Chen trusted him very much and appointed him to operate all businesses of the foreign firm.Pan Qi has thus accumulated experience in dealing with foreign trade groups.A few years later, the boss surnamed Chen returned home after making huge profits.At this time, Pan Qishi, who had accumulated enough funds, seized the opportunity and asked the Qing government for a decree to open the business around the seventh year of Qianlong's reign (1742)Same text lineHe began to become an independent merchant boss, attracted customers of the former boss surnamed Chen, and successively married two Zhou as concubines.After the business stabilized, Pan Qicai sent someone back to his hometown to pick up his wife, Huang Shi, to Guangzhou to help with the housework.
The harmonious coexistence of the family also laid a good foundation for Pan Qi to concentrate on business.Pan Qi had ten wives and concubines in his life, and had seven sons. The third son, Pan Youxun, was born to his wife Huang.Pan Youxun later moved his family back to their hometown and developed independently.Now, in Longhai CityJiaomei TownBaijiao VillageThe Pancuo Society also has the magnificent Panshi Ancestral Temple and Panjia Courtyard.
Pan Zhencheng's Former Residence in Zhangzhou
Pan Qichengxin managed the business and became a great merchant late.Being good at foreign languages, Pan Qi can talk directly with foreign businessmen when doing business, which is more advantageous than other business translation dialogues.Many foreign businessmen like to trade with Pan Qi, mainly because Pan Qidu abides by the commercial essence of integrity, gives refunds and compensations to poor quality goods, and maintains the reputation of the firm.Therefore, Pan Qi was called "the most reliable businessman" by foreign businessmen, and was "the only person with the most credibility among businessmen".With good reputation, foreign businessmen often prepay deposit to Pan Qi, and the advance payment is more than 100000 taels of silver (10000 taels of silver is equal to 2 million pounds). The maximum advance payment is 601500 taels of silver.In 1753, Pan QiheBritish East India CompanyA business with a considerable amount of trade: 1192 tons of raw silk, 1900 pieces of silk fabrics, 1500 pieces of Nanjing cloth;Raw silk alone accounted for 208600 taels of silver.In the 22nd year of Qianlong's reign (1757), the Qing government closed the customs of Fujian, Zhejiang and Shanghai and implemented the policy in Guangzhou“One port trade”The system stipulates that the export of "tea, raw silk, homespun, silk and satin" can only be carried out byForeign merchantsBy doing so, Tongwenhang and other foreign firms gained the privilege of transnational monopoly trade.In June of that year, a Spanish merchant ship brought in about 200000 taels of Spanish silver dollars, all of which purchased a large number of Nanjing cloth, silk fabrics and raw silk from Pan Qi.With abundant funds and a steady stream of orders, Pan Qi's business is growing bigger and more prosperous.In the early 1860s, Pan Qi became richer and became the richest foreign businessman in Guangzhou.
Pan Qi almost monopolized the raw silk trade with British companies.In the 33rd year of Qianlong's reign (1768), the British company requested to order 2000 tons of raw silk. Because of its favorable price and large quantity, it concluded a deal with it.Since then, Tongwen Bank has sold 1000~2000 tons of raw silk to the company every year.In the 47th year (1782), the Guangdong Customs Supervision reiterated the ban on the export of raw silk, stipulating that each foreign ship should not transport more than 100 tons of raw silk.Pan Zhencheng paid 4000 liang of bribes to the supervisor to make him cancel the restriction.In the following year, the price of raw silk was increased by 5 liang per load, and the proceeds from the price increase were presented to the customs supervision, so that the raw silk trade could proceed as usual.
In order to maintain the credit of the bank, Pan Zhencheng compensated the British company for the waste tea returned from London every year.In the 48th year of Qianlong's reign (1783), Tongwen Company refunded 1402 boxes of waste tea, worth more than 10000 yuan.Since Pan Zhencheng, it has become a common practice for merchants to return compensation for tea.
In the 25th year of Qianlong's reign (1760), Pan Qi, a wealthy man, was elected as Guangzhou by the Qing governmentThirteen ElementsThe General Manager is a foreign businessman who has served as the General Manager for the longest time in succession.How much money does the Pan family have?According to a French businessman who had done business with Pan Qi at that time sent back to the French Magazine, the Pan family spent as much as 3 million francs every year, and their property was more than that of a king in Western Europe.Therefore, Pan Qi was named "the richest man in the world" in the 18th century by French magazine.
Pan Qi is pragmatic and open, and his business is inclusive.In order to survive with the Bank, Pan Qi paid attention to the collection of information under the condition of fierce commercial competition. He participated in international competition with the idea of profit, integrity, service and pragmatic and open attitude, and received good economic benefits.
Pan Qi is also one of the most farsighted businessmen in the 13 travel lines in Guangzhou, and he took the lead in usingMoney OrderTrade settlement with foreign merchants reduces the inconvenience brought by the silver exchange, further improves the efficiency of trade settlement, and promotes the rapid flow of funds.For many years, Pan Qi has beenBritish East India CompanyThe largest customer is alsoSweden East India CompanyThe most important trading partner."When the barbarians come to Guangdong, they will see Pan Qiguan (the official is the honorific title of Pan Qi by foreign businessmen. Pan Qi was elected as a candidate for the command of the military and horse division by donating moneyThird grade flower feather top wear).The world-famous Swedish merchant ship Gothenburg once went to Guangzhou to trade with Pan Qi, who gave his glass portrait to friendly Swedish businessmen.Up to now, Pan Qi's glass portrait is still in the Gothenburg Museum in Sweden, which is the only Chinese portrait treasured in all European museums.
Pan Qile is good at giving and follows the Confucian businessman's way.Pan Qi, who became rich, complied with the prohibitions of the Qing Dynasty from beginning to end, refused to sell opium, paid taxes according to regulations, andQing governmentHe paid 55000 liang of silver tax and often donated silver to help the army, and at most 300000 liang of silver was donated as military pay.While dealing with business affairs, Pan Qi also often donates money to students, encourages his children to study hard and participate inThe imperial examination。second sonPan YouweiHe is the most successful scholar among his children.Pan Youwei passed the examination in the 37th year of Qianlong's reign (1772)Jinshi, the official sent a letter to the cabinet to participate in the editing and proofreading《Complete Library of Four Branches of Books》He is a famous calligrapher, painter, poet and collector in modern China.Since then, the business of the Pan family has become more prosperous with the combination of government and business.The descendants of the Pan family also emerged in large numbers. 24 of them were recorded in the Dictionary of Historical Figures in Guangdong, and were praised asGuangdong ProvinceThe most prominent family since the Qing Dynasty.While advocating Confucianism, Pan Qi also paid attention to training business talents.His fourth son, Pan Youdu, is a business expert.After Pan Qi died in 1788,Pan YouduHe immediately took over all the business of Tongwen Branch, and later served as the head of the thirteen branches of commerce in Guangzhou for more than 10 years.
The richest man
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Pan Zhencheng, "the world's richest folk man"
According to the publisher, the story platform of "The Commercial Port of Qing Dynasty", the Thirteen Lines of Guangzhou, is unique in the history of China's trade.Pan Zhencheng, the protagonist of the Commercial Port of the Qing Dynasty, is the first generation of outstanding businessmen in China who are in line with the global economy.Pan Zhencheng is actually Hu Xueyan in the 18th century.
In 2001, the Asian Wall Street Journal made a statistical selection: in the past 1000 years, China has accounted for 6 of the world's 50 richest people, and they areGenghis Khan、Kublai khan、Ho Shen, Liu Jin, Pan Zhenchengbetter known as TV SoongPan Zhencheng is the only businessman among the six.This Pan Zhencheng is the protagonist of the Commercial Port of the Qing Dynasty.
The merchants of the thirteen branches in Guangzhou were the largest, richest and most influential business group in the world in the 18th century.The reporter learned that the export of tea was monopolized by the Thirteen Branches of Guangzhou.In addition to tea, there are more than 100 kinds of export commodities of Shisanhang, such as silk, porcelain, sugar, homespun, rhubarb, etc.The merchants of the Thirteen Elements became the largest, richest and most influential business group in the world by virtue of China's rich products and the trade privileges granted by the imperial court!Thirteen foreign firms are relatively stable at about 10, with the largest total trade volume, usually up to half of the thirteen foreign firms.Pan Zhencheng, the general merchant during the Thirteen line Period, should be the richest folk man in China at that time.At that time, no one ranked the world's richest people. They were probably the richest people in the world at that time.
Dialogue with Zhu Chunting:
Not willing to farm, willing to do business
It is the social custom in Guangzhou
Guangzhou Daily: The Thirteen Elements of Guangzhou is a unique history, in fact, it is also a deformed history,One port tradeCan it represent a brilliant page of China's modern history?
Zhu Chunting: It's true that one mouth's trade led to one mouth's dominance. But if you think that this history is not great, it is not so.
In the area of Beijing Road in the urban area of Guangzhou today, a commercial street was formed at that time, with many shops on the street, which was a unique street scene in the Tang Dynasty.There is also "ghost city".At that time, the people of Guangzhou called foreigners "ghost guys" because of their strange appearance. The "ghost guys" transported the Japanese goods, which could only be traded with the officials of the municipal shipping company and the designated dentists according to the regulations. What about the smuggled goods they brought?Gather in the street market at night to sell privately, just like half a man and half a ghost. When you see the officials, you run away.Nowadays, Guangzhou is known as a "ghost", which is an illegal mobile vendor.
At that time, the social ethos in Guangzhou was that people were unwilling to farm and work in agriculture, but were willing to do business, because doing business was profitable.Cantonese people have a long tradition and concept of doing business, and the spirit of doing business in Guangdong has a long history.
Guangzhou Daily: Pan Zhencheng is a real person in history. What are his historical records and difficulties in writing?
Zhu Chunting: Very few.Scattered, about 3000 words, most of which are not life experiences.However, there are many official memorials and foreign trade records about Guangzhou's trade.Some occasionally mention Pan Zhencheng, but most of them are only generally referred to as "traders".In his position as Pan Zhencheng, he was a witness to the major historical events of China's foreign trade at that time.For example, when the government approved the establishment of a semi official official business, the most authoritative book, "Examination of the Thirteen Elements", said, "In the 25th year of Qianlong's reign, nine businessmen, including Pan Zhencheng, applied for the establishment of an official business to handle European goods tax." The punctuation marks were only 29 words.This event is a major turning point in Pan Zhencheng's life, which is worth writing about. We have written 70000 or 80000 words, including the foreshadowing.In writing historical novels, we adhere to the principle of "big things are true, small things are informal", and make up boldly on the basis of respecting historical facts, which must conform to the historical environment at that time.Although the character Pan Zhencheng portrayed in the Commercial Port of the Qing Dynasty has many fictional elements, they are all reasonable imaginations with historical basis.He is a symbol of the spirit of Fujian businessmen.
Pan Zhencheng's life is quite legendary.He was in Fujian in the 53rd year of Kangxi (1714 AD)Longxi(TodayLonghai）Baijiao Pancuo was born into a poor family, with the word Qi and the name Wenyan.When he was young, he worked as a boatman. When he was young, he entered Guangdong from Fujian.Pan Zhencheng, who came to Guangdong for the first time, worked in a business firm of a businessman surnamed Chen in the Thirteen Elements, and gained trust and full authorization.When a businessman surnamed Chen returned home, he opened his first business firm, Tongwen Business, during the reign of Emperor Qianlong.It was the most important partner of Swedish businessmen in Guangzhou.In Sweden“Gothenburg”There is a glass portrait of Pan Zhencheng in the No.
More than ten years after the establishment of Tongwen Branch, Emperor Qianlong's edict of "One Port for Trade" created a huge development opportunity for Pan Zhencheng.In the view of historians, this oracular iscut off one 's country from the outside worldBackward policy.
Three years later, in 1760, Pan Zhencheng joined with 8 foreign firms toQing governmentIt is proposed to set up a foreign firm (official bank) to become a feudal monopoly trade organization specializing in Sino Western trade.This is a major turning point in the history of the Thirteen Elements.
Among the four families of the Thirteen Elements, Pan Zhencheng's family is the most prominent. According to a French businessman who was doing business in China at that time, he sent a report to the French Magazine in Paris: the annual consumption value of Pan's family is 3 million francs, and the family's property is more than that of a king in Western Europe.Since the third generation of the Pan familyPan ZhengweiAfter becoming the head of the family, the total amount of property increased to 10000 francs, which was rated as "the richest man in the world" by French magazine.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the richest Pan family, looking beyond the Pearl River, chose South Huaxi, "Henan" across the river, to build villas and luxury houses.As early as the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Pan Zhencheng established a temple in the west village of Wulonggang, Henan Province, Guangzhou, and built an extremely luxurious "Nengjing Hall" in the Panjia Garden, which extends from the beautiful Shuzhu River in the east to the Pearl River in the north. With its grand scale, elegant and gorgeous style, it is famous in South Guangdong.
These extremely luxurious courtyards are full of rare ancient trees, various flowers, etc. There are also deer, peacocks, storks and mandarin ducks in the garden.As the Guangzhou saying goes, "The bottom of the wok is inlaid with gold".(This is an ancient scene, now another scene)
Pan Family CourtyardLocated in GuangzhouHaizhu DistrictSouth Huaxi Street, Qizha Road, next to Longxi South Shouyue Road.FujianRoad, Longxi New Street, etc.These road names all come from the ancestral land of Pan Zhencheng.Now the Pan family is empty. I saw an uncle eating dumplings at the door on the Qizha Road, and I came to chat with him.
The uncle said, "There is nothing beautiful about the Pan Family Yard. If you want to go, goChen Family TempleHe goes there every week. "He speaks Cantonese, but I can't understand him. I try to communicate with my uncle in Mandarin. The old man can't speak Mandarin well, and sometimes it is mixed with Cantonese, so I can't hear him very clearly.At first, after all, he didn't know that I wanted to study this ancient residence. He always told me that there was nothing interesting.
Longjiang（Wang Jianchun）Q: "Uncle, Pan Zhencheng is fromFujiancome hereGuangzhouWell, I got rich in Guangzhou and made some contributions to Guangzhou. I also came from the ancestral land of Pan Zhencheng.Can you introduce it to mePan Family Courtyard"
While eating dumplings, the uncle replied, "I don't know if you are a descendant of the Pan family. Some of you came from America before,Southeast AsiaWhen the descendants of the Pan family came over, they saw it, took some photos and left. Now there are no descendants to live in. The descendants live in commercial houses in the urban area. These old houses are rented to outsiders.For well-known historical reasons, many valuable cultural relics in the yard have disappeared. "
Long Jiang said with emotion that the Pan family is our close neighbor. My surname is Wang, but we are from the same village. Some descendants of the Pan family are in FujianZhangzhou。Of course, there are many in Guangzhou, and some are in Hong Kong, overseas and other places.beforeGuangdong，Hong KongPeople from other places also visit us. "
The uncle replied: "Although some of the descendants of the Pan family mixed well, they seldom came back to see them. During the Cultural Revolution, most of the houses were forcibly occupied and the houses were not well protected. It was a pity that the Red Guards stole and sold almost all the cultural relics that year. To be honest, the Pan family also made great contributions to Guangzhou. Before, they set up schools and built bridges."
Long Jiang asked, "Many of the road names here are our ancient place names, such as Longxi Road, which is our old oneLongxi CountyYour street, Qisha Street, is the name of our village. "
Uncle stood up and took me to Pan Nengjing Ancestral HallMemorial tabletNext, pointing to the above text, he said, "Here is an introduction to Pan Zhencheng, who can respect is Pan Zhencheng", and then took me to the stone tablet on the boundary of Pan Nengjing Ancestral Hall.This stone tablet is very old. It is estimated that it was built when the ancestral temple was built. There is a small stone tablet nearby, which introduces the number and width of the president of Pan Family.The Pan's compound is now inhabited by outsiders.I can't get in either.I can't see what's left in it.
Long Jiang asked, "I once read in the newspaper that the Pan Family Courtyard is going to be declared as a national key protection. But why are so many people still living here?"
The uncle replied: "The protection here is not as good as that of the Chen Family Ancestral Temple. At present, the west side of the Pan Family Garden (the original kitchen, housing, ancestral hall, flower bureau, four young women's hall, etc.) is about 800 square meters, which was changed fromHaizhu District Education BureauIt was requisitioned and demolished from Pan Zhuyuan, a descendant of the Pan family, and has been used as teaching building land by 33 middle schools in the city until now.The 637 square meters of the front gate, the second gate, the Baotai, the patio, Qingyun Lane, the middle seat of the ancestral hall, and the rear courtyard were requisitioned by the District Housing Management Bureau in 1956 and rented to four factories, including the casting, mold, hardware, and printing.Among them, the mold factory in Haizhu District added two or three floors in the middle of the ancestral hall and the courtyard behind the ancestral hall in 1980, resulting in the destruction of the layout of this place.After repeated appeals from relevant departments in the district and street, all the four factories mentioned above were moved out last year, and now Yongxing Property Company is in charge of them temporarily.In addition, more than 700 square meters of houses in the compound have been sold to outsiders, and the original building layout has been partially damaged. The exterior wall is severely weathered, and the roof has water leakage.It is understood that thePan Family Temple, onNanhua West StreetFu'an CommunityIt used to cover an area of nearly 5000 square meters, with a length of more than 70 meters. It was destroyed during the breaking of the "Four Old" and the "Cultural Revolution". A pair of stone lions at the gate have been moved toHaizhuang ParkPlaced at the door.When the reporter asked about the neighborhood nearby, many old people said that the courtyard had been neglected for a long time and was dilapidated, while many young people did not know about the glorious history here.“
Look at this period of glorious history, and now the scene is really distressing.Looking at the tall buildings in the distance, whether the historical protection under the present civilization is worth pondering. Guangzhou is the central city of China, a famous historical and cultural city, and a representative of Guangdong businessmen.How can we protect this historical relic? We need the descendants of the Pan family and the government. I really hope one dayGuangzhouandZhangzhouWe can work together to carry forward such a representative businessman as China.Once again, we also call on the Guangzhou government to protect the Panjia Garden and build it into a harmoniousChen Family TempleAn equally famous cultural relics scenic spot.
Young people rush into Guangzhou
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Like a large number of migrant workers flowing into the Pearl River Delta enterprises in Guangdong after the reform began, Pan Zhencheng, the founder of the Pan family, had a similar fate more than 200 years ago.
Pan Zhencheng was born in Haicheng, Fujian Province. He was from a poor family in the county. When he was young, he worked as a boatman. When he was young, he moved from Fujian to Guangdong. He had been to Luzon (today's Philippines) three times.
Pan Zhencheng, who came to Guangdong for the first time, worked in a business firm of a businessman surnamed Chen in the Thirteen Elements, and gained trust and full authorization.When a businessman surnamed Chen returned home, he opened his first business firm, Tongwen Business.
At that time, Guangzhou was indeed a fertile land for entrepreneurship.
Descendants of the Pan family
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Pan Zhenlian, the third brother of Pan Zhencheng, the eldest son Pan Youliang, and the second son Pan Zhengwei, the father of the famous businessman Pan Shicheng, the third son Pan Changyao (Kunshui).[7]
Pan Shicheng(1804-1873) Pan Zhenlian, the great grandson of Pan Zhenlian, was the second highest ranking official. He was a well-known official and business tycoon in the late Qing Dynasty.
Pan Youdu(1755-1820) Leader of the Thirteen Branches of the Guangdong Provincial People's GovernmentImperial AcademyAn ordinary and auspicious person.
Pan Youyuan (1760-1797.[8]
Pan Youke (1770-1820), an officer, went to Wai Lang, a member of the division of the Ministry of War.
Pan Zhengheng (1779-1837) was born in the year of Qianlong and was famous for his excellent calligraphy and poetry.
Pan Zhengwei(1791-1850) supportLin ZexuAnti British, known as patriotic businessmen.Yu Ting, Ji Tong, and the owner of the sail building.His grandfather Pan Zhencheng started from scratch, and later became the head of thirteen merchants in Guangdong engaged in foreign trade (namely the head of merchants). He was the richest man in Guangdong at that time.He attached great importance to education. He used to unite with other businessmen to raise funds to build schools. He was also very strict with the education of future generations, and trained children into excellent talents.His father, Pan Youdu, inherited his family business, loved poetry and calligraphy as a hobby, and liked to associate with literati and painters.He once spared no expense to hire a famous teacher as a tutor for his son, and later several sons were promising.Uncle Pan Youwei, who was admitted to the imperial examination during the Qianlong period, went to the cabinet for calligraphy, poetry and painting, and calligraphy. He is a famous collector in Guangdong.Pan Zhengheng, the elder brother, was a tribute student during the Qianlong period, and was reputed as one of the three outstanding poets, calligraphers and painters.Pan, the third brother, was admitted as a Jinshi when he was 20 years old.[6]
Pan Zhaoxian (1851-1890) once accompaniedDeng ShichangTo Yantai, Shandong, we are guests under the curtain.
Pan Baodang (1853-1892) was elected as a person in the 12th year of Tongzhi (1873) and the 2nd year of Guangxu (1876)Jinshi, ranking 32 in the second class (3 in the first class, 156 in the second class, 165 in the third class)Imperial Academy Scholars。He was appointed as the deputy examiner of Guangxi provincial examination in 1879.He is the author of "Looking at Qiongxian Hall Poetry Banknote".[3]
Pan Feisheng(1858-1934) Pan Zhencheng, the sixth generation of descendants, has written 36 kinds of works, such as "Journey to Berlin", "Tianwai Guicha Lu", which is famous for a timepoet。Engaged onUniversity of Berlin, GermanySpeak Sinology.
Pan Zhengchen (1786-1847) JiaqingnianCite peopleThe official was Wailang, a member of Anhui Department of Criminal Justice.
