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The performance market iscultural marketThe basic components of.The so-called performance market refers toshowActivity onexchangeThe sum of various relationships formed in the process.It includes tangible performance venuesperformerAnd the audience, including the main body of the performance activities, that is, the relationship between the producers, operators and consumers of art products.
Chinese name
Performance market
Main body
PerformingtransactionOrganization and individual of the event
The main body of the performance market is engaged in performancetransactionThe organization and individual of the event.According to their different roles, they can be roughly divided into producers and operators of the performance industry and the performance marketconsumerAnd performance market managers.Among them, the producers and operators of the performance industry are all kinds of commercial performance units (artistic performance groups, performance venues andbrokering agency for stage performances）It is the most important performance market player in China.The objects of the performance market refer to all kinds of commercial performance programs, includingmusic、Theatre、dance、acrobatics、Magic、circus、Quyi、puppet、a shadow puppet, recitation, folk artmodel, clothing, etc.The interaction of multiple relationships among subjects, objects, subjects and objects, subjects and objects and consumers in the performance market together constitutes a complete performance market.[1]
Development history
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origin
Performing art is one of the oldest art forms.The records in Shangshu Yaodian about "hitting the stones and holding the stones, and the beasts leading the dance", and the records in Shanhaijing Haineijing about "the emperor has eight sons, and it is the beginning of singing and dancing", are all reminders of the early performing arts legends.There are three basic forms of ancient Chinese performing arts: official performing arts mainly supported by the court, government, bureaucrats, nobles, landlords and rich families, religious performing arts mainly based on witchcraft and preaching, and folk performing arts mainly based on folk customs.In Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, there were palace performing arts.It is said that Duke Zhou reorganized and restored the court music and dance of the five dynasties, including the Yellow Emperor, Yao, Shun, Yu, and King Tang of the Shang Dynasty, and created "Dawu", which eulogized King Wu of the Zhou Dynasty's destruction of the Shang Dynasty.The folk aristocratic family music and dance is called Sanyue.Songs and dances are often used in witchcraft activities. Nuo Dance and Witch Dance, which are religious totems, have a lasting history. Zhouguan · Siwu has a record of "if the country is in drought, the witches will be handsome and the rain will dance".Folk performing arts are quite common. In the Zhou Dynasty, the government sent people to collect folk poems. The Book of Songs is the biggest achievement of this system.In the Qin Dynasty, there was a special Yuefu. In the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were 800 people in the Yuefu. The Yuefu was responsible for taking charge of the elegant music of Jiaomiao banquet and collecting folk music.Since then, the system has been formed, and corresponding institutions have been set up in all dynasties.In the Sui Dynasty, Jiubu Yue was collected for the palace performance.The Tang Dynasty followed the Sui system and set up a music department. Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, also set up a special place to coach court music and dance artists, that is, "Liyuan". Later generations called the artists "Liyuan disciples".In the Song Dynasty, there was a church, and in the People's Republic of China, there was a church department. In the Qing Dynasty, Nanfu was set up, and later it was changed to Shengping Office. All these were institutions that managed the palace performances.After the Qin Dynasty, except those with witchcraft and totemprimitive religion With the emergence of Taoism and the introduction of Buddhism, the corresponding religious performing arts came into being.During the Sui and Tang dynasties, temple music and dance were very active. There were folk lectures and free music in the temple. The content was mostly the interpretation of scriptures, commonly known as "Bianwen", and singing, all to promote Buddhism.The music, dance and other performances of these courts and temples have made a brilliant chapter in the history of Chinese art, but they are part of political and religious activities and have not entered the market as commodities.
ancient
The performance market originated from the folk.Baixi is a general term for various performing arts such as music and dance, acrobatics, martial arts and so on scattered in the folk in ancient times.In the Qin and Han Dynasties and for a long period thereafter, it was mainly used as a folk amateur performance.Although there are also small-scale performance activities, it can only be said that the performance market has sprouted.In the Sui and Tang dynasties, especially in the Song Dynasty, with the development of commodity economy, market culture flourished.This kind of performance is more popular.In Bianjing of the Northern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou of the Southern Song Dynasty and other places, there appeared a large number of places to perform various skills, namely, the so-called "Goulan" and "Wasi". They were commercial centers and entertainment places, with stages, music stalls, and watch stalls. Large enough to accommodate thousands of people, the theater shape of later China has been basically developed here.It mainly performs acrobatics, and also has performances of sumo wrestling, film, quyi, storytelling, magic, acrobatics, etc.According to the Record of Dreams in Tokyo by Meng Yuanlao of the Northern Song Dynasty, there are "more than 50 large and small gondolas" in Bianliang, Tokyo.After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the performing arts with opera as the main body continued to flourish and develop.During the Ming and Qing dynasties, various local operas were produced in large numbers, and a large number of troupes of artists who made a living by performing also appeared, and industry organizations were formed.The performance market has finally occupied the leading position in the folk cultural life. Acting and watching plays have become synonymous with Chinese performance activities.
modern
After the Opium War, western drama and other forms of art were introduced into China. Shanghai, Beijing and other places have successively built a number of theaters with modern performance equipment (such as the Lanxin Theater built in Shanghai in 1866).From 1907 to 1908, the Spring Willow Society rehearsed "The Black Slave Calls for Heaven and Earth" in Japan and China. In 1908, Shanghai built a new stage, introduced a mirror frame stage from Europe and the United States, and adopted the theater model of "seat by seat, ticket by ticket, and fixed audience seats".The emergence and popularization of new art performance groups and new theaters have formed a modern performance market.
Contemporary
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, on the basis of the art troupes formed in the war years, the old private troupes were "reformed in personnel, drama and system"socialist transformationOn the basis of the former Soviet Union's management model of theater troupes, a planned performance system with state-owned art performance groups and theaters as the main body was formed.The Instruction of the Government Affairs Council on the Reform of Traditional Opera issued in 1951 not only put forward new requirements for the policy, ideological content and creation of traditional opera, but also put forward requirements for the unreasonable system in the old theatrical troupes and the transformation of the ownership of the troupes and theatres.After transformation, a large number of people andCollective ownershipA large number of formal theaters and theaters have been built nationwide. At the same time, new performance groups such as ballet, symphony and opera have also been built, creating and adapting many popular programs.Cultural departments at all levels, from the central to the local level, are responsible for the administrative management of performance activities.The state has invested in large-scale infrastructure construction and talent cultivation, laying a material and talent foundation for the prosperity of China's performance market.On the other hand, the planned management mode has made the production and consumption of performances greatly affected by administrative intervention, and the market law cannot fully play its role, especially“the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution”During the period, many troupes and theaters were disbanded and closed, actors were decentralized, and performance was used as a tool for political propaganda, which seriously damaged the development of artistic productivity.After the reform and opening up, the performance market has regained its vitality.along withCultural system reformThe performance market is showing a broad prospect.[2]
By the end of May 2023, there will be nearly 90000 commercial performances nationwide, box office revenue of more than 11 billion yuan, and more than 25 million audiences.[4]
present situation
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reform and opening-upSince then, China's performance market has gone through the stage of rapid progress and rapid expansion in the 1980s, followed by the stagnancy and even decline of domestic performances, the abnormal development of Hong Kong, Taiwan and foreign entry, and the bubble boom stage. After that, China's performance market has moved towards a steady development path, and a standardized, orderly and vibrant performance market system is taking shape,It initially presents a good overall development trend.
From the perspective of the main body of the performance market, the leading pattern of division of labor, coordination and development of three types of performance economic entities, namely, performance groups, performance companies and performance venues, has initially formed;Horizontally, in addition to state-owned performance units, collective, individual, joint-stock and other forms of performance entities continue to develop, and a situation of coexistence and co prosperity of various economic elements has emerged;From the perspective of performance system, the traditional planned performance system is changing to the market performance system.The state-owned performance units have gradually realized the transformation from an enterprise type to an enterprise type, and from a welfare supply type to a business benefit type.Professional performance groups have generally implemented market-oriented internal system reform, and achieved results. They are transforming from pure performance production units toMarket economy systemPerformance production and business units under the.Most of the state-owned performance companies have realized the separation of management rights and management rights, and their business ability has rapidly improved. A number of large performance companies with strong economic strength have emerged, and they have formed their own network, forming the basic framework of the performance market, and becoming the backbone of the performance circulation link.Many state-owned performance venues take performance as their main business and actively carry out diversified business.The performance market is changing fromPlanned economySteady transformation to the market system.
From the perspective of performance type, business performance has replaced planned performance as the main category of the whole performance activity, and some planned performances have begun to have a business nature and are evolving towards business performance.Jinjing shows are increasingly turning into performance exhibitions.The planned performances include art festivals, awards, performances, tuning performances and festival performances held by the government. Although they account for a small proportion, they are large in scale, high in level, wide in influence, and have strong representativeness, demonstration and guidance.As the main form to meet the performance consumption of the masses, commercial performance has increasingly become the basis for the survival and development of performance units.
From the perspective of performance structure, layout and form, under the government's advocacy and support, the number of performance venues and audience of elegant art and national excellent art has increased significantly, with strong social response;Popular art performance continued to maintain a strong momentum of development, and the category structure of the performance market was gradually optimized.Strengthen cooperation between regions, strive to complement each other's advantages, highlight the regional market in the plane of the national performance market, and then guide the coastal performance market to extend to the mainland.The exchange performances between the coastal areas and the mainland are gradually increasing.The central and western regions give play to their own advantages, pay attention to local characteristics, and strive to revitalize the local performance market.The regional layout of the performance market tends to be reasonable.Professional performance groups move towards the small stage of the theater and the big stage of the society, actively serving the economic construction and all walks of life. The performance venues are expanded from the theater to the stadium, singing and dancing entertainment places, tourist attractions, troops, schools, factories, mines, enterprises, and the vast countryside. The performance forms are increasingly diversified.The rural performance market has become active under the dual promotion of professional performance groups, folk troupes and folk artists.The healthy development of overseas performances and domestic performance groups overseas performances has promoted cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.
With the development of modern science and technology, mass audio-visual media such as radio, film, video and audio are becoming more and more popularCultural consumptionThe main way of the performance market is that its proportion in the overall share of the cultural market is increasing, and its position is gradually rising, which has brought crisis and challenge to the development of the performance market.On the other hand, China's performance market is still in its infancy and cultivation stage, not perfect and mature, not prosperous on the whole, and the performance downturn has not been fundamentally changed;adaptMarket economy systemThe performance management system and operation mechanism of the "" has not been fully established, and there is still a lack of classic works with the depth of the times and strong artistic shock. There are still many problems to be solved.[3]
