Xiangjiang River[28]，Yangtze RiverbasinDongting Lakeriver system.yesHunan ProvinceLargest river.The source of Xiangjiang River can be described in four ways: First, the traditional source (commonly known as Dongyuan) is the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionXing'an CountyThe stone ladder in Baishi Township, the source of the river isHaiyang RiverIt flows northward to Xing'an Fenshuitang and Lingqu, which are called Xiangjiang River;Second, Nanyuan, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionLingchuan CountyLongmenjie, Haiyang Township;The third is the near peak ridge of the ocean mountain in Baishi Township, south of Xing'an County, Guangxi. The source of the river is called Shanggui River (Baishi River), flowing eastward toXibo RiverXiangjiang River;Fourth, Hunan ProvinceYongzhou CityLanshan CountyZiliang Yao TownshipWild Dog Ridge in Blue Mountain National Forest Park, the source of the river isXiaoshui, in YongzhouPingdaoThe confluence of water from Guangxi is called Xiangjiang River.A popular saying in the academic circles is the source of the Baishi River.Flowing through Hunan ProvinceYongzhou City、Hengyang City、Zhuzhou City、Xiangtan City、Changsha City, toYueyang CityOfXiangyin CountyInto the Yangtze River systemDongting Lake。With Haiyang River as its source, the main stream of Xiangjiang River has a total length of 844 kilometers and a drainage area of 94660 square kilometers.
The main tributaries are Xiaoshui, Chonglingshui, Leishui, Mishui, Lushui, Liuyang River, Qishui, Zhengshui, Jueshui, Lianshui, Weishui, etc.
Xiangjiang River has been an important waterway from the Central Plains to Lingnan since ancient times.In the 33rd year of Emperor Qin Shihuang (214 BC), Shi Lu was sent to dig the Lingqu Canal in today's Xing'an, introducing 30% of the Xiangshui River into the Lijiang River, connecting the Yangtze River system and the Pearl River system. Since then, the river has become the main channel for economic, military and cultural exchanges between the Central Plains and Lingnan.However, since the 17th year of the Republic of China (1928) when the Guihuang Highway was opened to traffic, especially the Hunan Guangxi Railway, its shipping has declined.
Location and water system distribution of Xiangjiang River
Headwater of river
Xiyuan of Xiangjiang River near Fengling, Xing'an County, Guangxi[1]
The source of the Xiangjiang River, there were two old versions, one said that the Xiangjiang River originated in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionLingchuan CountyOfHaiyangshan(formerly known as Haiyang Mountain).Notes to the Water Sutra[2]It is recorded that "Xiangshui originates from the Yanghai Mountain in Anxian County when it comes from Lingling." Qian Bangqi's "Xiangshui Examination" recorded that "Xiangshui originates from the Haiyang Mountain in Xing'an County, Guilin Prefecture, Guangxi Province. The mountain is located on the boundary between Lingchuan and Xing'an. There are many strange peaks and ravines. The spring can only start when it comes out." Second, Xiangjiang River originates from mountains such as Gongbei Ridge in the Tang Dynasty.Tang Zhaomin"The famous Haiyang Mountain in history does not refer to the Dragon Mother Rock located between Haiyangping and Tianchou, which is less than 20 zhang high and less than 1 mile around, but refers to the Zheshan or Yujin Mountain in the Song Dynasty, which runs west by south of Xing'an County, and the Gongbeiling, Xianglujie, Dongshan Mountain in the Tang Dynasty in modern timesXing'an County, Changgang Ridge on the boundary of Lingchuan County.In the south of the mountain, it flows through Futiandong, Haoxitian and other places to Taipingbao, which is the source of the Xiangjiang RiverXibo River。”
In 1985, Guangxi Water Resources and Electric Power Department and Guangxi Water Conservancy Society organized an investigation on Lingqu Canal. According to historical data, topographic maps and field investigation results, they had a clear understanding of the source of Hunan and Li rivers.It is confirmed that Xiangjiang River should originate from the south of Xing'an CountyBaishi TownshipIt is near the peak of the Ocean Mountains, 899 meters above sea level.Heyuan is called Shanggui River (also called Baishi River).[3]
In 2011, the Hunan Provincial Water Resources Census Office verified and investigated the relationship between the trunk and tributaries of the Xiangjiang River when conducting a general survey of the basic situation of rivers and lakes;Entrusted by the Hydrological Bureau of the Ministry of Water Resources, Nanjing Water Resources Research Institute calculated and rechecked the relevant data of the trunk and tributaries of the Xiangjiang River above Pingdao by using modern technical means.Recognized by the Water Resources Census Office of the State Council and the Ministry of Water Resources, Hunan ProvinceLanshan CountyTo Pingdao reach (i.eXiaoshui）It is the main stream of Xiangjiang River, and the source of Xiangjiang River is in Lanshan County;The reach from Xing'an County to Pingdao in Guangxi (formerly the upper reaches of Xiangjiang River) is a tributary of Xiangjiang River.The main stream of Xiangjiang River is called Daqiao River at the upstream (within Lanshan County). The downstream reach of Pingdao River in Lanshan County is generally called Xiaoshui, and the downstream reach of Pingdao is called Xiangjiang River.[4]
Guangxi Section
From a popular point of view, Shanggui River is the main source, and the main stream of Xiangjiang River is located in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionXing'an CountyThe Xiyuan Shanggui River flows from south to west in front of Shizhu and Yanmen, and two small rivers, Sanyou and Baishi, flow from east.Pass Aotou and Dakou, pass through Dalongyan (800 meters long) and Xiaolongyan (1000 meters long), exit the cave 500 meters south of Xianiupingling Tun, and restore the open flow.Shenjiang River flows into Shangguixia Reservoir from the left side.From the reservoir to Shijian back via Guangxi.The above reaches are called Shanggui River or East River, also called Baishi River.Continue to flow westward, and Haiyang River flows in from the south.Shanggui River is 69 kilometers long, compared withHaiyang River(57.7km long) and Xibo River (55.5km long) are both long, so Shanggui River should be the main source of Xiangjiang River according to the principle of "the source of the river is far away".Since Haiyang River was the main source of Xiangjiang River in the past, Haiyang River is still called Haiyang River after it joins Shanggui River.The river channel turns to the north, passes through Gaoqing Town to Baoli, and Xibo River flows into the west, later known as Xiangjiang River.Then it flows northward to the diversion pond, where it meets the large and small Tianping dams of Lingqu. Part of the river water is introduced into the south channel of Lingqu, and part of the river water is introduced into the north channel of Lingqu.The residual water overflows from the Dating Dam and Xiaopingping Dam into the old Xiangjiang River.It continues northward, passes the eastern edge of Xing'an Town, turns northeast, passes Tangshi and QukouMochuan RiverInflow from the east.It continues to flow to the northeast, to the boundary head, and the Guliu River flows into the northwest.So far, it has left the county and entered Quanzhou County.The drainage area in the territory is 1117.3 square kilometers, the river is 80 kilometers long, the average gradient is 3.6 ‰, and the average river width is 91 meters.[3]
In Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionQuanzhou CountyWithin the territory, the Xiangjiang River enters from the boundary of Xing'an County, flows through 8 towns, including Phoenix, Shaoshui, Caiwan, Jiantang, suburban, Yongsui, Huangsha River, Miaotou, and flows into Hunan at Chagang, Miaotou TownDong'an CountyEnvironment.The total controlled drainage area within the county is 6710 square kilometers, the flow length within the county is 110.1 kilometers, and the average width of the river is about 180 meters;The maximum peak flow is 6890 cubic meters per second (May 15, 1976), the corresponding water level is 157.209 meters, the multi-year average flow is 201 cubic meters per second, the low flow is 10.2 cubic meters per second, the multi-year average runoff depth is 1087.7 mm, the multi-year average runoff is 6.341 billion cubic meters, and the riverbed gradient is 0.05%.[5]
Hunan Section
In Hunan ProvinceYongzhou CityDomestic, from the westDong'an CountyEntering from Lvbu, it gathers Zishui River, Shiqi River, Xiaoshui River, Yingshui River and Baishui River, and flows through Lingling[26], Lengshuitan Beach, and finally from Jiuzhou of Tangjialing in Qiyang to Changning City.The domestic flow is 227.2km, and the natural fall is 55.3m.Xiangjiang River is rich in water, with an inbound flow of 283.55 seconds and an outbound flow of 774.5 seconds. It is the most important waterway transportation in the territory, and also the source of water for industrial and agricultural production and people's life in the city.[7]
The First Bay of Xiangjiang River, Liubutou, Dong'an County, Hunan Province[6]
stayHengyang CityDomestic, fromHengyang CityQidong CountyAfter entering Qingtang, Guiyang Town, it successively flows through Qidong County, Hengnan County, Changning City, urban area, Hengyang County, Hengshan County and Hengdong County, and enters Zhuzhou City from Heping Village, Hengdong.The territory is 226 kilometers long, accounting for 39.7 kilometers of Xiangjiang River in Hunan.The first level tributaries of Xiangjiang River with a drainage area of more than 3000 square kilometers areChongling water，Distilled water，Mine water、Mishui。[8]
stayHengnan CountyFrom Zengjiaping, Xiangjiang Village, Qingyun Township, Lijiang District, it flows from west to east, along Steamed City, Jianglijiang River, Pine and cypress, to Huangshi, and then northward, through Shitang, Xiangyang, Yunshi and other towns.It flows out from the wood factory of Wenchang Village, Chejiang Town.The flow boundary is 78km long, the average gradient of the river is 0.12 ‰, and the river is navigable throughout the year.[9]
stayZhuzhou CityThe main stream of Xiangjiang River is 89.6 kilometers long, accounting for 10.46% of the total length of Xiangjiang River.The first level tributaries of Xiangjiang River in the city area are Mishui River and Lushui River;There are 4 secondary tributaries of Xiangjiang River, including Taoshui River, Youshui River, Chengtan River and Tieshui River, with a length of more than 100 kilometers.The Zhuzhou urban section of Xiangjiang River enters from Xiangsheng Drainage Station (7.2km upstream of Lusong Bridge) in Xiangbin Village, Qunfeng Town, Tianyuan District, and exits from Majia River, with a length of 27.7km, accounting for 31.8% of the total length of Zhuzhou section of Xiangjiang River.Along the way, there are several small tributaries of Fengxi Port, Jianning Port and Baishi Port, as well as small tributaries of Xujiagang, Yijiagang and Chenbu Port located in Hexi Development Zone.
stayXiangtan CityWithin the territory, the Xiangjiang River flows through the urban areaYuetang District, into Xiangtan County.stayXiangtan CountyWithin the territory, the Xiangjiang River enters the county through Hengdong County and Hengshan County, and flows into and out of the county three times northward along the eastern boundary of the county, forming three sections in the south, middle and north:
The southern section flows into Sanchongzi, Longjing Village, Chaensi Township, from the border of Hengdong County and Hengshan County.After 2.2km, it flows westward to the Yangqu River.Xiangyang canal system is artificially channelized from Shuishangfeng to Xianfeng in Fantiangang, and is opened into the estuary.After another 0.8km, it is called Fantiangang River (also known as Xiangheng River).There is Xiangheng Bridge in the port and Huangtengzhou in the river.The water source of Fantiangang is Longtanchong, Hengshan County, with a length of 16 kilometers and a drainage area of 149 square kilometers.It flows 7.2 kilometers to the east to Guojiazhou in the north, and the water from Tankou Port flows into the north. The entrance forms convection with Xiangjiang River.Tankou Port is sourced from the Lanchong Reservoir at the southern foot of Wulong Mountain in Zhutangpu Township, with a total length of 19.4 kilometers. Along the way, there are four rivers, namely Qiaotou Bay, Luojiaba, Shentang and Luojiazhou, with a drainage area of 196 square kilometers.After another 0.8km, we will receive water from Chaoyang Canal.Chaoyang Canal was reconstructed from the middle and lower reaches of Tankou Port in 1971. It flows 2.9 kilometers to the east and connects the water of Jiagang.And then flows 0.3 km eastwardZhuzhou CountyEnvironment.This section is 14.2km long.
Xiangjiang Hengyang Shigu Section[10]
The middle section turns from east to west in Zhuzhou County, and enters Baishazhou for the second time in Chihu Village, Shangma Township in the county, forming an "S" shape.It flows 1.5km to Jinshating in the west, and connects to the water of Dongqu in the south.Xiangdong Canal is the largest flood diversion canal in the county, which was reconstructed from Zijin River in 1972.Zijin River, also known as Tea Garden Water, or Yangjiazhou Water, originates from the north foot of Wulong Mountain, with a length of 30.8 kilometers. Along the way, there are four rivers, namely Nashibakou, Sanyangba, Guojiawan, and Sandaqiao. With a drainage area of 297 square kilometers, it is the largest primary tributary in the territory from its origin to Xiangjiang River.It flows 6.9 kilometers to the west,Trickle waterIt comes from the south and flows in.The bank where Xiang and Juan meet is Yisuhe Town.It is 2.2 kilometers to the west and slightly north, and connects to the westRipple waterenterXiangtan CityZone.This section is 10.6km long.
The northern section turns northeast through Xiangtan City, and enters Zhubu Port, Jinjing Village, Heping Township, the county for three times.The water source is Shuikou Mountain in Xiangshui Township, with a length of 26 kilometers and a drainage area of 63.1 square kilometers.It flows 1.5 kilometers to the north and flows into Zhabu Port to the west.The downstream of this river was transformed into Zhengguang Canal in 1970.It also flows 11.5 kilometers to the west to the Banshi Port in Jiuhua Township, and receives the water from the Banshi Port in the south.In 1969, a channel named Xiangjiang Canal was built at the downstream of Banshi Port.It flows 2.8 kilometers to the north and joins the waters of Xiagang in the south of Huangjiawan.Then it flows 1.9 km to Wangjiaba at the foot of the boat shaped mountain to Wangcheng District.This section is 17.7 km long.
The Xiangjiang River flows through the county with a total length of 42.5 kilometers. The passenger water area flowing into the county above Chaensi Township is 71979 square kilometers. The average passenger water volume flowing through the county for many years is 54.949 billion cubic meters.There are many plains, hillocks and low hills along the river. The riverbed is full of pebbles and silt. The water quality is relatively clear. The gradient of the river channel is 0.022 ‰. The general water level is 460-750 meters wide.The annual average water level at the Xiaodongmen water level measuring point in Xiangtan City is 31 meters.The amplitude of water level variation in the year is generally 7.29 - 12.43 meters, the highest water level mostly occurs from May to June, and the lowest water level mostly occurs from December to January of the next year.The average maximum velocity of the measured section is 1.77 m/s, and the minimum is 0.66 m/s.300-500 ton passenger and cargo ships can be transported in all seasons.During the flood period, it is often supported by the flood of Dongting Lake, which is easy to cause major rivers in the territory to overflow.[11]
stayChangsha CityWithin the territory, the main stream of the Xiangjiang River flows through the southwest border of Changsha County from Zhaoshan Mountain in Xiangtan County, and enters the big township in the suburb of Changsha through the Jiuqu Yellow River, Muyun City and Dongyao Port.10.5km in Changsha County[12]。Then it runs through the urban area from south to north and leaves the country via Qiaokou, Wangcheng County.It is 74 kilometers long and there are 15 tributaries flowing into Xiangjiang River, among which the larger ones are Liuyang River, Laodao River, Jinjiang River and Weishui River.[13]
stayXiangyin CountyWithin the territory, the Xiangjiang River splits the county into the east and west.The main stream enters from Guanyinge, Shatian Township, along Tiejiaozui, Yaotou Mountain, Hiding Wind Pavilion, Zhangshugang, and Wanhe to Haohekou, and then divides into two tributaries in the east and west.The east branch goes around the east of the west embankment of the city, passing through the old Zhakou, Sancha River, Chengguan Town, Huangmaotan, and Shijia to Lulin Pond;To the west of the west embankment of the west branch around the city, it passes Donggang, Liujiaba, Xinquansi, Weijiawan to Linzikou (formerly Linguokou) to meet with the east branch of Zishui, and then passes Yuantan, Yangquetan, Wanjiatai, Shekouzi to Lulintan, Qinqiwang to Zengdan to enter Yueyang County and flow into Dongting Lake.[15]
Guangxi Quanzhou Section of Xiangjiang River[14]
The river flows throughXiangyinOne township (town) in seven districts (towns) in the county covers a total distance of 108.8 kilometers (16.6 kilometers of the main stream above Haohekou, 24 kilometers of the east branch, 33.7 kilometers of the west branch, and 34.5 kilometers of the main stream below Lulintan).Changshui (the same below) River is 1460 meters wide at the shelter pavilion;The narrowest part of the river is 500m away from the entrance of the west branch of Haohekou;The river is 678m wide in the middle of Chengguan Hydrological Station.The riverbed elevation has no certain gradient, which varies with the geographical conditions and the degree of water scouring. Some are high at the bottom and low at the top, while others are high at the middle and low ends. For example, at the entrance of the east branch of the Haohekou River, it has deepened 5.89 meters since 1957 to 1982, with an elevation of negative 2.5 meters;However, the Xiongjiapeng riverbed 3.7 km downstream and the Chengguan Hydrological Station riverbed 12 km downstream are 4.41 m and 16.79 m respectively.[15]
hydrographic features
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flow
Xiangjiang River has abundant water and its runoff mainly comes from rainfall.According to the monitoring of Xiangtan Station, the export control station, the average annual runoff of Xiangjiang River is 79.16 billion cubic meters, of which 69.6 billion cubic meters are in Hunan, accounting for 88% of the water resources of the whole basin.The annual average flow is 2050 m3/s, the historical maximum flow is 20800 m3/s (June 18, 1994), and the minimum flow is 100 m3/s (October 6, 1966).From the time distribution, the runoff from March to July accounts for 66.6% of the whole year, of which May accounts for 17.3% of the whole year;The runoff from August to February of the next year accounts for 33.4% of the annual flow, of which January only accounts for 3.3% of the annual flow.This trend is basically consistent with the periodic variation of precipitation in the basin.From the perspective of spatial distribution, there are more marginal mountains than hills, and more hilly areas than basins and river valley plains. The runoff in hilly areas with good vegetation is significantly increased.The annual maximum flow is 10 times of the average flow, and the annual maximum flow is 210 times of the minimum flow.The runoff in the whole basin has three high value areas in the east, southwest and southeast, namely, the mountain area in the upper reaches of Liuyang River, Luoxiao Mountain in the upper reaches of Mishui River and the mountain area in the upper reaches of Xiaoshui River.From the perspective of historical changes, the annual runoff of the Xiangjiang River Basin in the past long period has no obvious upward and downward trend. Except for a few years, there is an obvious upward or downward trend, the other years have only slight changes.In the mid-1960s, the runoff was generally less, and in the later period, it tended to rise;In the early 1970s, it was relatively stable, and in the middle of the 1970s, it was relatively high, and there was a heavy rainstorm in 1975;From the late 1970s to the 1980s, the runoff was generally stable;In the 1990s, it continued to rise, but there was serious drought in some areas;The runoff has been basically stable in recent 10 years.
flood
Xiangjiang River is one of the earliest tributaries of the Yangtze River basin in flood season.Before the completion of the Three Gorges Project, the annual maximum flood peak can appear in April every year, and the precipitation in flood season is concentrated, with many rainstorms. Small scale rainstorms lasting for 3 to 4 days occur almost every year, and even large-scale high-intensity rainstorms lasting for 4 to 7 days also occur frequently, leading to frequent rainstorms and floods in the whole basin.The main features are as follows: First, high water level flood peaks frequently occur.Affected by the summer monsoon and the topographic relief of the basin, the continuous rainstorm often covers the whole Xiangjiang River basin.The tributary flood is characterized by mountain and stream, with steep rise and stop, and the secondary peak lasts for 1-3 days.The flood in the middle and lower reaches of the main stream is mostly of fat single peak type. The second peak lasts about 10 days, and high water level flood peaks frequently occur: on the one hand, because of the continuous rainstorm in the tributary, the soil moisture content is saturated, and the bottom water level of the riverbed is high, which is easy to form flood peaks;On the other hand, the flood peaks in the middle and lower reaches are propped up by the high water level of Changsha section and Dongting Lake, and the river water is not discharged smoothly, further raising the flood peak water level.Second, the flood propagation speed varies greatly.In normal flood years, it takes 17 hours for the Xiangjiang River to go from the upstream old port to Guiyang, Guiyang to Hengyang, and 16 hours, 6 hours and 8 hours respectively from Hengshan to Zhuzhou, Zhuzhou to Xiangtan, and Xiangtan to Changsha.In high flood years, the time for the peak to reach each station is greatly shortened.For example, the catastrophic flood in June 1994 took 3 hours and 9 hours respectively from Laobutou to Guiyang and then to Hengyang, which was 14 to 8 hours shorter than the normal peak propagation time, while the peak occurrence time of Hengshan, Zhuzhou, Xiangtan and Changsha stations was only 1 hour shorter.Third, the flood pattern is complex.Due to numerous tributaries and reservoirs in the basin, the flood pattern and development process are complex.Due to the confluence of discharge flow of Shuangpai Reservoir and main stream in the upstream, and the continuous superposition of interval flow, the flood is a double peak flood process;The backwater of Changsha section in the lower reaches converges with the flood discharge of Zhuzhou at Xiangtan Station, forming a peak type dwarf flood.
silt
The annual average sediment concentration of the Xiangjiang River is 0.172 kg/m3, and the annual average sediment transport is 11.4 million tons. Among the four major water systems of the Dongting Lake, the sediment concentration ranks the third (Li, Yuan, Xiang, Zi in order), and the sediment transport ranks the second, belonging to the river with less sediment.Affected by the climate difference between north and south, terrain fluctuation and underlying surface factors, the sediment in Xiangjiang River has a relatively stable change law: first, the sediment concentration and sediment transport show a "two increasing" trend, that is, from the marginal mountains to the interior of the basin, from the upstream to the middle and lower reaches: the sediment content in the upstream is small, mainly granular bed load;The sediment concentration in the middle reaches increases gradually, reaching 0.1~0.2 kg/m3, dominated by particulate suspended load;The sediment in the lower reaches has silted up to become sandbanks.Second, the multi-year change of sediment discharge is basically consistent with the river runoff, that is, the sediment discharge gradually increases from upstream to downstream, and the Cv value of rivers with smaller drainage areas is greater than that of rivers with larger drainage areas.Third, the annual variation of sediment discharge is basically consistent with that of flow. The rainstorm from April to July scoured the surface, and the river water has a large sediment concentration, which generally accounts for 63.2% of the total annual sediment discharge.In recent years, the sediment changes in the main stream of Xiangjiang River show two trends: one is positive and the other is negative. On the one hand, the sediment concentration in the main stream of Xiangjiang River continues to increase, and the riverbed siltation is becoming more and more serious.In the 1970s, compared with the 1940s, the sediment concentration of the Xiangjiang River increased five times, the riverbed was generally silted up 0.6 meters higher than that in the 1950s, and the flood carrying capacity of the river channel was greatly reduced.This situation has changed since the Three Gorges flood storage.On the other hand, excessive sand mining in the river leads to undercutting of the river bed, endangering the safety of water supply and flood control.According to the statistics of the water conservancy department, the annual exploitation of the main stream of the Xiangjiang River was about 30 million tons at the beginning of the 21st century, causing the water level to drop under the same flow conditions.According to the survey, the riverbed below the water level of 25 meters in the Xiangjiang River is cut down by 2.3 meters on average. Compared with the average level in the 1990s, the water level at Xiangtan Station is lowered by more than 1.1 meters and Changsha Station is lowered by about 0.7 meters when the flow is 500 m3/s.[16]
Main tributaries
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Water system characteristics
Xiangjiang River basin has developed water system, which has three main characteristics: first, dense river network.There are 2157 large and small tributaries over 5 kilometers, including 124 primary tributaries and 16 major tributaries with a drainage area of more than 1000 square kilometers, of which Xiaoshui, Leishui and Mishui have a drainage area of more than 10000 square kilometers, and the largest one is Xiaoshui, with a drainage area of 12000 square kilometers.
Second, the water system on the left and right banks is asymmetric.The right bank has developed tributaries. Xiaoshui, Chonglingshui, Leishui, Mishui, Lushui, Liuyang River, Laodao River and other major tributaries all come from the mountains in the south and east, and flow into the main stream from the right bank. The drainage area accounts for about 2/3 of the total drainage area;The tributaries on the left bank include Qishui, Zhengshui, Zhunshui, Lianshui and Weishui, all of which originate from Hengshao Hilly Area. Except that Lianshui watershed covers an area of more than 5000 square kilometers (7155 square kilometers), the rest are shorter and less abundant than the tributaries on the right bank, which makes Xiangjiang River develop into an asymmetric dendritic water system.
Third, there are many tributary reservoirs.A total of 11 control hub projects have been built in Xiangjiang River tributary, including large reservoirs such as Centian River, Shuangpai, Ouyanghai, Taoshui, Dongjiang, Qingshanlong, Jiubu River, Shuifu Temple, Zhushuqiao, Guanzhuang and Huangcai, with storage capacity of more than 100 million cubic meters.The largest Dongjiang River has a total storage capacity of 9.15 billion cubic meters, and the total catchment area of the reservoir is 26000 square kilometers, accounting for 27.4% of the area of the Xiangjiang River.The capacity of Centianhe Reservoir, which was reconstructed and expanded in August 2012, will reach 1.51 billion cubic meters.[16]
Dongyuan Haiyang River Tributary
The main tributaries of Xiangjiang River are numerous in Guangxi, mainly including Guanjiang River, Yixiang River, Wanxiang River, Mochuan River, Shitang River, Jianjiang River, Baisha River, salt water, etc.
Haiyang River, a tributary of Xiangjiang River, originates from Longmen, Haiyang Township, Lingchuan County, belongs to the ocean mountain range, flows from south to north, passes through Dajiang Village, Lashujiao and Shuitou, and enters Xing'an.It flows into Shanggui River from the foot of the temple to Shijian back.The river source elevation is 1017.5m.The estuary elevation is 255 meters, and the river within the territory is 5.5 kilometers long.The average longitudinal slope is 3.6 ‰, the average river width is 10 meters, the drainage area is 91.4 square kilometers, and the domestic drainage area is 27.5 square kilometers.The average annual flow is 0.82 cubic meters per second, and the average annual runoff is 26 million cubic meters.
Xibo RiverIt is a tributary of the Xiangjiang River and originates from the Baitou Ridge of the Ocean Mountains to the east of the Xinyuan River.Fengquan, Futian Cave, Shiyan Temple and Haoxitian, which flow through Gaoshang Township, turn eastward to Buli, and then flow into Haiyang River after crossing the highway bridge.The river source elevation is 1310m.The estuary elevation is 250 meters, the river length is 23.5 kilometers, the average longitudinal slope is 5.45 ‰, the average river width is 60 meters, the drainage area is 89.1 square kilometers, the average annual flow is 3.23 cubic meters per second, and the average annual runoff is 102 million cubic meters.
Mochuan RiverIt is a primary tributary of Xiangjiang River, originating from the second peak to the west of Panhuang Hall in the south of Mochuan Township, flowing from south to northwest, turning north to Daijiao via Chetian and Hejia, and then flowing into Aijiang River and Xianli River from west.The river flows northward and flows into the east via two rivers, namely Changzhou, Bangshang, Baohe Youkuzhuyuan and Huangzhuyuan.Xiexing River flows into Guanshan from the east.Then northward, it flows through Zhuangzitian, Dongjiayan, Zhoushang to Qukou and enters Xiangjiang River.The river is 60 kilometers long, with an average longitudinal slope of 3.27 ‰, an average river width of 80 meters, and a drainage area of 416.25 square kilometers.The average annual flow is 13.91 cubic meters per second, and the average annual runoff is 439 million cubic meters.The theoretical reserve of hydropower is 32400 kilowatts, 14500 kilowatts can be developed, and 3100 kilowatts have been developed.The sediment concentration rate is 0.871 kg/ton, and the annual loss is 326600 tons.The vegetation in the middle and upper reaches of the basin is poor.Due to the serious felling in the 1960s, serious soil erosion occurred.During the heavy rain on May 27, 1985, more than 2000 mountains on both sides of the river from Baimian to Changzhou, more than 10 kilometers away, collapsed, and the downstream riverbed increased by about 1 meter on average.[3]
Guanyang River, short forGuanjiang River, ancient name irrigation.It is the largest primary tributary of Xiangjiang River in the territory.Zhupo Ridge, which originates from the ocean mountain system of Guanyang County, has a source elevation of 1362 meters, a total drainage area of 2285.7 square kilometers, a county drainage area of 412.7 square kilometers, a river reach of 32.4 kilometers long, an average annual flow of 58.9 cubic meters per second, a low flow of 7.1 cubic meters per second, an average annual runoff depth of 813 mm, an average annual runoff of 1.8583 billion cubic meters, and a riverbed slope of 0.1%.The main tributaries are Huangxi River and Xinfu River.Guanjiang River enters from Shangmatou, Guanyang County, flows through Baishui, Lianghe, Wuguiling, Yuandong, Dongjiang of Jiantang Township, Gaofeng, Dengjiabu and Raoshan of suburban township in Lianghe Township, and joins Xiangjiang River in Shuinan.Guanjiang used to be accessible to wooden sailboats to Guanyang, but now only timber and bamboo rafts can be accessible.In 1958, Guanjiang diversion canal was built in Baishui, two rivers, with a flow of 25 cubic meters per second.
Xinfujiang River, formerly known as Shenpu Source Water, is a secondary tributary of Xiangjiang River.Baogai Shandong, which originates from Guanyang County's marine mountain system, has an elevation of 1935 meters.Entering from Xiling of Xinxu, Guanyang County, the river reach in the county is 17.3km long and the controlled drainage area is 131.35km2.The average annual flow is 3.4 cubic meters per second, the low flow is 0.4 cubic meters per second, and the riverbed slope is 2.9%.The main tributary streams flow through Shangliujia, Xialiujia, Xinfudong and Shangzhai to Guanjiang River.The vegetation in the upper reaches is poor, mountain torrents are easy to occur, river courses are often changed, and water and soil loss is serious. Every year, farmland is damaged to varying degrees.
Yixiang River, called Yixiang River in ancient times, is a primary tributary of Xiangjiang River.It originates from Dayun Mountain in Daxijiang Township, with an elevation of 1962 meters.The drainage area is 642.63 square kilometers, the river is 56.1 kilometers long, the multi-year average flow is 16.98 cubic meters per second, the flow in dry season is 3.3 cubic meters per second, the multi-year average runoff depth is 833 mm, the multi-year average runoff is 535.3 million cubic meters, the riverbed gradient is 1.4%, and the secondary tributaries of the drainage area above 100 square kilometers include the big river source and the Gedu source.There are 16 tertiary tributaries, including Yangfu River, Baizhuyuan, Zixiyuan, Hengxiyuan, Shiyuan River, Hengjiangyuan, big water source and small water source.The Yixiang River flows through Baojiawan, Jintang and Daxijiang from Yanjing to Dugongtou, where it joins with Geduyuan. After that, it crosses Baimao and Shuangpi in Wenqiao Township, joins with Daheyuan at Shuikou Temple, enters Gepi and Shaping in Miaotou Town, where it joins Xiangjiang River.
Wanxiang River is a primary tributary of Xiangjiang River.It originates 2.5 kilometers southwest of Lingpai Stone, which crosses the Chengling Mountains in the northwest of the county, with an elevation of 1904 meters.The drainage area is 698.9 square kilometers, the river is 41.4 kilometers long, the multi-year average flow is 23.3 cubic meters per second, the flow in dry season is 4.1 cubic meters per second, the multi-year average runoff depth is 1050 mm, the multi-year average runoff is 733.8 million cubic meters, and the riverbed slope is 1.3%.After passing through Dalian, Tingzijiang, Longshui and Qiaodu, it joins mountains and rivers, flows eastward to Daxin and Changxiang River, and joins Xiangjiang River in the east of the county seat.The main tributaries are Changxiang River and Shanchuan River.The section from Lanbu of Daxinliu to Sanjiangkou of the county is commonly known as "Luoshui".[5]
The tributary of Wanxiang River, which originates from Zhenbaoding (2123m) on the Yuecheng Ridge, has Tianhu Hydropower Station built at an altitude of 1800m. The available drop is 1074m, which is currently the highest in China, the highest in Asia and the eighth in the world.2.37 kilowatt hours per cubic meter of water.The overall planned installed capacity is 60000 kilowatts, and the annual power generation is 178 million kilowatt hours, of which the dry season accounts for more than 76%.The project was fully started in July 1989, and the first unit was put into operation in November 1991.[17]
Changxiang River, formerly known as Huixianguan River, is a secondary tributary of Xiangjiang River.It originates from Pusan, which is over the Chengling Mountains, with an elevation of 1870 meters.The drainage area is 190.03 square kilometers, the river is 43.7 kilometers long, the average annual flow is 6.3 cubic meters per second, the low flow is 1.3 cubic meters per second, and the riverbed slope is 1.4%.The main tributaries are Wangchong River, Yanquan River, Gujia River and Nanwang River.The river flows from New Village of Caiwan Township and Wufu through Daweidong and Gaotian of Shaoshui Town, and then flows into Wanxiang River through Tianxinpu and Caiwan of Caiwan Township to Liulanbu of suburban township.
Shanchuan River, called Zhaiwuguan River in ancient times, is a secondary tributary of Xiangjiang River.It originates from Chaping, Nandong Village, Caiwan Township, Yuechengling, with an elevation of 1827m.There are two sources;A source comes out of Damao Ridge.Eryuan goes to Haiyangping.To Xuetan, it is called Shanchuan River, because the upper reaches of the river are in the mountains.The drainage area is 199.71 square kilometers, the river is 35.5 kilometers long, the average annual flow is 6.65 cubic meters per second, the low flow is 1.4 cubic meters per second, and the riverbed slope is 2%.The Baifu, Anpo and Qiaodu villages that flow through Yongjiadong, Ziling, Qixing, Pony out of Zhaixu, Baishi, Qinjiatang to Longshui in Caiwan Township flow into Wanxiang River.
Changting River, also known as Meixi River, is a primary tributary of Xiangjiang River.It originates from the spring tide source, 2 kilometers west of the spiral top of the snail, with an elevation of 1573 meters.The drainage area is 261.56 square kilometers, the river is 42.9 kilometers long, the multi-year average flow is 6.74 cubic meters per second, the low flow is 1.1 cubic meters per second, the multi-year average runoff depth is 987 mm, the multi-year average runoff is 221.6 million cubic meters, and the riverbed slope is 1.1%.The main tributaries are Wutian River, Zhutouyuan, Chaonan River, Qingtian River, etc.It flows through Ma'anling, Tianweidi, Chuanxinyan, Shitang, Jiangjialing, Huaqiao, Xiadong, and then flows through Hebao Mountain, Qingshankou, Tangyin to Luoyang River and into Xiangjiang River.
Baisha River, named Tongyou Guanshui in ancient times, is a tributary of Xiangjiang River.It originates from the Qiqiao boundary of Yuechengling, with an elevation of 1511 meters.The drainage area is 154.1 square kilometers, the river is 30.5 kilometers long, the average annual flow is 5.9 cubic meters per second, the low flow is 1.0 cubic meters per second, the average annual runoff depth is 1215 mm, and the average annual runoff is 187.2 million cubic meters.The main tributaries are Chilan River, Fubi River and Miaoshan River.It flows through Tongyou, Sanyou, Tangkou, Yanhe, Xialiu to Xiaojiangkou and flows into Xiangjiang River.
Xianshui River, the ancient Jiaochuan Pass water, is a primary tributary of Xiangjiang River.It originates from the east of the west extension boundary of Yuechengling, with an elevation of 1048m.The drainage area is 197.5 square kilometers, the river is 38.1 kilometers long, the average annual flow is 7.6 cubic meters per second, the low flow is 1.3 cubic meters per second, the average annual runoff depth is 1215 mm, the average annual runoff is 240 million cubic meters, and the riverbed slope is 0.7%.The secondary tributaries are Wanbei River and Baizhutang River.The third level tributaries include Xiaozhe River, Dahui River, Huangmao River, etc.It flows through Jiaochuan, Nanzhai, Huangsha, Chetian and Liujia to Luokou and then flows into Xiangjiang River.
The Lutang River, known as the Wuliguan River of Jiaochuan in ancient times, is a primary tributary of the Xiangjiang River.It originates from the east of the west extension boundary of Yuechengling, with an elevation of 1010 meters.The drainage area in the territory is 55.62 square kilometers, the river is 13 kilometers long, the average annual flow is 2.14 cubic meters per second, the low flow is 0.37 cubic meters per second, the average annual runoff depth is 1215 mm, the average annual runoff is 67.6 million cubic meters, and the riverbed slope is 3.5%.The tributaries include Shuiwei River, Jinniuchong River and Shijian River.Maquanjiang Village, which flows through Guliu, Lutang and Changshou Temple and enters Xing'an Jieshou Town, flows into Xiangjiang River.The longitudinal slope of the whole river is large, the vegetation in the upper reaches is poor, and it is also the edge of the rainstorm area, so it is easy to flood, and it has been diverted many times, washing away farmland.In June 1952, the Lutang Cave was almost destroyed by the flood.
Jianjiang River, called Jian'an Water in ancient times, is a primary tributary of Xiangjiang River.It originates from Haiyang Mountain (Dayuan Fenshuiao, Jiaojiang Township), with an elevation of 1380m.The drainage area is 391.07 square kilometers, the river is 55.2 kilometers long, the average annual flow is 10.08 cubic meters per second, the low flow is 2.6 cubic meters per second, the average annual runoff depth is 813 mm, the average annual runoff is 317.9 million cubic meters, and the riverbed slope is 1.1%.From Dayuan Village, Jiaojiang Township, it flows westward to the top of the boundary and turns northward. It meets the source water of Jiaojiang River at Dayakou, passes Mopan Reservoir, Dagong Bridge, Sizuo, Baiyanqian, Aoyuzhou, Xinkaitian, Ludakou, Cuixi and Mashi of Fenghuang Township, and then flows northwestward. It flows into the Xiangjiang River at the Shichong Estuary on the Heping Village Dock.Jianjiang River is one of the rivers that are widely used in China, mainly for farmland irrigation.However, due to the large-scale operation of iron and steel in 1958 and the subsequent massive deforestation and land reclamation in the upstream area, the forest area has decreased, the dense forest has become a sparse residual forest, the ecology has been severely damaged, the water and soil loss has intensified, the riverbed has increased, and the flood has become the most serious river in the county.
Taoshui is a first-class tributary of Xiangjiang River.There are two places of origin: left out of Lingyuan Village;Right out of Phoenix Hall Ridge.The drainage area is 69.56 square kilometers, the river length is 22.7 kilometers, the riverbed gradient is 1.4%, the average annual flow is 1.938 cubic meters per second, and the low flow is 0.332 cubic meters per second.The left and right rivers converge at Shuangjiangkou and then flow into Xiangjiang River through Yuankou, Muxia, Shuangqiao and Shangli.In 1973, a medium-sized reservoir was built in Yuankou River.[5]
Xiyuan Xiaoshui River and its tributaries
XiaoshuiIt is an inland river in Lingling and a major tributary of the upper reaches of Xiangjiang River.According to Shuijingzhu Xiaoshui, "Xiaoshui is clear and deep." Because the trees on both sides of the upstream are green and the water is clear and deep, it is named "Xiaoshui".In the Western Han Dynasty, it was also called "Great Deep Water". Its main stream originated at the southern foot of Yegou Mountain in Lanshan County and flows through Lanshan, Jianghua, Jiangyong, Ningyuan, Daoxian, Shuangpai and Yongzhou.To Pingdao, Yongzhou and into Xiangjiang River.The main stream is 354km long, the drainage area is 12099km2, the average annual flow is 345m3/s, and the average annual runoff is 10.88 billion m3.Xiaoshui river network is densely distributed, with abundant water.There are 308 large and small tributaries with a river length of more than 5 kilometers, 21 primary tributaries with a drainage area of more than 100 square kilometers and 9 primary tributaries with a drainage area of more than 300 square kilometers. From top to bottom, there are Nian River, Cendong River, Mengzhu River, Gongba River, Yongming River, Yishui River, Ningyuan River, Fujiang River and Xianshui River.The annual average runoff volume of its export is 10.4 billion cubic meters, and the annual water output per square kilometer is 863000 cubic meters.
Laomaojiang River is 60 kilometers long and has a drainage area of 325 square kilometers.
Cendong River, a primary branch of Xiaoshui River, is 48 kilometers long and has a drainage area of 335 square kilometers.
Mengzhu River, a primary branch of Xiaoshui River, is 84 kilometers long and has a drainage area of 856 square kilometers.
Yishui, also known as Bangshui, is a primary tributary of Xiaoshui, with a length of 72 kilometers and a drainage area of 935 square kilometers.
The Gongba River, a primary tributary of Xiaoshui, is 68 kilometers long and has a drainage area of 475 square kilometers.[18]
Yongming RiverIt is a primary tributary of Xiaoshui River and a secondary tributary of Xiangjiang River. It originates from the boundary of Liangsan in Jiangyong County and flows from west to east through ancient houses, Jiangyong County seat and Shangjiang DockDao CountyThe Cen River Ferry joins the Xiaoshui River.The river is 82km long, with a drainage area of 1216km2;The average annual flow is 42.6 m3/s, and the average annual runoff is 1.35 billion m3.There are 36 large and small tributaries over 5km in the basin, and the main tributaries are Baidishui, Luojiang, Grassland Water, Yangjiatai Water, Ziyun Water, and Zhangmu Water.The terrain is high in the southwest and low in the northeast. The area above Jiangyong County is mountainous, with good vegetation coverage;The area below the county seat is hilly.The upstream is dominated by sand shale, and the downstream is dominated by limestone.The upper reaches of the riverbed are mostly cobbles, and the lower reaches are composed of sand eggs and yellow sand mud. The river center has many continents, and there are many dams along the river, with an average annual runoff of 1.28 billion cubic meters.[18]
Ningyuan River，It is a secondary tributary of Xiangjiang River and the largest primary tributary of Xiaoshui River. Originating at the southern foot of Yangming Mountain, it flows through Qingshuiqiao, Renheba, Baohe, Daoxian Youxiang in Ningyuan and flows into Xiaoshui River. The total length is 106.5 kilometers, the gradient is 2.5 ‰, the drainage area is 2619 square kilometers, the average annual flow is 68.4 cubic meters, and the average annual runoff is 2.16 billion cubic meters.There are 78 large and small tributaries in the basin, of which Chonglingshui, Jiuyi River and Renjiang River are the largest.Ningyuan River is located between Yangming Mountain System and Jiuyi Mountain System. The terrain is surrounded by high mountains in the north, east and south. It is open to the west, in the shape of a horseshoe, with general vegetation.The high mountain area is mostly karst terrain, and the central hilly basin and both banks along the river are mostly yellow, red and black clay and sandy loam. The total annual runoff of the upper and lower dams along the river is 2.07 billion cubic meters, with an average annual water yield of 791000 cubic meters per square kilometer.[18]
Main branch of Xiangjiang River
Xiaoshui, Chonglingshui, Leishui, Mishui, Lushui and Liuyang Rivers in Hunan flow into the main stream from the east bank, and the tributaries Qishui, Zhengshui, Zhushui, Lianshui and Weishui flow into the main stream from the west bank.[19]
Zishui River, also known asZixi River[18]Dayang River is a primary tributary of Xiangjiang River.Originated fromDong'an CountyShunhuang Mountain Gaogualing Yangheping (Yangheping)Xinning CountyShizishan Southwest[18]）, flowing throughDong'an CountyDamiaokou, Zixi, Baiyashi, Jingtouxu and other townsDajiangkou TownshipDajiangkou Village flows into Xiangjiang River, just like a soft and transparent green ribbon in the embroidery water of Dong'an Huashan, coiled among green mountains and trees.Zishui River has a total length of 72 kilometers (96 kilometers in a word[7]）, with a drainage area of 1011 square kilometers[18]The drop is more than 1550 meters, the gradient is 11%, the annual runoff is about 700 million cubic meters, and the average flow is about 24 cubic meters per second.The whole basin of Zishui River is located in the transition zone from high mountains to hills, with many sharp bends and shallow water alternating with deep Taipa and Gulf Stream.Zishui River has not only beautiful scenery, but also profound cultural heritage.According to legend, Emperor Shun toured the beautiful Shunhuang Mountain in the south for hunting and leisure, then drifted out of the Xiangjiang River along the Sun Stream (i.e. the Zishui River), and later died in the wild of Cangwu and was buried in Jiuyi Mountain.The Empress E and the Second Daughter in Law came to Shunhuang Mountain from thousands of miles to find their husbands. Their tears dried up, and their blood dripped into the Sun Creek, making the stream purple, hence the name Zishui River.[20]It is the largest tributary of Xiangjiang River into Lingling area.River slope: 12 ‰ above Zixi, 1.3 ‰ below Zixi;The upstream of the riverbed is composed of rock slabs and boulders, and the middle and downstream are composed of sandy pebbles. The river is 50~80m wide and there are many shoals and dams;The upper reaches of both banks are high mountains and narrow valleys, and the middle and lower reaches are hilly areas;The river channel below Zixi is gradually open, and the terrain on both banks is flat. It is a rice producing area.There are 17 tributaries at all levels over 5km in Zixi River basin, with abundant water;The geology is mostly limestone system with developed karst. Shunhuangyan natural karst cave is located near Damiaokou.[18]
Shiqi RiverDongxiang River, also known as Dongxiang River, is a primary tributary of Xiangjiang River, with a total length of 77 kilometers and a drainage area of 907 square kilometers.It is formed by the confluence of Dashi River and Mazi River.[18]Dashi River originates from the valley of Guanyang, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.The Mazi River originates from Huangla Cave in Dongshan Yao Autonomous Township, Quanzhou County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Two tributaries converge at the Lianghekou River, pass through Dongxiang Bridge, enter Dong'an County in the lower east of Lingling, and enter Xiangjiang River in Shiqi Town.The average annual runoff is 699 million cubic meters, and the average annual flow is 22.151 second cubic meters.It is named after the place name of Hekou.
Luhong River, the ancient name should be water.The first tributary of the upper reaches of the Xiangjiang River.The trunk originates from the eastern foot of Huanghua Mountain, the watershed between Dong'an County and Shaoyang County (Laoniuchong West in the north of Dong'an County), namely Dong'an CountyDasheng TownLimuchong, passing through Maotouchong, Maoping, Xiaojiawan, Xinxu River, Wujiaqiao, Luhong City, Hejia Village, Duanqiaopu and other places, left the county at Duanqiaopu Cheyoucun, and went to Shuiji River, GuodangdiGaoxi TownThe nearby Shuijiangkou enters the Xiangjiang River.The total length is more than 80 kilometers, the average gradient is 2.2 ‰, and the drainage area is 1069 square kilometers;The average annual flow is 21.8 cubic meters per second, and the average annual runoff is 690 million cubic meters;18 tributaries at all levels above 5km.Its terrain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, with mountainous area accounting for about 40%;The area above Wujiaqiao is mountainous area, and the area below Wujiaqiao is hilly and flat area. The terrace and flat land are staggered along both banks of the river. Especially the area below Luhong City is flat and belongs to agricultural area.[18]The flow in Dong'an is 62.87 kilometers, with a drainage area of 1070 square kilometers and a drainage area of 899.302 square kilometers.The annual average flow is 627.8 million cubic meters, and the annual average flow is 3.026 second cubic meters.It is named after the place where it flows.[7][20]
Qi Shui, a tributary of Xiangjiang River.Originating from Jiutang Ao on the east side of Siming Mountain in Shaoyang County, it flows throughQidong CountyHuangni Bridge, Li Feng Bridge, Leijia Temple, Dwarf Hill, enter Shiwan Village in YaotoupuQiyang County, passing through Shuangjiangkou, Lijiaping, XiamaduQiyang CountyThe north of the city flows into the Xiangjiang River.The total length is 114 kilometers, the drainage area is 1685 square kilometers, the average annual flow is 23.9 second cubic meters, and the average annual runoff is 755 million cubic meters.Qishui River in Qiyang is 67.2 kilometers long, with a drainage area of 568.2 square kilometers.[18]The basin is fan-shaped, with 21 tributaries of different sizes over 5km in the basin.Qishui River in Qiyang is 67.2 kilometers long, with a drainage area of 568.2 square kilometers and a fall of 40.6 meters;The terrain is high in the north and low in the south. In addition to some forests in the source area of Siming Mountain with good vegetation coverage, the middle and lower reaches are flat agricultural areas with poor vegetation, serious water and soil loss and insufficient water. It is one of the arid areas in China.[18]
plain water, a primary tributary of Xiangjiang River, originated fromGuiyang CountyDatu Ridge flows from southwest to northwest, passing through the E River in GuiyangChangning CityPuzhuyuan andQiyang CountySijiaping, Shaibeitan, Xiaojindong, Shuikou, Yinziyuan, Jindong, Huangjiadu, toQiyang CountyOfBaishui TownIt flows into Xiangjiang River.The river is 117 kilometers long, with a drainage area of 1810 square kilometers, an average annual flow of 66.8 cubic meters, and an average annual runoff of 2.1 billion cubic meters.The river in Qiyang is 78 kilometers long, with a drainage area of 1071 square kilometers and a natural fall of 240 meters.The outlet of the downstream canyon of Baishui from Jindong is the upstream, with high mountains and dense forests, narrow rivers and fast water flow. It is Jindong Forest Farm;From the outlet to the Dajiangkou, the river channel gradually opens, with the width of the river generally more than 100 meters, and the widest part of the downstream reaches 257 meters. The two banks are flat, which is an agricultural area.In Baishui River Basin, there are undulating peaks, good vegetation, abundant precipitation and abundant water. The average annual runoff is 916 million cubic meters, and the annual water production per square kilometer is 1152000 cubic meters.Its riverbed has a large drop, which is an important river for the development of water resources in Qiyang County.[18]
Chongling water, also known as Lingyuan River.The upstream is also called Zhongshui, a tributary of Xiangjiang River.stayHunansouth.It originates from Renxing Ridge of Lanshan County, flows through Jiahe, Xintian, Guiyang, Leiyang, Changning and other counties and cities, and flows into the Xiangjiang River at Linghekou of Changning City.The total length is 302 kilometers, and the drainage area is 6623 square kilometers.
Xintian RiverIt is a primary tributary of Chongling Water, originating from Linkeng Ao in Linjiayuan, Xintian County, flowing from northwest to southeast, passing through Xintian Huoshaopu, Huanggongtang, Jicun, Xintian County seat, Daotang, Xinwei, Xinlong, and finally flowing into Chongling Water at Ma'anping, with a total length of 70km, a drainage area of 1668 square kilometers, a gradient of 1.78 ‰, and an average flow of 35.7 cubic bar seconds for many years,The annual average runoff is 1.13 billion cubic meters.There are 26 tributaries more than 5 kilometers in the territory, of which Chexi River, Shiyang River and Ridong River are three main tributaries.Its terrain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast. The mountainous area accounts for about 30%. There are pine, fir and bamboo forests in the mountainous area, with general vegetation coverage.There are two medium-sized reservoirs in the upper reaches of the river, Feiyuan and Jinling, and the river below the two reservoirs twists and turns in hilly areas, with a width of 40-60 meters.The two banks below Xintian County are gradually widened, and terraces and flat lands are scattered along the river.The average annual runoff of the river is 1.095 billion cubic meters, and the annual water yield is 656000 cubic meters per square kilometer. The water yield is second only to that of Qishui, which is an arid and water scarce area in the territory.[18]
Distilled water, YesXiangjiang RiverA large tributary, commonly known as Caohe River.It originated in Shaodong County and entered Jinlan Town, Hengyang County, in the shape of "B". It flows through Hongshi Town, Sanhu Town, Zhajiang Town, Taiyuan TownXidu Town, Hengnan CountySantang Town, Zhengxiang DistrictDaiyingling TownIn Hengyang CityShigu AcademyIt flows into Xiangjiang River.In history, steaming has done great harm to the people along the coast. In the 1960s and 1970s, we focused on harnessing the steaming water, cutting straight river bends, digging new rivers, and building flood control dikes, basically eliminating the flood damage.
QingjiangIt is a tributary of Xiangjiang River. It originates from the east foot of Zaoxiling, Liujialing Village, Daxing Township, Qidong County, enters from Shijing Village, Yangjiaotang Town, at the junction of Qidong and Qiyang, flows into Xiangjiang River from Qingxiping Village to Hongguang Village, Guiyang Town, Qidong County.Along the way, the loach water, Lanqiao water, Baitang water and Xiejiazui water flow for 41 kilometers, with a total drainage area of 282 square kilometers, and 18 kilometers in Qiyang County, with a total drainage area of 148 square kilometers.It is named Qingjiang because the river water is clear.[21]
Liuyang River, fromLiuyang CountyChe Chuan from Yuelong Township came to Xiaobugang Village, Wumei Township, Changsha County.It enters Liuping Village, Baijia Township, Liuyang County through Xiangyin Port, Taoshuwan, Jintan and Tongchepeng, and then enters Xianrenshi Township, Changsha County. It enters Dong'an Township, suburban Changsha City through Tuanran, Shimen, Huangxing, Langli and other towns.The flow in the county is 22.5 kilometers, and the drainage area is 611.043 square kilometers.There are nine secondary tributaries, including Sanhan River, Riverside Port, Baogong Port, Xiashankou, Zhashan Port, Huayuan Port, Dongmao Port, Huaqiao Port, Qianqiu Dam, with a total length of 157.5 kilometers.There are three tertiary tributaries, including Jiangbei Port, Qijiaqiao Port and Railway Tanggang Port, with a total length of 42km.It used to be a perennial river, which can be connected to the boat all the year round.After 1981, due to sand excavation and gold panning, the riverbed and channel were severely damaged and could not be navigable.
Laodao RiverIt was called Laoshui in ancient times. Its upstream is called Liaohu River, and its downstream is called Laotang River, commonly known as Laodao River. It enters Hengkeng, Chunhuashan Township, Changsha County from the Jiebei Bridge, Yong'an City, North Township, Liuyang County. It passes through Chunhua Mountain and Chishi River, meets Fenglin Harbor Water, passes through the collapse rib to Shuidu River, meets with Baisha River, and passes through Luohan Village to Ganzui, Laodao River Town, then enters the suburbs of Changsha City.The flow in the county is 28.6 km.The drainage area is 1298.46 square kilometers.The tributaries on the north bank are parallel in north-south direction, with long flow and wide and shallow riverbed;The tributaries on the south bank are centered on Huanghua City and Jinkengling, and distributed radially to the northeast, northwest and southwest, with short flow and deep riverbed.The main river bed of Laodao River is 100 to 150 meters wide, with a drop of 110 meters and an average gradient of 0.78%. The geological upstream of the river bed is sand with gravel, and the downstream is sand.There are eight secondary tributaries, including Rouge Port, Niwanzi, Jinjing River, Shihuizui River, Wangxianqiao Port, Shuidu River, Baisha River, Guanyintang Port, with a total length of 181.1 kilometers.Jinjing River is the largest, with a total length of 63km and a drainage area of 726km2.There are 15 tributaries, including Dingjiadong River, Furongqiao River, Tuojia River, Fanlinqiao River, Qiaoli River, Shangshanshi River, Dabaqiao River, Malin River, Xunlong River, Xinqiao Port, Changjiachong Port, Jiangjuntang, Ansha Port, Baiyun River, Wuxi Bridge Port, with a total length of 204.1 kilometers. From 1946 to 1964, 10 ton wooden boats in Laodao River during the middle flood period could reach Beishengcang, Liuyang County, with a total length of 92 kilometers,A 2-3 ton wooden boat can reach Wulongpi, Liuyang County, and a small steamboat can reach Changsha City from Shuidu River.After 1964, due to water and soil loss, the riverbed was silted up, and the navigation channel was not smooth, so the advantage of boating was lost.[12]
Ripple water, a major tributary in the middle reaches of Xiangjiang River, originated fromXinshao CountyGuanyin Mountain flows from west to eastLianyuan City, Louxing District, Shuangfeng CountyXiangxiangtoXiangtan CountyThe river mouth flows into the Xiangjiang River, with a total length of 85.85km. There are 89 Grade 1-4 tributaries along the way, including the Nasun River, the Mekong River and the Ceshui River, with a controlled drainage area of 3906km2.
In the east of Zijiang branch, there are main streams and east branches of Zijiang in Xiangyin County (the old name is Guishui, which was named after the disordered water at the tail in 1952). The main stream enters from Maojiaokou, flows along the South Lake, the west of Dongting District, and flows into the middle of South Dongting Lake through Quanshui Village: Huangkoutan, Saitoukou, Yipotang to Yangliutan.The east branch flows from Maojiaokou to the east, along the west of Xinquan District, through Jiaotanwan, Xilingang, Nanhuzhou, Guangongtan, Baima Town, Heping Gate to Linzikou, and into the west branch of Xiangjiang River.
Baishuijiang River, formerly known as Baishui River, it is named after nearly 100 streams of Naxi River, also known as Dadianshui River, a tributary of Xiangjiang River.Source outMiluo CityMingyue Dashan Shuangshi Cave, from Jingtangchen, a new village in Shitang Township, to Xiangjiang River via East Lake, Dengboqiao and Nanmen Port;After harnessing the Lake Han Dynasty, the river was opened and embankment was built from the south side of the East Lake, and it was poured into the eastern branch of the Xiangjiang River through Wangbin, Wenxing Tower and Wayao Bay.The total length is 31.7km.[15]
Trickle waterAs a primary tributary of Xiangjiang River, Trickle River was formerly known as "Xingle River", also known as "Baiguo River" and "Yisu River".Trickle water originates from Changshan Mountain (Jiufeng Mountain) in Shuangfeng County, Xiangtan City (the eastern foot of Zifeng Mountain (Xiangxiang County Annals of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty: Trickle water flows out of Jiufeng Mountain in 24 capitals)[22]）, passing through Youyong, Shuangjiangkou and Shidi in Shuangfeng County,Hengshan CountyXinqiao, Ginkgo,Xiangtan CountyHuashi, Shebu, Yinjiang, Gutang Bridge and Shuangban Bridge join Xiangjiang River at Xiaoduhe River in Yisuhe Town.Juanshui has a total length of 103 kilometers and a drainage area of 1764 square kilometers.[23]The average gradient is 6.24 ‰.According to the observation statistics of Hengshan Xinqiao Hydrological Station, the catchment area above the station site is 225 square kilometers. From 1958 to 1987, the average annual flow in the upstream of the Trickle River was 3995 m3/s, with an average annual runoff of 126 million m3 for many years. Due to the short upstream flow of Trickle River and serious soil erosion, the conditions for shipping and fish farming are very poor.[22]
MishuiIs a primary tributary of the Xiangjiang River,Yangtze RiverLevel 2 oftributaryThe water source of Mi River is abundant, with large drop and abundant water energy.After years of construction, the people of Hengdong County have implemented cascade development and built Ronghuan, Ganxi, Yangtang and other hydropower stations, making Hengdong County one of the country's 100 rural electrics.Main stream mainly flows throughYanling County、Chaling County、You County、Hengdong County, in the west of Hengdong CountyXintang TownIt flows into Xiangjiang River.There are Yanling, Chaling, Longjiashan, Youxian, Ganxi and other national basic hydrological stations and rainfall observation stations in the main stream of Mishui RiverTaoshui、Jiubu RiverTwo large reservoirs and medium-sized water conservancy and hydropower projects such as Qingnian, Longjiashan, Suzhouba, Tongba, Ronghuan, Ganxi, etcEmperor YanThe tomb is called "Holy Water River".
Green water"Lu River", which was called "Shuoshui" in ancient times, originated at the border between Hunan and JiangxiLiuyang River，Mishui，Mine waterIt is customarily called "Xiaosishui" in eastern Hunan.Lushui main stream originates from the northern foothills of Luoxiao Mountains, the south of Qianla Ridge of Yangqi Mountain in Jiangxi Province, and the mountain col in the northwest of Datang in Shuijiang Township, Yichun City.From Cangxia to Pingxiang, the west flows through Goldfish Stone to Liling.From Maonetan, Jiantouzhou to Shuanghekou, it joins Chengtan River, and was called Lushui.The upstream part that flows through Pingxiang is called Pingshui.Lushui is 168.8 kilometers long, and Liling is 63.73 kilometers long.It flows through more than ten towns and offices from east to west.There are dozens of streams and rivers along the way.Enter Zhuzhou County from Miaoqian Village, Shiting Town, and merge into Xiangjiang River at Lukou Town, the county seat.It is a tributary of Xiangjiang River.
Mine water, ancient river name, isXiangjiang RiverThe longest tributary is called Lei Shui during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Lei Shui after the Han Dynasty, Zheshui in modern times, and Cheng JiangkouDongjiangDongjiang River and Chengjiang River converge in Yongxing County and become the convenient riverTangmenkou TownIt connects with the West River (Guijiang River in ancient times), called Leishui, and flows northward to Hengnan County and Leihekou of Hengyang City to join the Xiangjiang River, with a drainage area of 11783 square kilometers.The total fall of the river is 886 meters, and the hydropower reserves are 413000 kilowatts, ranking first among the tributaries of the Xiangjiang River basin.
Hygroscopic water, also known as "Weishui River", is located in Changsha City and originates from Hunan ProvinceNingxiang CountyWeishan.Weishui Water Source originates from Dashaping, also called Beiyuan, which is the junction of Ningxiang and Anhua, and now Weishui Village. The main stream flows from west to east, into Huangcai Reservoir, toWangcheng CountyIt flows into the Xiangjiang River, with a total length of 144 kilometers, a drainage area of 2750 square kilometers, and an average riverbed width of 180 meters.There are more than 20 main tributaries, including Wujiang River, Chujiang River and Yutangshui River.
Lijiang River is a primary tributary of Xiangjiang River.It originates from Menghu Tiaojian, Hongyan Village, Hongyan Township, at the critical point between Qidong County and Hengnan County, and flows into Xiangjiang River through Doushanqiao, Maoshi, Changsha, Longhe, Longshi and other towns to the estuary of Lijiang Town.The total length is 70km, the river slope is 0.7 ‰, and the drainage area is 438km2.The 17 km stretch from Shitan in Longshi to the estuary of Lijiang River used to be accessible by small wooden boats in spring and summer flood season.Later, due to the construction of river dams and flood gates, there was no navigation facilities, and navigation was suspended since 1970.
Xiebai River, also known as Longxi River, is a first-class tributary of Xiangjiang River.It originates from the Grotto Mountain (Chuanpin) in Huaqiao Town, Hengnan County, flows through Wangjiang, Shuanglin, Gucheng, Quanxi and other towns, and flows out to Zhengjiawan, Xiantang Township.The flow boundary is 57km long, and the river slope is 2.1 ‰.During the wet season, a section of Xiantang can be used for short distance navigation by small wooden boats.
Chejiang River, the first tributary of Xiangjiang River.It originates from the foot of Shiniu Peak.It flows into Xiangjiang River at the bridge of Chejiang Town via Tieshi, Changling and other townships of Hengnan County.The total length is 33km, and the river slope is 1.7 ‰.Water shortage, narrow river, no navigation conditions.[9]
Basin overview
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topographic features
The whole Xiangjiang River basin is bounded by the Mufu Mountains Luoxiao Mountains and Poyang Lake water system at the border between Hunan and Jiangxi in the east, by the Xiangjiang River and the Pearl River watershed in the south, by the Hengshan Mountains and Zishui in the west, and by the Dongting Lake in the north.The geomorphic types in the area are complex and diverse, mainly mountains and hills.
1. Overall landform.The whole Xiangjiang River has the characteristics of hills, gentle slopes, mountains, streams and rivers.In terms of geological structure and geomorphology, the Xiangjiang River Basin is a long strip basin, high in the south and low in the north, with uneven terrain, gradually tilting from south to north in a horseshoe shape, and pouring into the north.The altitude difference between the upstream and downstream is not big, and the height difference from the source to the lake inlet is about 450 meters.It is high in the east, south and west. Nanling Mountain in the south and Wugong Mountain and Bamian Mountain in the southeast are relatively high, with an altitude of 1300 meters to 2000 meters. The highest peak of Bamian Mountain is 2042 meters. Shuishui Mountain in Hunan and Zier in the west is relatively low, with an altitude of 900 meters to 1200 meters.The central and northern parts are relatively low and flat, mostly low mountains, hills, basins and river valley plains.
2. Segmented landform.In the traditional sense, Xiangjiang River is divided into four sections: upper, middle and lower reaches and the tail end. The topography of each section is very different, and the water potential is changeable. The interaction between water potential and topography further leads to complex and diverse topography.Upstream: the upper section of Ping Island (Xiaoshui Estuary).The sea level of the source area is about 500 meters above sea level, the mountain top is 500~1500 meters above sea level, and the river is 110~400 meters wide.The two banks are of medium and low mountain landform, the valley is in the shape of "V", the riverbed is rocky, the beach is frequent and the flow is rapid, and the average gradient of the riverbed is 0.607 ‰.The river cuts through the rock strata, forming a canyon.There are many caves along the coast, and the groundwater is rich, which has a large amount of water supply, and has the typical characteristics of mountain rivers.Middle reaches: Pingdao Hengyang section.The mountain top is 100-500 meters above sea level, and the river is 250-630 meters wide.There are rolling hills along the coast, scattered basins and valleys.The river valley is wide, the riverbed is mostly pebbles and reefs, with many beaches and shallow water. It has the characteristics of rivers in hilly areas, and the average gradient of the riverbed is 0.129 ‰.Downstream: Hengyang Qiaokou Section.There are hills, plains and basins on both banks, with no obvious mountains around.The river course is winding, the valley is wide, the terrain is flat, and the river width is 500~1000 meters.There are many gravels in the riverbed, some reefs in between, and many shoals, presenting a typical river accumulation landform.Embankments are built on the terraces on both banks of the lower reaches of Changsha. The riverbed is stable, with clear shoals and channels. The average gradient of the riverbed is 0.0824 ‰.Tail end: Qiaokou Lulintan section.It belongs to the Dongting Lake Plain, with an altitude of less than 50 meters. The terrain is flat, the river is stable, the river branches are crisscross, and the plain covers thousands of hectares. Sandbanks can be seen intermittently along the river.Some river sections are integrated with Dongting Lake, and the average slope of the riverbed is 0.037 ‰, with the characteristics of "high water lake facies, low water river facies; all lakes are flooded, and the water falls into the continent".[16]
Climatic environment
Xiangjiang River Basin has a humid climate of the Pacific monsoon. It is rich in light, heat and water resources. It is humid and cold in winter, humid and hot in summer, rainy in spring and summer, and dry in autumn and winter.Under the background of global warming, the climate of the Xiangjiang River basin has also changed: the temperature in winter, spring and autumn has increased significantly;Precipitation intensity and density increased;The sunshine, wind speed and humidity decreased significantly, and had a significant impact on the hydrological conditions of the Xiangjiang River basin.
Temperature.The annual historical average temperature of the Xiangjiang River basin is between 16 ℃ and 18 ℃.The monitoring results of experts on the temperature of the Xiangjiang River basin show that the average annual temperature of the Xiangjiang River basin has warmed at the rate of 0.15 ℃ every 10 years in the past 50 years (1961~2010), and the change is divided into five stages: the first stage, the temperature in the early 1960s showed an upward trend;The second stage, from the late 1960s to the mid-1970s, the temperature showed a weak downward trend;In the third stage, the temperature did not change significantly in the 1980s;In the fourth stage, the temperature showed an upward trend in the 1990s;In the fifth stage, from 2001 to 2010, the temperature showed a significant upward trend.Especially in the first 10 years of this century (2001~2010), 8 years ranked among the 11 years with the highest temperature since 1961.In each season, the maximum temperature rise is in winter (0.24 ℃ rise every 10 years), followed by spring (0.18 ℃ rise every 10 years), and the temperature change in summer is not obvious.
Precipitation.The average annual rainfall of Xiangjiang River basin is 1200~1700mm.From the perspective of historical process, the change trend of precipitation in the whole Xiangjiang River basin is relatively stable.In the 60 years from 1952 to 2011, the precipitation in 18 years was lower than the average in the same period over the years, 16 years was higher than the average, and 26 years were basically flat.Since the 21st century, the annual rainfall in the Xiangjiang River basin has changed relatively greatly, and the annual rainfall is relatively small.In the first 11 years, except 2002, 2005, 2006 and 2010, which were more than the average over the years, the rest six years were less, of which 2003, 2007, 2009 and 2011 were typical years with less rain.[16]
At 1:12 a.m. on July 3, 2017, the water level of Changsha Station on the Xiangjiang River rose to 39.51m, a record high.This water level is 0.33m higher than the historical record of 39.18m set in 1998.[24]
Economic society
Economic overview.The Xiangjiang River Basin is the most densely populated area with the highest level of urbanization and the most developed economy, society and culture in Hunan Province.
The evolution of the administrative region.According to historical records, the administrative system of the Xiangjiang River basin began in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which was also the beginning of the establishment of Hunan administrative regions.Since then, the administrative system of the governments of the past dynasties in Hunan has spread across the province from the lower reaches to the upper reaches, from the main stream and tributaries, taking the Xiangjiang River as the thread.
Spring and Autumn Period.During the period of King Wen of Chu, the military and political forces of Chu entered the south bank of Dongting Lake, and Hunan was included in the territory of Chu during this period.According to the Records of Geography in Hanshu, "King Wen of Chu moved to Luozi from Zhijiang and lived here". Luoxian County in the Han Dynasty, which is now Miluo and Yueyang, established a strategic stronghold here - Luozi National City.The Records of the Historian · Chu Aristocratic Family also recorded that: "The barbarians in the south of Zhener were in turmoil... so the land of Chu was thousands of miles away".The "Yue" here refers to the "Yang Yue" in the Xiangjiang River basin, that is, southeast and central Hunan.In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the Chu people formally entered the Changsha area, and continued to go upstream along the Xiangjiang River, reaching the upper reaches of the Xiangjiang River basin and the vast area of southern Hunan at the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
Qin and Han Dynasties.In the Qin Dynasty, there were two prefectures in Hunan: Qianzhong and Changsha. "Qin destroyed Chu, established Changsha Prefecture, and unified Hunan and Sichuan". "Xiangchuan" generally refers to the Xiangjiang River basin.According to the Map of Geographical Fingers of Past Dynasties written by Shui An Li of the Song Dynasty, Changsha County of the Qin Dynasty governs nine states including Yue, Tan, Heng, Chen, Lian, Shao, Yong, Dao and Guiyang, and the Xiangjiang River basin is almost under the jurisdiction of Changsha County.During the Western Han Dynasty, there was one country and three counties in Hunan, namely the State of Changsha, and the Qin Qianzhong County was changed to the Wuling County. Changsha County was divided into two counties, namely Guiyang and Lingling. The Xiangjiang River basin is mainly under the jurisdiction of the State of Changsha, Lingling County and part of Guiyang County.
Three Kingdoms Period.During the Three Kingdoms Period, the Xiangjiang River valley belonged to Nanjingzhou, Changsha and Guiyang were once the prefectures of Sun Wu, and Wuling and Lingling were the prefectures of Liu Shu.In the 24th year of Jian'an (219), Sun Quan took Jingzhou, and Wuling and Lingling were also transferred to Wu.So far, the Xiangjiang River basin and even the whole of Hunan are owned by Sun Wu.Sun Wu set up eight prefectures in Hunan, including five prefectures in the Xiangjiang River basin, namely, Changsha, Hengyang, Hengdong, Lingling and Guiyang.
Tang and Song Dynasties.In the tenth year of Zhenguan period (636 years), Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty divided the world into ten roads according to the situation of mountains and rivers. The Xiangjiang River basin is located in the west of Jiangnan, including Changsha County of Tanzhou, Hengyang County of Hengzhou, Baling County of Yuezhou, Guiyang County of Chenzhou, Lingling County of Yongzhou and Jianghua County of Daozhou.In the second year of Guangde (764), the Hunan Observation Envoy was stationed in Hengzhou. From then on, the name of "Hunan" still governed five prefectures, namely, Tan, Heng, Shao, Yong and Dao. The Xiangjiang River basin was under its jurisdiction.At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, local administration followed the Tang system and still implemented the three-level system of Dao, prefectures and counties. In the third year from Taizong to Dao (997), the road was changed into a road. The Xiangjiang River basin was subordinate to Jinghu South Road and Jinghu North Road, of which Tan, Heng, Yong, Chen and Dao were subordinate to Jinghu South Road, and Yuezhou was subordinate to Jinghu North Road.
Ming and Qing Dynasties.In the fifth year of Hongwu's reign in the Ming Dynasty (1372), the government of Tanzhou was changed to Changsha government and governed Changsha. It was subordinate to the Hu Guang Chief Administrative Envoy, governing eleven counties including Changsha, Shanhua, Xiangyin, Xiangtan, Liuyang, Liling, Ningxiang, Yiyang, Xiangxiang, You County, Anhua, and Chaling Prefecture.The Qing Dynasty followed the Ming system and still implemented a three-tier system of province, prefecture (prefecture) and county (prefecture). Hunan was under the jurisdiction of Huguang Governor and Huguang Chief Administrative Officer. Both the Governor and Chief Administrative Officer were stationed in Wuchang.In the third year of Kangxi's reign (1664), Hunan became a separate administrative province with Changsha as its seat of government. It had nine prefectures (Changsha, Baoqing, Yuezhou, Changde, Chenzhou, Yuanzhou, Yongshun, Hengzhou, Yongzhou), four Zhili prefectures (Lizhou, Jingzhou, Chenzhou, Guiyang) and five Zhili halls (Qianzhou, Fenghuang, Yongsui, Huangzhou, Nanzhou).So far, Hunan has covered most of the Xiangjiang River basin.
Population changes.Population change is a barometer reflecting economic and social development.Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the population change in the Xiangjiang River basin has been greatly shaken, which can be roughly divided into four stages:
First, the period of low level wandering (from Qin and Han Dynasties to early Song Dynasty).Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Xiangjiang River Basin has always been a region with low population density and relatively backward economy. The total population has always hovered at the low level of 300000 to 1 million people.During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, there was a short period of rapid growth. In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the population of the Xiangjiang River basin increased with the migration of the northern population to the south.However, due to Ma Zhuzi's contention for political power in the late Five Dynasties, the Xiangjiang River Basin was once in chaos and depression.During the Taiping period of the Northern Song Dynasty (980), there were about 206000 households in Hunan, ranking 11th in the country;The population density is 0.9 households per square kilometer, which is only higher than Guangdong and Guangxi and ranks 13th in China.
Second, the period of rapid growth (Song and Yuan Dynasties).At this stage, the population of the Xiangjiang River Basin grew rapidly. During the hundred years from the fifth year of the Taiping Revitalization to the first year of Yuanfeng (981~1078), the average annual growth rate of households was 1.76%, ranking first in all regions of the country;The number of households reached 1.22 million, ranking sixth in the country.In 1073, Wang Anshi said to the Shenzong that "the household registration is as prosperous as it is today", and took Jinghunan Road as an example to say: "Yesterday Zhang Xun appointed Hunan Baojia, and found that there were many household registrations. The day before yesterday, it was all like this.".By the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, Tanzhou, where Hunan Road Administration was located, had been regarded as "a land of vast territory and dense people".At this stage, the population growth in the Xiangjiang River basin is due to the rapid development of productivity and the rapid natural growth of population on the one hand, and the mechanical growth caused by immigrants on the other hand.
The third is the period of sharp population decline (from the end of the Yuan Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty).During this period, due to heavy population taxes and sword killings, coupled with natural disasters such as floods and droughts, epidemics of plague, the population of the Xiangjiang River basin and even the population of Hunan declined sharply.The Annals of Liling County records that "(Yuan Dynasty), because of the Mongolian troops stationed in the mainland, they killed recklessly, and the people and the people led the way.".Then, "From 1643 to 1654, the people were prepared to go through various calamities, such as sword, famine, and death from disease. More than half of them died, and there was no owner.".In the fourth year of Shunzhi period, the governor general Zhang Maoxi took office in Hunan, from Yuezhou to Changsha, and recorded the desolate scene at that time. Because there were no people along the way, he had to "sleep in the grass at night and eat under the trees at day".After entering Changsha, "there are no houses in the city, and people abandon their homes and flee".According to the General Examination of Qing Dynasty Documents, in the 24th year of Kangxi (1685), the total population of the province was about 910000, less than 1/6 of 5.7 million from the Yuan Dynasty to the first year of Shun (1330).
Fourth, the period of rapid growth (since the early Qing Dynasty).In the 51st year of Kangxi (1712), it was promulgated that "breeding people and never adding taxes";At the time of Yongzheng, "land and land integration" and "land and land sharing into mu" were implemented, which announced the end of the history of population tax. On the one hand, this greatly stimulated the growth of the population. On the other hand, it enabled a large number of previously hidden people to register, making the population rise straightly.Zhang Taiyan said in "On the sudden increase of the number of people": "Since the beginning of the reign of Emperor Kangxi, the number of people has not exceeded each other for seven hundred years; and in the Qianlong season, the number of people has increased 13 times, but only 80 years have passed away from each other.According to historical records, the population of Hunan Province increased from 910000 in 1685 to 20 million in 1842, the 22nd year of Daoguang. In a century and a half, the population increased more than 20 times, entering a stage of rapid growth.
Urban evolution.
From the middle of the 17th century to the early 20th century, the cities along the Xiangjiang River have experienced four stages: first, the stage of serious destruction (from Chongzhen in the late Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty).The change of political power in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties caused great damage to the cities along the Xiangjiang River, and most of them were reduced to ruins.In the early Qing Dynasty, the Qing army and Wu Sangui faced each other in Changsha for fierce competition. According to the records of Changsha County Annals, Changsha was "full of rubble inside and outside the city, with no houses", so that "the vast expanse of land and few people" were seen in Changsha.The second is the restoration and reconstruction stage (the middle and early Kangxi period).During this period, the population rebounded significantly, urban construction and functions were greatly developed, and the scale of central cities began to accelerate expansion.For example, there were more than 20 streets and more than 10 satellite towns in Changsha Prefecture at that time, forming a commercial network of considerable scale.Xiangtan was severely damaged in the war at the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, and the local residents fled to the ground. Later, a large number of Jiangxi traders moved in. The old record said: "There are few natives in the city, and the merchants in Yuzhang are ten rooms and nine rooms".After decades of recovery and construction, Xiangtan urban area has become a "Four Chen Department Store, with thousands of boats transported by the river... The city is connected to the general market, and all the department stores are gathered here, which is a big horse head in Hunan".The third is the stage of prosperity and development (from the late Kangxi period to the Qianjia period).With the increasing frequency of commodity circulation and the gradual rise of waterway trade routes, a continuous stream of people came from the Xiangjiang River to Hubei and Han from Dongting, prompting the formation of several major commercial centers along the Xiangjiang River. For example, Changsha and Xiangtan are well-known rice markets in China, Yueyang is an important freight transit station along the Xiangjiang River waterway, and Heng and Yong are mainly engaged in timber, mineral and food transactions,"Above Hengzhou, the food and goods of more than 20 prefectures and counties such as Hengzhou, Yongzhou, Chenzhou, Gui, Cha and You were all taken from them" (recorded in Hunan General Annals).According to the Annals of Hengyang County, by the time of Qianlong, Hengyang city had been "full of business travelers competing and living around the city, while on the east bank of the Xiangjiang River, there were thousands of households more than houses".The fourth is the stage of transformation and development (from Daoguang in Qing Dynasty to modern times).On the one hand, this transformation is due to the influence of capitalist invasion and "port opening", and some old cities have gradually evolved into modern cities.On the other hand, due to the development of modern shipping, railway, highway and other transportation undertakings, some new transportation hub cities have emerged, forming a pattern of common development of cities of all levels and sizes, such as large, medium and small cities and towns. By the early Republic of China, Changsha had a population of more than 200000 (see Table 4).During the Anti Japanese War, due to the industrial and commercial industries in Shanghai, Nanjing and Wuhan moving southward in succession, Hengyang was also transformed from a traditional agricultural product distribution center into an important financial and commercial center in the rear area. The financial power was only second to Chongqing and Kunming, becoming the third largest financial market in China.After a long historical evolution, the Xiangjiang River basin has not only gathered into large cities such as Yue, Chang, Tan, Heng, Yong, but also many small and medium-sized towns scattered throughout the basin, which have jointly interpreted and witnessed the profound changes in the social structure of the Xiangjiang River basin.[16]
Governance development
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There is no rapids below the Xiangjiang River's self dividing pool, and the water depth is often more than 1.2 meters, which can be used by civilian ships.In the 33rd year of the First Emperor of Qin Dynasty (214 BC), Qin Shilu dug the Lingqu Canal and introduced about three tenths of the Xiangjiang River into the Lijiang River, which communicated the water transportation between Hunan and Lijiang. Until the opening of the Xiang Gui Railway in the 29th year of the Republic of China (1940), the Xiangjiang River was the main waterway from the Central Plains to Lingnan.[3]
Xiangjiang River has been an important waterway from the Central Plains to Lingnan since ancient times.In the 33rd year of Emperor Qin Shihuang (214 BC), Shi Lu was sent to dig the Lingqu Canal in today's Xing'an, introducing 30% of the Xiangshui River into the Lijiang River, connecting the Yangtze River system and the Pearl River system. Since then, the river has become the main channel for economic, military and cultural exchanges between the Central Plains and Lingnan.However, since the 17th year of the Republic of China (1928) when the Guihuang Highway was opened to traffic, especially the Hunan Guangxi Railway, its shipping has declined.
Most of the banks of Xiangjiang River are flat fertile soil, but the banks are high and the water is low. Farmers in previous dynasties tried to get water to irrigate the fields. Except for the 1600 mu Longjing Weir irrigation field built in Jintan Village, Fenghuang Township, the rest of the fields are irrigated by water from the bobbins.After liberation, dams, water turbine pumping stations, electric irrigation stations and other projects were built along the river, making further use of Xiangjiang water conservancy.In September 1985, a 3 × 3500kW hydropower station was built in Crystal Hill, a suburban township.[5]
In Dong'an, Hunan Province, in the late 1970s, Dong'an people built the first large-scale hydropower station on the main stream of the Xiangjiang River at Yangjiaoping, Shiqi Town, with an installed capacity of 15000 kilowatts and an annual power generation of 110 million kilowatt hours, known as the Pearl of the Xiangjiang River.From Xiangjiang Dam to Lubutou in Zixi City, the total length is 23 kilometers, the water surface is 28 meters to 564 meters wide, the average width is 381 meters, the dam water level is 117.2 meters, the deepest river water is 20 meters, the beach water depth is 1.5 meters, the average water depth is 7.5 meters, and the dam water can be kept more than 116 meters during the dry season, and the maximum seasonal difference of water depth is only about 0.5 meters.The water level drop in this section is small, the water flow is gentle, the water volume is stable, the water surface is wide and the water quality is good. In addition, the microclimate effect of the water surface makes the temperature of the resort tend to be mild, which is cool in summer and warm in winter, suitable for water recreation.[20]
Xiangjiang River is an important part of the "Xiang Gui Canal" in the national shipping planning, as well as the main part of the concept of China's North South Grand Canal.As early as 2000 years ago, the Lingqu Canal was linked to form the ancient Xiang Gui Canal. In history, it has become a transportation hub between Hunan and Guangzhou in the north and Guangdong in the south. It has played an important role in the unification of China and the consolidation of southern Xinjiang in history. The construction of modern railways and highways has interrupted the north-south navigation of the Lingqu Canal.The construction and development of Xiang Gui shipping is a major measure to give full play to the advantages of Guilin's tourism resources and promote the north-south traffic.
The main stream of the Xiangjiang River can be navigable from Lingqu watershed to Quanzhou Town during the wet season, and can be navigable from Quanzhou Town to Hunan border by 5-10 ton wooden boats.
The development plan of the Xiang Gui Canal is mainly channelization, supplemented by dredging.A total of 48 steps are arranged, including 11 in Hunan and 37 in Guangxi.The channel scale is taken as two schemes: 1000 ton pusher (third level channel) or 500 ton barge.The annual throughput is 15.5 million tons and 8.4 million tons respectively.[17]
In 2022, the CPC Hunan Provincial Committee and the Hunan Provincial People's Government will firmly promote the defense of blue sky, clear water and pure land,The Third "Three Year Action Plan" for the Protection and Governance of the Xiangjiang River was closed[25]。
