Temperate zone, climatological concept, refers to the subtropical zonepolar circleBetweenClimatic zone。Temperate zone has broad and narrow sense.Broadly speaking, exceptFrigid zoneandtropicAll regions outside belong to temperate zone, so subtropical zone and sub frigid zone belong to the category of generalized temperate zone.The temperate zone in a narrow sense does not include the subtropical zone and the sub frigid zone.In temperate climate, the temperature difference between winter and summer is large.The temperature changes clearly in four seasonsTemperate climateThe most prominent feature of.
Most of China has a temperate climate.From the perspective of global distribution, the temperate climate is complex and diverse.According to the different precipitation characteristics of the region, it can be divided intoTemperate monsoon climate、temperate continental climate 、Temperate marine climate, subtropical monsoon climateandMediterranean climateSeveral types.Because of the wide distribution of temperate climate and the complex and diverse types, it has created a good climate environment for biology and formed a rich flora and fauna.
Chinese name
the temperate zone
Foreign name
Temperate Zone
Concept type
Climatological concepts
Approximate latitude range
23 ° 26 ′~66 ° 34 ′ S/N
Area
Mid latitude region
Covered vegetation
Broad leaved forest, coniferous forest and mixed coniferous and broad leaved forest
Climatic characteristics
The temperature changes clearly in four seasons, and the temperature difference between winter and summer is large
In climatology,the temperate zoneIs located in the subtropical zone andpolar circleBetweenClimatic zone。The temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere ranges from 23 ° 26 'north latitudethe Tropic of CancerTo 66 ° 34 'Narctic circlebetween.The temperate zone of the southern hemisphere ranges from 23 ° 26 'south latitudeTropic of CancerTo the Antarctic Circle at 66 ° 34 'south latitude.
Some researchers divide the earth's surface into five heat zones, namely, the tropicsNorth temperate zone、Southern temperate zone、Northern frigid zoneSouth cold zone.Between tropical and cold zones, the sun shines obliquely and gets moderate heat, which is temperate.the Tropic of CancerIt is in the north temperate zone with the Arctic Circle.The southern temperate zone lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Antarctic Circle.The climate is mainly characterized by colder than the tropics in winter, and the lowest monthly average temperature is generally below 0 ° C.The temperate climate includes not only a mild and rainy marine climate, but also a dry continental climate with four distinct seasons.Most areas of temperate zone are located in the westerlies.
Temperate zoneMid latitudeThe temperature gradient between north and south is large, and the climate is very different.Such a large area of temperate zone is quite different from the actual climate characteristics.Therefore, the temperate zone in broad sense includes subtropical zone, warm temperate zone, middle temperate zone, cold temperate zone and sub cold zone.The temperate zone in a narrow sense is generally divided into three zones, namely:Warm temperate zone, middle temperate zoneCold temperate zone。
Climatic zone
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The climate zone of the temperate zone in the narrow sense can continue to be divided into warm temperate zone, middle temperate zone andCold temperate zone。The annual average temperature of the whole temperate zone is 8 ℃.
In the temperate zone, some researchers mainly rely on the annual average temperature, and select 20 ℃, 10 ℃, and 0 ℃ as the chemical boundary.It will be different in individual regions and needs specific analysis.The temperature difference between winter and summer in temperate zone is large, and the temperature changes clearly in four seasons.
characteristic
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Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic CircleNorth temperate zoneBetween the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic CircleSouthern temperate zone。The temperate zone is cold in winter and hot in summer. The temperature is lower than the tropical zone and higher than the cold zone;The length of day and night and the four seasons change obviously.Temperate zone accounts for 50% of the total area of the earth.
Distribution Map of Precipitation and Temperature in Temperate Marine Climate
In winter, the temperature will drop below 0 ℃, and the river water and soil will freeze.But summer is still warm.This oneNatural zoneThe part distributed in East Asia belongs to temperate monsoon climate, and the precipitation is concentrated in summer.The part distributed in Western Europe has a temperate marine climate. Influenced by the westerly wind, it has a lot of precipitation in winter.Vegetation belongs to summer green broad-leaved forest (formerly known asDeciduous broad-leaved forest）The leaves are broad and soft, falling off in autumn.If the climate is humid and the soil is weathered and leached strongly, it will develop into brown soil type, otherwise it will develop intoCinnamon soilType.eurasiaThe deciduous broad-leaved forest belt at both ends of the east and west is relatively wide on the coast side, becoming narrower inland, and finally "pinching out". The two parts are not connected.In terms of animals, the black bear comes fromSiberia, from India to Myanmar in the south,squirrelIt is also common in the north.In addition, wild boars, foxes and weasels are also common.
East North America(about 100 ° east of west longitude)Deciduous broad-leaved forestThe belt features are also typical, and most of them become good agricultural areas.The southern end of South America extends into the westerlies, and a narrow and short deciduous broad-leaved forest belt forms in the southwest corner.
The northernmost part of the deciduous broad-leaved forest belt in the Northern Hemisphere is colder in winter. The average monthly temperature is below 0 ℃ for more than three months. The forest is formed by the mixture of deciduous broad-leaved trees and coniferous trees.
Temperate marine climateThe area is mainly distributed on the west coast of EuropeSouth America South ChileCoastal and New ZealandAlaska, North AmericaSouth and other regions (the west bank of the mainland in the mid latitude region).Due to the influence of the ocean westerly wind, these places have no severe cold in winter and no severe heat in summer, and the precipitation distribution is relatively uniform.temperate continental climate The region is mainly distributed in Eurasia andNorth AmericaThe inland area.These places are controlled and affected by continental air mass, with cold winter, hot summer, dry air and less precipitation.
The region has a temperate monsoon climate
Temperate monsoon climateThe region is mainly distributed on the east coast of Eurasia between 35 and 55 degrees north latitude, including North China, Northeast China, Korea, Japan and the Far East of Russia.In winter, controlled by continental air mass in temperate zone, the wind blows from inland to the sea, and most areas are dry with little rain;Temperate zone in summerMarine air massThe wind blows inland from the sea, which is humid and rainy.China is a typical country with monsoon climate, except for those in the westQinghai Tibet PlateauandYunguiExcept for plateau areas, most areas of the country are affected by monsoon climate.
Compared with countries at the same latitude in the world, China is the coldest in winter and the hottest in summer.For example, Guangzhou andNorth America CubacapitalHavana It is almost at the same latitude, but the average temperature in January between the two places is about 8 degrees. It is cold in Guangzhou and warm in Havana.West coastLiverpoolAnd northern ChinaMohe TownThe latitude of is basically the same.The average temperature in Liverpool in January reached 4.3 ℃, whileMohe CountyThe lowest air temperature in the same period is usually 15-40 degrees below zero.
Warm temperate zone
The warm temperate zone has two different definitions:
The average temperature of the hottest month is above 20 ℃, and the average temperature of the coldest month is above 0 ℃. According to the first definition, Beijing belongs to the warm temperate zone because the average temperature from June to August is above 20 ℃. According to the second definition, Beijing does not belong to the warm temperate zone because the average temperature in January is below 0 ℃.According to the second definition, ChinaQinling MountainsMost areas to the south of Huaihe River can be regarded as warm temperate zone, while the north belongs to middle temperate zone.
The boundary with the tropics is generally the annual average temperature less than 20 degrees Celsius, and below the annual average temperature is the temperate or cold zone.[1]
Mesotemperate zone
(also called cool temperate zone)
The cold temperate zone also has two different definitions:
The average temperature of the hottest month is between 10 ℃ and 20 ℃. The average temperature of the hottest month is above 10 ℃, and the average temperature of the coldest month is below 0 ℃Cold temperate zoneThe difference is that the annual average temperature is higher than 0 ℃.
According to the second definition, most areas in northwest China, north China, northeast China and Inner Mongolia belong to the cool temperate zone.Most areas in Poland and western Russia also belong to the cool temperate zone.[2]
Cold temperate zone
The cold temperate zone is an area where the annual average temperature is lower than 0 ℃, and the average temperature of the hottest month is higher than 10 ℃.AndFrigid zoneThe difference is that the average temperature of the hottest month in the cold zone is below 10 ℃.thisTemperature bandAlso known as the "sub cold zone".[3]The northernmost North Daxing'anling Mountains in China belong to the cold temperate zone.
cyclone
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The extratropical cyclone appears inHigh latitudeThe air vortex with regional and central pressure lower than that around the approximate ellipse is one of the important weather systems that affect large-scale weather changes.The diameter of extratropical cyclones averages 1000 kilometers, ranging from hundreds of kilometers for small ones to 3000 kilometers or more for large ones.The cyclone moves eastward with the high-altitude westerly air flow. The front is a warm front, and the rear is a cold front. The south side of the fluctuation at the junction of the two is a warm region.
The whole life history of extratropical cyclones from generation, development to extinction is generally 2-6 days.Sometimes 2-5 extratropical cyclones will form on the same front, moving from west to east in turn, called "cyclone family".The extratropical cyclone has an important impact on the weather changes in the middle and high latitudes. The weather is rainy, sometimes accompanied by heavy rain or severe convection, and sometimes the maximum wind near the ground can reach more than 10.[4]
Animals and plants
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Temperate climate is the most widely distributed climate type in the world.Due to the wide distribution of temperate climate and complex types, it has created a good climate environment for the biological world and formed a rich and colorful animal and plant world.In terms of plant species, there are summer green broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest andConiferous broad-leaved mixed forestThere are also grasslands, semi deserts and deserts in the mainland.There are animals that are good at running and flying in grassland areas;Large carnivores live in broad-leaved forests;Some cold tolerant animals live in coniferous forests.
