Haidian District, subordinate toBeijing, located in the west and northwest of the main urban area of BeijingXicheng District、Chaoyang DistrictAdjacent, south andFengtai DistrictContiguous to the westShijingshan District、Mentougou DistrictJunction, north andChangping DistrictContiguous[1]Between 39 ° 53 ′ - 40 ° 09 ′ north latitude and 116 ° 03 ′ - 116 ° 23 ′ east longitude, with a total area of 431 square kilometers[2]。As of June 2023, Haidian District has 22 streets and 7 districts[97]。By the end of 2022, Haidian District has 3.124 million permanent residents[87]。
In 2023, Haidian District will achieve a regional GDP of 1102.02 billion yuan, up 6.2% year on year. By industry, the primary industry will achieve an added value of 150 million yuan, down 27.6% year on year;The added value of the secondary industry was 81.09 billion yuan, down 0.1% year on year;The tertiary industry realized an added value of 102078 billion yuan, up 6.8% year on year[98]。
Chinese name
Haidian District
Foreign name
Haidian District
Alias
Haidian, Haidian
area number
one hundred and ten thousand one hundred and eight[70]
King Wu of ZhouTo exterminate merchants and enfeoff princesyao After thistle, sealZhao GongIt stands on a swallow.Later, the State of Yan annexed the State of Ji and moved its capital to Ji, so today Beijing was first divided into Ji and Yan, and later became the jurisdiction of the State of Yan.
Set up along the border of Yan StateShanggu、Yuyang、Youbeiping、Western Liaoning、LiaodongThere are five counties under the county.Subordinates in western and northwest BeijingShanggu CountyIt may include some areas in the northwest of Haidian District today.[2]
Qin
First Emperor of QinTwenty six years ago (221 BC), the Qin Empire, the first centralized feudal unified country in Chinese history, was established, abolishing the enfeoffment system and implementing the prefecture and county system throughout the country.In the northern part of the former Yan State, there were five prefectures, including Shanggu and Yuyang, and there were also five prefectures in JichengGuangyang CountyGuangyang County (or Shanggu City) may be involved in Haidian areaJixian County, Shanggu CountyJundu County。[2]
At the beginning, Guangyang was restored and later incorporated into Shanggu County.
In the eighth year of Yongyuan (1996), Guangyang County was restored.
By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it belonged to Ji, Jundu and Changping County under the jurisdiction of Guangyang County.[2]
Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
the Wei state of the Three-Kingdoms PeriodtoNorthern Zhou DynastyToday, the southern part of Haidian is under the jurisdiction of Ji County, Yanjun County, while the northern part isthree countriestoNorthern Wei DynastyIn the early stage, it belonged to Yanjun Jundu County and Changping County;Northern Wei DynastyIn the last year, it belonged to Jundu County;Eastern Wei DynastytoBeiqiTianbaoIt may belong to Jundu County and four overseas Chinese counties including Changping, Wannian, Guangwu, and Woye during the year;In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, it belonged to Changping County and Wannian County.[2]
Sui Dynasty
In November, 583, the third year of Emperor Kaihuang,Emperor Wen of the Sui DynastyYang Jian issued an imperial edict to "strike down all the prefectures under the heaven", and implemented a two-level system of prefectures and counties.Yan County and Changping County were abolished and directly governed by Youzhou.
In the third year of Daye (607), the prefecture was changed into a county, and Youzhou was abandoned and Zhuo County was established.Haidian now belongs to Zhuojun.
HaidianTrimbleBefore and after the first year (742) may belong toYouzhouJi, Guangping, Guangning, Changping County (Fanyang County) and Guzhu County (Daizhou).
Later Tang DynastyIt may belong to Youdu, Yuhe, Yanping, Ji and other counties.[2]
Song Dynasty and Song Dynasty
KhitanCelestial epiphanyAt the end of the eleventh year (936), Khitan occupied Youji, Yunyun and other sixteen states in Yanyun.jointly withIn November of the first year (938), Youzhou City was upgraded toNanjing, setNanjing Road。
goldDay MeetingAt the end of the second year (1125), Yanshan Mansion was again occupied by the Jin State, and the names of Yanjing Mansion and Yejin Mansion were restored, and Yanjing Road was established.
At the end of the Liao Dynasty, Haidian area belonged to the counties of Yejin, Wanping, Yuhe, Changping, etc. of Yejin Mansion in Nanjing, Liaoning Province;By the end of Jin Dynasty, it belonged to Daxing, Wanping, Changping and other counties in Daxing Mansion, Zhongdu Road.[2]
element
In May of the 10th year of Genghis Khan (1215), the Mongolian army captured Jinzhongdu.Zhongdu was renamed Yanjing, and Zhongdu Road was renamed Yanjing Road.
To yuanIn August of the first year (1264), Yanjing was renamed Zhongdu, and Yanjing Road was renamed Zhongdu Road.
In the eighth year of the Zhiyuan era (1271), Mongolia changed its national name to "Dayuan". In February of the next year, it changed Zhongdu to "Dadu", officially established its capital, and Zhongdu Road was renamed Dadu Road. Today, most of Beijing (including Haidian) belongs to Dadu Road. The southern half of Haidian is generally Wanping County, and the northern half is generally Changping County.[2]
bright
Hong WuIn August of the first year (1368), the Ming army captured the metropolis, and then changed Dadu Road (also leading Daxing government affairs) to Beiping government.
YongleIn the first month of the first year (1403), Peiping was changed to "Beijing".
YongleIn February of the first year (1403), Beiping Mansion was changed to "Shuntian Mansion", which governs most of today's Beijing, including Haidian.
In the first month of the 19th year of Yongle's reign (1421), Beijing was called the "capital" and officially established as the capital. The eight prefectures and two prefectures under the jurisdiction of Beijing's "Executive Department", including Shuntianfu, were directly under the central government, and were called "Beijing Zhili".
By the end of the Ming Dynasty, Haidian still belonged to Wanping and Changping counties (prefectures).[2]
clear
Following the Ming system, the Qing Dynasty set up five cities in Beijing, namely, the central, eastern, western, southern and northern cities, and extended the jurisdiction of the five cities to the suburbs.The southern half of Haidian, hot springs, cold springs and Bei'an River are subordinate to Wanping County;Most of the northern half belongs to Changping Prefecture;Yanqing Prefecture has dependencies in the territory.[2]
Republic of China
Republic of ChinaOn January 9, 1913, Changping Prefecture was renamed Changping County.
Administrative Division Map of Haidian District
On June 28, the 17th year of the Republic of China (1928), Zhili Province was changed into Hebei Province, and the original Jingzhao counties were incorporated into Hebei Province;Beijing was renamed as Beiping and set up as a special city of Beiping.Haidian belongs to Beiping City, Wanping County, Changping County and Yanqing County of Hebei Province.
On December 19, the 17th year of the Republic of China (1928), the Beiping Municipal Government ordered the implementation of "local autonomy" and the establishment of municipal districts. The Haidian area under the jurisdiction of Beiping City is divided into the northern suburbs and the western suburbs.
On July 29, the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937), Beiping was occupied by the Japanese army and changed into a "special city". At the beginning, Wanping and Changping belonged to Jinhai Road and Jidong Road respectively, and after June 1940, they all belonged to "Yanjing Road".
On August 15, 1945, the 34th year of the Republic of China,Counter-Japanese WarIn victory, Japan surrendered and restored the name of "Peiping", which was still a "hospital governed city". The municipal districts were restored to be named with numerical serial numbers. Xijiao District was named as District 15, and Beijiao District was named as District 16.Wanping and Changping are still in Hebei Province.
From December 12 to 17 in the 37th year of the Republic of China (1948), the Chinese People's Liberation Army liberated most of the western suburbs of Beiping. Haidian belonged to the former fifteen districts (western suburbs) and sixteen districts (northern suburbs) of Beiping.
On January 31, the 38th year of the Republic of China (1949), Peiping was peacefully liberated.The municipal government has newly established 6 districts, which were under the jurisdiction of Daxing County and Wanping County respectively.By the end of June 1949, the current jurisdiction of Haidian was under the jurisdiction of 16 districts, 17 districts, 18 districts, 19 districts and 27 districts of Beiping City, and Wanping County and Changshun (Changping) County of Chahar Province.
On July 3, the 38th year of the Republic of China (1949), Beiping City readjusted its municipal boundaries and suburban administrative divisions. The original seventeenth and eighteenth districts, the north of the new urban area of the original sixteen districts, and five villages, including Xibeiwang, were merged into sixteen districts. The area north of the new urban area of the original sixteen districts, was divided into sixteen districts.The establishment of the Sixteen Districts marks the formal establishment of a single administrative region with Haidian District as the main jurisdiction.[2]
After the founding of the People's Republic of China
On October 1, 1949,The People's Republic of ChinaEstablishment.PeipingRenamingBeijing, designated as the capital of the People's Republic of China, the Sixteen Districts become the municipal districts of the capital Beijing.On November 1, the name of "Changshun County" was abolished.
On August 1, 1950, the Beijing Municipal People's Government decided to change the designation of each suburban district.The Sixteenth District was renamed the Thirteenth District, the Seventeenth District was renamed the Fourteenth District, and the Nineteenth District was renamed the Fifteenth District.
On July 23, 1952, the whole county of Wanping County in Hebei Province and part of Fangshan County and Liangxiang County were under the jurisdiction of Beijing Municipality.
On August 27, 1952, the Beijing Municipal Government notified: (1) The method of naming municipal districts by numerical designations was canceled, and the suburbs were divided into Eastern Suburb District (formerly the 10th District), Haidian District (formerly the 13th District), Shijingshan District (formerly the 15th District) and other districts.（2） The 14th District is cancelled. The original jurisdiction of the district is bounded by the road from Deshengmen to Qinghe Town, its east is under the jurisdiction of the eastern suburbs (the former 10th District), and its west (including Qinghe Town) is under the jurisdiction of Haidian District (the former 13th District).Deshengmen Pass is under the jurisdiction of the West Fourth District (formerly the Fourth District).（3） Wanping County, which is under the jurisdiction of Beijing, is under the jurisdiction of Haidian District, except that most of the villages are incorporated into the newly established "Jingxi Mining Area".Since then, the name of Haidian District has been determined and is still in use today.
On August 30, 1958, Haidian District became a people's commune, and all township, town and sub district offices were incorporated into each commune.So far, the area under the jurisdiction of Haidian District has basically formed.
On January 1, 1963, Taitou Village and Liangjiayuan Village, formerly belonging to Changping County, were officially incorporated into Haidian District, and the boundary between Haidian District and Changping County moved north to the two villages.So far, the jurisdiction of Haidian District has been completely formed, and the boundaries between Haidian District and surrounding districts and counties have been determined, which continue to this day.
“the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution”In Haidian District, the names of institutions are often changed, and the changes in administrative divisions and organizational systems are not standardized.
After October 1978, various institutions at all levels in Haidian District successively cancelled the "Revolutionary Committee", and all streets and communes restored their original organizational systems.
At the end of 1983, the People's Commune was cancelled, and the people's commune system that had lasted for 26 years in the countryside of Haidian District ended.[2]
administrative division
Announce
edit
Division evolution
In the 1950sQinghe、Bei'an River、TamuraAnd other places have successively entered into the zone.Most of the north used to belong toChangping County, an outer suburb, was incorporated into Haidian District in 1958 and became an inner suburb.
Since 1954, there have been several streets in the south of the district.
In 1958, people's commune was realized.
In 1963, urban and rural areas were divided and streets were rebuilt.
In 1968, the District People's Committee was abolished, and revolutionary committees were set up in administrative organs, enterprises and institutions at all levels.
In 1981, the District Revolutionary Committee was abolished and the District People's Congress Standing Committee and District People's Government were set up.
In 1984, the system of rural people's communes was ended and townships were established.
By the end of 1995, Haidian District had jurisdiction over 17 streets and 11 townships.
In May 1988, with the approval of the State Council, the first national high-tech development zone in China - Beijing New Technology Industry Development Pilot Zone was established in the east and south of Haidian District, including all or part of Haidian District in the east, south and southwest, covering 16 streets (except Xiangshan Street) in Haidian District and 5 townships including Sijiqing, Yuyuantan, Haidian, Dongsheng and Dongbeiwang.[2][4-5]
By 2005, Haidian District of Beijing had jurisdiction over 21 streets, 5 towns, 3 townships and 2 regions.
At the end of 2005, Yuyuantan Township was removed and the administrative village under its original jurisdiction was merged into five streets, including Wanshou Road.[6]
Community Distribution Map of Haidian District
Zoning status
As of June 2023, Haidian District has 22 streets and 7 districts[97]。Haidian District People's Government is located at No. 17, Changchun Bridge Road, Haidian Street.[7]
Division code for statistics
name
one hundred and ten billion one hundred and eight million and one thousand
Haidian District is located in the west and northwest of Beijing urban and suburban areas, andChaoyang District、Xicheng District、Fengtai District、Shijingshan District、Mentougou DistrictandChangping DistrictBordering between 39 ° 53 ′ - 40 ° 09 ′ N and 116 ° 03 ′ - 116 ° 23 ′ E[8]The total area is 431 square kilometers, accounting for 2.53% of the total area of Beijing.The area is an irregular parallelogram, with the east and west sides longer than the south and north sides.East polar pointHebei VillageAnd the West PoleYangtai MountainAbout 29 kilometers away, North PoleShuangta VillageIt is about 30km away from Wujiachang, the South Pole.
Haidian District People's Government
geological structure
Tectonically, Haidian District is located at the southern edge of the Yinshan east-west complex structural belt, the junction of the eastern wing reflection arc of the Qilu Helan Mountain shaped structure and the Xinhua structural belt. The western mountain area is the Beijing Xishan uplift belt, and the eastern plain is the Beijing plain subsidence belt. The geological structure is developed, the structural trace is complex, and the magmatic activity is frequent.
The highest point of Haidian District - Mount Yangtai
Haidian District is located inNorth China PlainThe northern edge ofYongding RiverPart of the alluvial deposits.There are also mountain plains, the terrain is high in the west and low in the east, and the west is mountainous with an altitude of more than 100 meters, covering an area of about 66 square kilometers, accounting for about 15% of the total area;The east and south are plains with an altitude of about 50 meters, covering an area of about 360 square kilometers, accounting for about 85% of the total area.Western mountainous areasXishan, genusTaihang MountainThere are 67 mountains and peaks, including 18 mountains with an altitude of more than 600 meters. The whole mountain trend is north-south. Only Huangdaoling extends slightly eastward to the Baiwangshan Mountain in east-west direction. Haidian is divided into two parts. It is customarily bounded by this mountain. The south of the mountain is called the front of the mountain, and the north of the mountain is called the back of the mountain.Hot spring, cold spring, south of Hanjiachuan, Xiangshan Mountain and Qinglong Mountain are low and gentle, belonging to low mountains and hills, with an altitude of 200-600 meters.There areYuquan Mountain、Longevity Hill、Tiancun MountainEtc.[1][8]
The highest peak in Haidian District is Sujiatuo TownYangtai Mountain, 1278m above sea level;The lowest point isQinghe StreetHeiquan Village in the east is about 35 meters above sea level.[1]
mountain area
Haidian Mountain is distributed in the west of the region. The mountain body is mainly Mesozoic Yanshan tectonic circle, formed by late orogeny, and has been about 60 million years.The mountain is denuded and strongly weathered, and the valleys are mostly U-shaped.According to the difference of mountain trend and ridge elevationSujiatuo TownZhaikou Valley, bounded by a NNE trending fault, can be divided into two parts: from the northern boundary of the original Niegezhuang Township to the former Zhaikou Valley of Bei'an River Township, it is called the Great West Mountain, and the mountain area to the east of the former Zhaikou Valley of Bei'an River Township is called the Small West Mountain.[8]
Plain area
Haidian District Plain is located at the northern edge of North China Plain, which is divided into two parts:BaiwangshanThe south is called piedmont plain area, and the north of Baiwang Mountain is called piedmont plain area.There are obvious differences between the front and back of the mountain in terms of climate, rainfall and water resources.
Between the mountain area and the plain, there is a transition zone of 1-2 kilometers wide. The elevation of the transition zone behind the mountain is 50-100 meters, and the elevation of the transition zone in front of the mountain is 60-100 meters;The eastern part of the transition zone is the main plain area of Haidian District, and the piedmont plain area is composed of Yongding River alluvial fan and Qinghe River alluvial fan.The plain area behind the mountain is mainly composed of several alluvial proluvial fans of Nansha River and Nankou alluvial proluvial fan.[8]
Climatic characteristics
Haidian District is located in the warm temperate semi humid and semi-arid continental monsoon climate zone, with four distinct seasons.It is windy and dry in spring, hot and rainy in summer, light in autumn, and cold in winter.Festivals are short in spring and autumn, and long in winter and summer.
There are 61 days in spring (April 6-June 5).It is mostly controlled by the dry and cold air mass in the northwest continent, but the cold air force has obviously declined, the temperature has risen rapidly, and it is dry and windy.Cold air activities are still frequent, with many changes in temperature, and large temperature difference between day and night.
87 days in summer (from June 6 to August 31).Influenced by the warm and humid air mass in the Pacific Ocean, the temperature is high and there is much rain, forming a rainy hot season.The extreme maximum temperature occurs in early summer.
There are 55 days in autumn (from September 1 to October 25).The sky is high and the air is cool and warm.The temperature decreases gradually, the precipitation decreases significantly, and the sunshine hours are longer.The average temperature is 8 ℃ - 9 ℃ lower than that in summer.
There are 162 days in winter (October 26 - April 5 of the next year).Controlled by the dry and cold air mass of the northwest continent, the climate is cold and dry, and it is the coldest month and the season with the extremely lowest temperature throughout the year.[8]
air temperature
Haidian District is the coldest in January, with a monthly average temperature of 4.1 ℃ and an annual extreme minimum temperature of 11 ℃ - 19 ℃.The temperature has obvious diurnal variation. The highest temperature generally occurs from 15:00 to 16:00, and the lowest temperature occurs before and after sunrise.The minimum temperature occurs at about 5 o'clock in summer, about 6 o'clock in spring and autumn, and about 7 o'clock in winter.The annual average daily range is 11.2 ℃.[8]
precipitation
The precipitation in Haidian District is affected by the monsoon climate, which varies greatly from year to season, mostly in summer.The annual average number of precipitation days is 66.8 days, the number of snowfall days is 9-10 days, and the number of snow covered days is about 11 days.The average date of first snow is November 28, and the average date of last snow is March 10.[8]
wind
Haidian District mostly blows southerly wind in summer, and northerly wind prevails in spring, autumn and winter.There is an obvious diurnal change, the north wind turns to the south wind during the day, and the south wind turns to the north wind at night.The strong wind is concentrated from March to May every year.The maximum wind speed is 33 m/s.Strong wind mostly occurs in December and January, March and April of the next year.Short term thunderstorms and strong winds also occur in summer.[8]
sunshine
The average annual sunshine hours in Haidian District is 2444.9 hours, and the sunshine percentage is 60%.The sunshine hours are the most in May and the least in January.
evaporation
Haidian District has the largest evaporation in spring and the smallest in winter.The evaporation in daytime is greater than that at night, and that in plain is greater than that in mountain area.The average annual evaporation is 1900.4 mm.The main evaporation months in the year are April June, with an average cumulative evaporation of 814.9 mm. The average monthly evaporation is more than 200 mm, accounting for 43% of the whole year;The average cumulative evaporation from November to February is 282.6 mm, and the average monthly evaporation is not more than 100 mm, accounting for 15% of the whole year;The average accumulated evaporation of other months is 802.9 mm, accounting for 42% of the whole year.[8]
Water system hydrology
Kunming Lake, the largest lake in Beijing
Haidian District has the largest water area in the suburbs of Beijing. Historically, there are many lakes and springs, and rivers crisscross. It is an important surface water source in Jinzhongdu and Yuandu.By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Yuquan River system had become the only surface water source in Beijing, and the Nanchang River was an important channel for transporting water to the capital.After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Yongding River diversion canal and Jingmi diversion canal were excavated to introduce water from Guanting and Miyun reservoirsYuyuan Pool、Kunming Lake。[8]
rivers
Gaoliang River
Gaoliang River
Also known as Gaoliangshui.There are two sources of water, which is first seen in Shuijingzhu: "The water flows out of the flat land in the northwest of Jicheng, and the spring flows into the east, passing through the north of the Yan King's Mausoleum, passing through the north of Jicheng in the east, and flowing into the southeast." That is to say, a part of the water (now Yongding River) flows from Liangshan (now Jinding Mountain in Shijingshan District) to Gaoliang River as the upper source.The two rivers meet near Baishiqiao, and flow eastward to Deshengmen, where they are divided into two branches. One branch flows southward across the "Three Seas", Tiananmen, Temple of Heaven, and then flows southeastward.The other branch goes east along the north moat and passes through the Bahe River to Tongzhou and into Wenyu River.After the Jin and Yuan dynasties, the upper source of the Gaoliang River was replaced by the Nanchang River, and the name of the Gaoliang River remained only in the section from Zizhuyuan to Gaoliang Bridge.[8]
Beichanghe
Beichanghe
Located in the east of Yuquan Mountain, it is a channel for transporting water to Kunming Lake and discharging flood to Qinghe River.The water conveyance belongs to the Tonghui River system, and the flood discharge belongs to the Qinghe River system.It starts from the north gate of Yuquan Mountain and ends at Qinglong Gate, 2 kilometers long.
The Beichang River is a dragon boat waterway where ancient emperors swam between the West Lake and Yuquan Mountain.After the completion of Jingmi diversion canal in 1966, Qinglong Gate was abandoned.In 1977, the Kunming Lake Diversion Project borrowed part of the Beichang River, and the end point was changed to the Summer Palace Diversion Gate at Sanyuan Gate. The river length was shortened to 1.2 kilometers.The drainage area is 3.4 square kilometers.[8]
Nanchang River
Nanchang River
Also known as Jade River, it starts from Xiuyi Gate at the outlet of Kunming Lake, flows south to Maizhuang Bridge, turns southeast, and ends at the fork of the north moat, with a total length of 10.8 kilometers.After the establishment of the capital of Beijing in the Jin Dynasty, a river channel with Xishan Spring as the main water source was built, and later expanded and improved to become the upstream water source of Tonghui River in the Yuan Dynasty.It has been the main water supply channel of Beijing for hundreds of years, and can be called the lifeline of Beijing.In 1965, Jingmi Diversion Canal borrowed the river channel 3.1 kilometers from Xiuyi Bridge to Changchun Bridge, and its starting point was changed to Changhe Gate of Jingmi Diversion Canal.[8]
Qinghe
Qinghe
It is named because of its clean water.The Qinghe River flows from Anhe Gate to the northeast, passing Xiaojiahe River, Zhufang Village, Qinghe River, Hebei Village, Lishuiqiao, Shenjia Village, Shabuying, and then into Wenyu River, with a length of 28 kilometers and a drainage area of 150 square kilometers.The Qinghe River has two sources of water: first, the mountain torrents and spring water from the West Mountain enter along the Beihan River; second, the spring water from the Yuquan Mountain enters the Qinglong Gate along the Beichang River and joins the Anhe Bridge.In 1978, the Qinghe River was regulated, and the straight river was cut to 23.7 kilometers, and the length in Haidian District was 12.5 kilometers.[8]
Xiaoyue River
Xiaoyue River
The original Xiaoyue River originates from the Guanxiang outside Deshengmenwai, and flows northward along the west side of the Dechang Highway, passing through Madian to Qinghe and entering Qinghe.In 1985, the original Xiaoyue River and the northwest Tucheng Valley were combined to be called Xiaoyue River.
At present, Xiaoyue River starts from the rainwater sewer outlet of Mingguangsi Xueyuan Road, passes through Huangting and Qijiahuozi, and goes north along the west side of Dechang Highway to Qinghe River to enter Qinghe River.
Xiaoyue River is 10.25km long, with a drainage area of 27km2.[8]
Nansha River
Nansha River
The tributary of Wenyu River originates from Aoyugou, Sujiatuo Town, and flows through six flood discharge ditches, namely, Shajian, Liulin, Zhoujiaxiang, Dongbutou, Zhangcun and Cuijiayao. It flows eastward to Dongyuhe Village, north of Haidian District, and then flows eastward to meet Beisha River. It flows into Shahe Reservoir and then flows into Wenyu River.
The main river is 16 kilometers long from the Jingmi diversion canal to the junction of Haidian District and Changping District, with a drainage area of 210.1 square kilometers.It is the main flood discharge channel behind the mountain.[8]
Beisha River
Beisha River
Located at the northernmost end of Haidian District, the middle section is the boundary river between Haidian District and Changping District.
Beisha River is a tributary of Wenyu River. It was called "Shuangta River" in the Yuan Dynasty and used to be a waterway in ancient times.It originates from Sijiazhuang, Changping District, flows southeast, enters Haidian District in the northwest of Shuangta Village, and flows southeast to the northeast of Meisuotun and exits the boundary of Haidian District.Huyu Valley and Dongsha River flow into Shahe Reservoir on the left.
Haidian District is 7.1 kilometers long, with a drainage area of 3.4 square kilometers.[8]
Lianhua River
Lianhua River
Located at the southernmost end of Haidian District, west of Guang'an Gate, it was called Ximagou in ancient times.Originating from the water of Lotus Pond and flowing to the southeast, it is the water supply river of the ancient Jicheng City, which was once enclosed in the city by Jin Jianzhong.In the Ming Dynasty, it was intercepted into the south moat and incorporated into the Tonghui River system.In 1952, an 8.54km long "new canal" was excavated along the boundary between Fengtai District and Haidian District to the west of Lianhuachi to discharge rain and sewage in Shijingshan District.In 1953, when harnessing the Lianhua River, it broke away from the south moat and directly flowed into the Liangshui River.Haidian District has a length of 4.76 kilometers and a drainage area of 9.31 square kilometers.[8]
lake
Kunming Lake
Kunming Lake
Located in the Summer Palace, it is adjacent to Wanshou Mountain in the north and faces Pingye in the south.Originally a natural lake, it originated from the waters of Yuquan. In ancient times, it was called "Qili Lake", "Wengshan Lake", "Dabo Lake" and "West Lake".In the Yuan Dynasty, Guo Shoujing introduced Baifuquan and Xishan springs, and expanded dredging to become a reservoir supplying water to the capital.During the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, the West Lake expanded to the east and south, with a perimeter of more than 30 miles, becoming the earliest and largest artificial reservoir in Beijing.In the 15th year of Qianlong's reign (1750), it was renamed "Kunming Lake", which is the main scenic spot of the Summer Palace, accounting for 3/4 of the total area of the park.[8]
Fuhai
Fuhai
It is located in the Yuanmingyuan, with the largest area among the lakes in the park, 344800 square meters.
In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the British and French allied forces burned down the Old Summer Palace, and the water system gradually silted up.
In 1984, Yuanmingyuan was renovated, Fuhai was dredged, and the water system was gradually restored. In 1995, the water surface area in the park was restored to 800000 square meters.[8]
Zizhuyuan Lake
Zizhuyuan Lake
It is located in Zizhuyuan Park, with a water area of 155000 square meters.
Originally a natural lake, it was named after the "Zizhu Temple" built beside the lake.There are springs gushing out from the lake bottom depression, which is one of the birthplaces of the ancient Gaoliang River.Due to the large water level drop at Guangyuan Gate Section of the South Changhe River, it was difficult for ships to sail directly, so the lake was turned into another port for Tibetan royal boats. Later, the lake gradually silted up and was reclaimed as rice fields.
In March 1953, Zizhuyuan was renovated, the waste farmland was returned to the lake, the inlet and outlet canals were built, and the inlet and outlet sluices were set up to connect the lake water with the Nanchang River.[8]
Yuyuan Pool
Yuyuan Pool
It is adjacent to Diaoyutai in the east and West Third Ring Middle Road in the west. It is 1500 meters long from east to west and 300 meters wide from north to south, with a total area of 440000 square meters.
Originally a natural lake, it was the source of water supply for the ancient Jicheng City and Jinzhong Capital. In the Yuan Dynasty, the water surface was more than 10 hectares.During the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, the Nanhan River was dredged to flow through the Yuyuan Pond, and the water surface was expanded to build a sluice, making the Yuyuan Pond a water storage and flood diversion lake in the west of Beijing.[8]
Famous Spring
Haidian District has a large number of famous springs in history. With the development of the times, many of them dried up in the 1970s, such as Yuquan, Wanquan, Shuangqingquan, Heilongtan, and Hot Springs.[8]
Zhuo Xiquan
Zhuo Xiquan
Also known as Water Spring, it is the clear spring in the Water Spring Yard of Biyun Temple.
The spring springs out of stone roots. It never dries up in winter or summer. The water is sweet and refreshing. It flows slowly and gurgles like a piano.The spring water converges into a pool, which is clear and can shine on people.[8]
hippocrene
hippocrene
It is located in Dajue Temple.Dajue Temple was initially named Qingshui Courtyard, and the temple is famous for its spring.
The monument "Lingquan" was erected beside the spring.The spring originates from the back mountain, flows underground, and flows into the Longtan Pool after being exposed.There is a pen rack shaped hill in the pool, and a hole in the waist. The spring flows into the cave from the Shilongkou, forming a "fountain shooting sinus" landscape.The water in the pool is divided into two parts, north and south, winding along the mountain, like "two dragons playing with the pearl", and finally flows into the internal skill pool of the mountain gate through the mouth of the stone carved water beast.[8]
Jinshan Spring
Jinshan Spring
It is named because it originates from the stone gap in front of the Jinshan Temple, 3 kilometers west of Bei'an River Village.
The spring water is cool and sweet. It is one of the famous springs in western Beijing.
The flow of Jinshan Spring is stable all the year round, and the daily water output is about 300 cubic meters.[8]
Soil type
Haidian District is affected by geology, climate, topography and other factors, and the soil is diverse:
The vertical zone of mountain is obvious, and brown soil and zonal cinnamon soil are distributed alternately.From high to low in mountainous areas, the soil is divided into mountainous brown soil, leached cinnamon soil, ordinary cinnamon soil, fluvo cinnamon soil, brown fluvo aquic soil, fluvo aquic soil, etc.Tidal soil is widely distributed in the inclined plain behind the mountain.The cinnamon soil in the piedmont plain is connected with paddy soil in the depression.[8]
Vegetation conditions
Affected by landform, climate and soil, the vegetation in Haidian District has obvious zoning characteristics from mountainous areas to plains.
At higher altitude, there are trees, shrubs and herbs with medium growth, barren tolerance and strong cold resistance.The upper line of the hillside is mainly composed of wild herb communities, miscellaneous shrubs and a small amount of secondary forest vegetation.Below the line are plantations, fruit trees, wild weeds and shrubs.[8]
natural disaster
Historically, the main natural disasters in Haidian District include earthquakes, droughts, floods, strong winds, hail, insect pests, etc.[8]
natural resources
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water resource
Surface water resources: After the Jingmi diversion canal and Yongding River diversion canal are open to water, they supply 60 million to 80 million cubic meters of water to Haidian District every year, with the maximum annual water supply reaching 100 million cubic meters.The average annual total inflow of Beisha River and Lianhua River is 26 million cubic meters.
Groundwater resources: groundwater accounts for 80% of the average annual water consumption in Haidian District.The groundwater resources in the plain area can be divided into three hydrogeological units according to wealth:
1、 Sijiqing area is rich in water, with an area of about 130 square kilometers.
2、 Qinghe area is a sub rich water area with an area of 100 square kilometers.
3、 The area behind the mountain is a poor water area with an area of 130 square kilometers.[8]
In 2022, the total water resources in Haidian District will be 120 million cubic meters, and the total water consumption will be 430 million cubic meters, including 240 million cubic meters of domestic water, 13.97 million cubic meters of industrial water, and 4.37 million cubic meters of agricultural water.[87]
land resource
By the end of 2019, the main land types of Haidian District were as follows:
1、 1372.92 hectares of cultivated land (20593.80 mu)
Among them, paddy field is 150.09 hectares (2251.35 mu), accounting for 10.93%;969.74 hectares (14546.10 mu) of irrigated land, accounting for 70.64%;Dry land is 253.09 hectares (3796.35 mu), accounting for 18.43%.
25.96 hectares (389.40 mu) of cultivated land with a gradient of 2-6 degrees (including 6 degrees);10.45 hectares (156.75 mu) of cultivated land with a gradient of 6-15 degrees (including 15 degrees);0.77 hectares (11.55 mu) of cultivated land with a gradient of 15-25 degrees (including 25 degrees);0.11 hectares (1.65 mu) of cultivated land with a slope of more than 25 degrees.
2、 Garden area 1899.86 hectares (28497.90 mu)
Among them, orchard is 1851.60 hectares (27774.00 mu), accounting for 97.46%;Other gardens are 48.26 hectares (723.90 mu), accounting for 2.54%.
3、 10668.49 hectares (160027.35 mu) of forest land
Among them, 9762.11 hectares (146431.65 mu) of arbor forest land, accounting for 91.50%;0.80 hectares (12.00 mu) of bamboo forest land, accounting for 0.01%;421.70 hectares (6325.50 mu) of shrubbery, accounting for 3.95%;Other forest land is 483.88 hectares (7258.20 mu), accounting for 4.54%.
4、 289.83 hectares (4347.45 mu) of grassland
Among them, other grasslands are 289.83 hectares (4347.45 mu), accounting for 100.00%.
5、 26156.18 hectares (392342.70 mu) of land for towns, villages, industries and mines
Of which, urban land is 15564.04 hectares (233460.60 mu), accounting for 59.50%;5063.06 hectares (75945.90 mu) of land for organic towns, accounting for 19.36%;The village land is 4302.97 hectares (64544.55 mu), accounting for 16.45%;1226.11 hectares (18391.65 mu) of scenic spots and special land, accounting for 4.69%.
6、 1690.56 hectares (25358.40 mu) of land for transportation
Including 191.00 hectares (2865.00 mu) of railway land, accounting for 11.30%;The land for rail transit is 163.76 hectares (2456.40 mu), accounting for 9.69%;Road land is 1083.15 hectares (16247.25 mu), accounting for 64.07%;245.21 hectares (3678.15 mu) of rural roads, accounting for 14.50%;Airport land is 5.61 hectares (84.15 mu), accounting for 0.33%;The land for pipeline transportation is 1.83 hectares (27.45 mu), accounting for 0.11%.
7、 902.99 hectares (13544.85 mu) of water area and water conservancy facilities
Among them, the river surface is 179.17 hectares (2687.55 mu), accounting for 19.84%;The water surface of the reservoir is 13.43 hectares (201.45 mu), accounting for 1.49%;The pond surface is 213.96 hectares (3209.40 mu), accounting for 23.69%;371.39 hectares (5570.85 mu) of ditches, accounting for 41.13%;The land for hydraulic construction is 125.04 hectares (1875.60 mu), accounting for 13.85%.[88]
Wild plant
According to the Beijing Flora, there are 614 species of wild plants in Haidian District, which belong to 111 families, 2 classes and 3 phyla.Among them, 20 species belong to 9 families of Pteridophyta and 2 species belong to 2 families of Gymnosperma;Angiosperma, 81 families and 426 species of dicotyledonous plants, 19 families and 166 species of monocotyledonous plants.[8]
wild animal
On February 1, 2024, Haidian District released the list of terrestrial wild animals and wild plants in 2023, with 59 new species of terrestrial wild animals compared with 2022, among which the orange winged noise babbler and the red headed long tailed tit are new record birds in Beijing.[99]
peat: It is mainly distributed in hot springs, cold springs and Sujiatuo, with a reserve of about 3.4 million tons.
Clay ore for bricks: widely distributed in the plain area, the largest clay ore in the area is Xiliulitun clay ore, which is a medium-sized industrial deposit.
Sand ore: sand ore is mainly distributed inYongding RiverWatershed;The main mineral composition of bedrock crushed stone ore iscalcite, the content is 95% - 98%, and the second isDolostone、quartzAnd a small amount ofmagnetite, mainly distributed in the south of Wenquan Village, with a reserve of 375000 tons.
Limestone ore: distributed in Haidian DistrictWenquan Town。Its main mineral composition is calcite, followed by dolomiteFlintThe reserve is 400000 tons.
Granite: It is distributed in the area from Bei'an River to Xishan Farm. The reserve of granite in Cheerying area is 1.27 million cubic meters.
Graphite: atSujiatuo TownIn Nananhe Village, the fixed carbon content is very low, up to 43%, and the total reserve is 30000 tons.
mineral water: It is mainly distributed in Sijiqing and hot springs.[8]
population
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By the end of 2022, the permanent population of Haidian District was 3.124 million, 6000 fewer than that by the end of 2022.Among them, 1.059 million are permanent immigrants, accounting for 33.9% of the permanent population.The birth rate of the permanent population is 4.83 ‰, the mortality rate is 4.43 ‰, and the natural growth rate is 0.40 ‰.By the end of 2022, the registered population of Haidian District was 2.455 million, an increase of 14000 compared with the end of 2022.[87]
Politics
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Current leaders (as of April 2024)
Beijing Haidian District Committee of the Communist Party of China
In 2022, Haidian District will achieve a regional GDP of 1020.69 billion yuan, an increase of 3.5% over the previous year at constant prices.By industry, the primary industry realized an added value of 200 million yuan, up 7.8%;The added value of the secondary industry was 81.19 billion yuan, down 2.9%;The tertiary industry realized an added value of 939.30 billion yuan, up 4.1%.The composition of the three industries is 0.02:7.95:92.03.[87]
In 2023, Haidian District will achieve a regional GDP of 1102.02 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 6.2% at constant prices. By industry, the primary industry will achieve an added value of 150 million yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 27.6%;The added value of the secondary industry was 81.09 billion yuan, down 0.1% year on year;The tertiary industry realized an added value of 102078 billion yuan, up 6.8% year on year.[98]
Investment in fixed assets
In 2022, the investment in fixed assets (excluding farmers) in Haidian District will increase by 5.2% over the previous year.By industry, investment in the secondary industry increased by 149.4%;Investment in the tertiary industry grew by 2.9%, including 3.9% growth in information transmission, software and information technology services.According to the composition, the investment in construction and installation projects increased by 6.3%, and the investment in the purchase of equipment and tools decreased by 1.7%.[87]
Finance and tax revenue and expenditure
In 2022, Haidian District's general public budget revenue will reach 49.05 billion yuan, an increase of 0.1% over the previous year.Among them, VAT was 10.99 billion yuan, down 28.1%;Corporate income tax was 12.73 billion yuan, up 17.2%.[87]
People's life
In 2022, the per capita disposable income of Haidian District residents will be 96153 yuan, an increase of 2.9% over the previous year.In 2022, the per capita consumption expenditure of Haidian District residents will be 56947 yuan, down 0.9% over the previous year.[87]
primary industry
In 2022, Haidian District will achieve a total output value of 460 million yuan for agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, an increase of 7.4% over the previous year at current prices.Among them, the agricultural output value was 260 million yuan, up 13.7% from the previous year.In 2022, there will be 84 agricultural sightseeing parks in Haidian District, realizing a total income of 105.41 million yuan, an increase of 9.4% over the previous year.Rural tourism received 210000 person times, down 27.3% over the previous year;The total revenue was 47.644 million yuan, down 21.4% over the previous year.[87]
Daoxiang Town Paddy Field
the secondary industry
Industry
In 2022, the industrial enterprises above designated size in Haidian District will achieve a total industrial output value of 274.91 billion yuan, a decrease of 15.3% over the previous year.Among them, the output value of the computer, communication and other electronic equipment manufacturing industry was 185.71 billion yuan, a decrease of 21.1% over the previous year.The output value of high-tech manufacturing industry was 209.28 billion yuan, down 19.1% from the previous year.[87]
construction business
In 2022, the general contracting and professional contracting construction enterprises with qualification levels in Haidian District will achieve a total output value of 154.41 billion yuan, an increase of 7.5% over the previous year.Among them, the output value of the city was 58.65 billion yuan, up 15.9% over the previous year.The completed output value was 68.69 billion yuan, down 7.1% over the previous year.[87]
Zhongguancun
the service sector; the tertiary industry
Service industry
From January to November 2022, Haidian District's service industry will expand the opening of key areas of enterprises above designated size to achieve revenue of 1.8 trillion yuan, an increase of 2.2% year on year, driving the region's tertiary industry revenue growth of 1.1 percentage points.Among them, the Internet information field, which accounts for nearly 80%, has maintained double-digit growth.[85]
Domestic trade
In 2022, Haidian District will achieve a total retail sales of consumer goods of 271.65 billion yuan, a decrease of 7.0% over the previous year.Catering revenue was 16.25 billion yuan, down 13.3% from the previous year, according to consumption patterns;Retail sales of commodities reached 254.41 billion yuan, down 6.6% over the previous year.[87]
Foreign economy
In 2022, the total import and export volume of Haidian District will be 47.72 billion US dollars, a decrease of 2.7% over the previous year.The import volume was 25.87 billion US dollars, down 1.8%;The export volume was 21.85 billion US dollars, down 3.8%.[87]
estate
In 2022, investment in real estate development in Haidian District will decrease by 1.3% over the previous year.By the end of 2022, the construction area of housing in Haidian District was 9.517 million square meters, down 12.4% from the end of 2022, of which 1.341 million square meters were newly started this year, up 4.7%.The completed housing area was 1.546 million square meters, down 49.3%.The sales area of commercial housing was 827000 square meters, down 17.7%.[87]
finance
By the end of 2022, there are 3097 financial institutions in Haidian District, including 746 banking institutions, 324 insurance institutions and 134 securities institutions.At the end of the year, the balance of RMB deposits in Chinese funded banks was 4274.78 billion yuan, including personal deposits of 114.131 billion yuan.The balance of RMB loans was 1305.84 billion yuan, including 367.58 billion yuan of short-term loans and 913.0 billion yuan of medium and long-term loans.[87]
summer palace
Transportation
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By the end of 2020, Haidian District has 3148 municipal roads at all levels, with a total length of 1510.3 kilometers, including 97.4 kilometers of expressways, accounting for 6%;157.2 kilometers of trunk roads, accounting for 10%;575.1 kilometers of secondary trunk roads, accounting for 38%;The branch road is 680.5km, accounting for 46%.Beijing's 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th ring roads and subway lines 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 13, 15, 16 and Changping run through Haidian District.
On June 22, 2022, Haidian District Transportation Committee and Housing and Urban Rural Development Committee (Major Office) released the 2022 transportation key work plan.In order to ease the parking difficulties, Haidian District added 15 parking lots under the bridge in the first half of the year, with a total of 4065 new parking spaces.This year, we will implement a large and medium-sized repair and unblocking project for 1 million square meters of district roads, and a batch of road projects such as Shangzhuang Road and Jushan Road will be completed within the year.Comprehensive traffic management will be carried out around 30 schools, 12 hospitals, 5 scenic spots and 5 business districts.We will focus on promoting the construction of the rail network of five lines.The five lines are: Line 16 South Section, Changping Line South Extension, Line 12, Line 13 Expansion and Upgrading Project Line A and Line B.Changping Line South Extension Phase I (Qinghe Station - Xueyuan Bridge) and Line 16 (East Gate of Yuyuantan - Yushuzhuang), totaling 11 kilometers, are planned to be opened by the end of this year.[79]
social undertakings
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Science and technology
In 2022, Haidian District will grant 73000 patents, an increase of 1.9% over the previous year.Among them, the number of invention patents granted was 43000, up 7.4%.In 2022, Haidian District will register 62000 technology contracts, with a total turnover of 338.04 billion yuan, up 15.7%.[87]
Zhongguancun National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone
education
By the end of 2022, Haidian District has 87 ordinary middle schools with 123000 students and 35000 graduates.There are 90 primary schools with 194000 students and 26000 graduates.225 kindergartens, with 81000 children in kindergartens.There are 8 secondary vocational schools with 7503 students and 1639 graduates.There are 501 special education students and 116 graduates.There are 45000 teaching staff in primary and secondary schools and kindergartens in the whole district, including 6321 backbone teachers at county level and above.Teachers under 35 accounted for 44.1%;Teachers with senior professional titles accounted for 18.2%.[87]
By the end of 2020, Haidian District's public libraries had a total collection of 1.871 million copies, with 337000 person times of borrowing throughout the year;The cultural center organized 703 cultural activities.[77]
Sports
By the end of 2022, Haidian District has 397 public sports venues;1560 national fitness programs.The athletes in the region won 413 medals in national competitions and Beijing municipal competitions, including 142 gold medals, 161 silver medals and 110 bronze medals.[87]
public health
By the end of 2022, there were 1395 health institutions in Haidian District, 35 more than that by the end of 2022, including 100 hospitals and 50 community health service centers.There are 41000 health technicians, including 16000 licensed (assistant) doctors and 18000 registered nurses.A total of 30.516 million people were diagnosed and treated by medical institutions.The infant mortality rate is 1.0 ‰.In 2022, Haidian District will report the incidence of Class A and B infectious diseases of 197.4/100000.[87]
PLA General Hospital
social security
By the end of 2022, there were 38016 registered unemployed people in Haidian District, including 37851 urban registered unemployed people and 165 rural registered unemployed people.The registered unemployment rate of cities and towns in the region is 2.63%;The employment rate of urban registered unemployed was 65.4%, up 0.33 percentage points over the previous year.
By the end of 2022, the number of people participating in basic pension, basic medical care, maternity, unemployment and work-related injury insurance in Haidian District will be 3.411 million, 3.2732 million, 2.1742 million, 2.766 million and 2.633 million respectively.By the end of 2022, Haidian District had 36000 urban and rural residents participating in endowment insurance.
In 2022, the number of urban residents enjoying the minimum living security in Haidian District will be 63998, and the number of rural residents enjoying the minimum living security will be 145.[87]
environmental protection
In 2022, the urban sewage treatment rate of Haidian District will be 99.7%, 0.2 percentage points higher than that of the previous year.The average annual concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was 30 μ g/m3, down 9.1%;The annual average concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and inhalable particulate matter (PM10) are 2 μ g/m3, 28 μ g/m3 and 52 μ g/m3 respectively.[87]
Historical culture
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Origin of place names
Haidian District is named after Haidian Town, where the district government is located.In ancient times, Haidian Town was a shallow lake area, which was called "Haidian" by local people.The residential settlements gradually formed near the lake, also named after "Haidian"."Haidian" is also called "Haidian" and "Haidian" in historical documents. Historical records first appeared in the early Yuan DynastyWang YunNotes on the Middle Hall.[2]
Intangible Cultural Heritage Project
Traditional skills
Cao's Kite Craft(National, municipal and district intangible cultural heritage)
Yingtuo Art (District level Intangible Cultural Heritage)
Tuanhua paper cutting (district level intangible cultural heritage)
Metal forging chisel (district level intangible cultural heritage)
Painted Peking Opera Facial Mask (municipal and district intangible cultural heritage)
Dough sculpture (Pan Dahong, district level intangible cultural heritage)
Beijing Silk People (Qi Congying, District level Intangible Cultural Heritage)
Noodle Soup Noodle Sculpture (Haidian Branch, District level Intangible Cultural Heritage)
Flat engraving and micro carving (district level intangible cultural heritage)
Paper cutting (Xiaolin paper cutting sheet, district level intangible cultural heritage)
Peking Opera Facial Makeup (Liu School, District level Intangible Cultural Heritage)
Beijing Embroidery (Haidian Branch, District level Intangible Cultural Heritage)
Dough sculpture (Jia Huizhen, district level intangible cultural heritage)
Beijing Style Inside Painted Snuff Bottle (Tiehua District Intangible Cultural Heritage)
Qi School Seal Cutting (District level Intangible Cultural Heritage)[23]
famous scenery
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Haidian District has a long history, many places of interest and historic sites, and has the reputation of "Shengao Beauty" and "Duxia Treasure Land"“Three mountains and five gardens”It is a representative classical garden area, with 314 immovable cultural relics.
YesKunming Lake、Longevity HillBase site, HangzhouWest LakeAs a blueprint, a large royal landscape garden built by drawing on the design techniques of Jiangnan gardens is an ancient garden, and is also the most complete existing royal palace garden, known as the "Royal Garden Museum".[24]In 1750, the 15th year of Qianlong's reign, the predecessor of the Summer PalaceQingyi GardenCompletion;In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Qingyi Garden was burned by the British and French allied forces;It was rebuilt in the 14th year of Guangxu (1888) and renamed the Summer Palace;In the 26th year of Guangxu's reign (1900), the Summer Palace was again destroyed by the "Eight Power Allied Forces".Included in the World Heritage List in November 1998[24]；It was approved as a national 5A tourist attraction on May 8, 2007.
Old Summer PalaceFrom YuanmingyuanChangchun GardenandWanchun GardenThe composition, also known as the Three Yuanming Gardens, is one of the imperial gardens of the Qing Dynasty, with an area of more than 5200 mu and more than 150 scenes, known as the "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens".The Old Summer Palace was built in 1708, the 46th year of the reign of Emperor KangxiThe Second Opium WarChina was burned down by the British and French Allied Forces, and now there are only ruins left.The Yuanmingyuan is a grand garden, which uses various gardening techniques and combines various garden styles. It is the peak work in the history of Chinese garden art.[25]
Covering an area of 188 hectares, it is a royal garden with mountain forest characteristics.Xiangshan red leaves are famous both at home and abroad. In 1986, it was rated as one of the "Sixteen New Beijing Sceneries".Xiangshan Park was built in the 26th year of Jindading (1186), and was once the crown of temples in western Beijing. In the 10th year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1745), it was built into 28 famous scenic spots in the capital. Among the famous "three mountains and five parks" in western Beijing, Xiangshan Park occupies one mountain (Xiangshan) and one park (Jingyi Park).In the 10th year of Xianfeng (1860) and the 26th year of Guangxu (1900), it was burned by western powers twice and opened as People's Park in 1956.[26]
The name of the mountain originates from the famous spring at the east foot - Yuquan.The fame of Yuquan began in the Jin Dynasty. One of the "Eight Sceneries of Yanjing", "Yuquan Perpendicular Rainbow", which was established during the reign of Emperor Zhangzong of the Jin Dynasty, refers to Yuquan.During the reign of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, it was believed that Yuquan was like JinanBaotu SpringTherefore, it was renamed "Yuquan Baotu".There are two stone steles beside the spring. On the left is the inscription of Emperor Qianlong, "The First Spring in the World", and on the right is the inscription of Emperor QianlongWang YoudunThe full text of the book "The First Spring in the World in Yuquan Mountain".
Located in Haidian DistrictXiangshan ParkOn the north side, at the eastern foot of Jubao Mountain, a group of well preserved garden temples with compact layout.It is said that Biyun Temple was the former site of Jinzhangzong's play building,Ming WuzongIn the 11th year of Zhengde, the eunuch of the Imperial Horse Guard expanded the Biyun Temple.Ming XizongIn the third year of the apocalypse, Wei Zhongxian expanded Biyun Temple again.In March of the 14th year of the Republic of China (1925),Sun Yat-senAfter his death, he died in the Puming Miaojue Hall of Biyun Temple, now renamed "Sun Yat sen Memorial Hall".[27]
Commonly known as Wofo Temple, it is located in the south of Shou'an Mountain, Xiangshan, Haidian District. It was first built in the Tang Dynasty, and was named "Shifang Pujue Temple" after the overhaul in the 12th year of Yongzheng's reign (1734) in the Qing Dynasty.The whole temple has a large scale, and its overall layout and architectural configuration to some extent retain the characteristics of temples in the Tang and Song Dynasties.The copper Reclining Buddha in the Reclining Buddha Hall is a relic of the Yuan Dynasty. It is 5.3 meters long, 1.6 meters high, and weighs 4 tons. With its head facing west and facing south, it is well cast. It is the largest existing copper Reclining Buddha in China, has high value, and is also an important material material for the study of the history of science and technology.[28]
Also known as West Mountain Dajue Temple, Dajue Temple, located in Haidian DistrictYangtai MountainIt was first built in the fourth year of Xianyong in the Liao Dynasty (1068) and called Qingshui Temple. In the Jin Dynasty, it was one of the eight water temples in the Xishan Mountains of Zhangzong in the Jin Dynasty, later renamed Lingquan Temple, and later renamed as Dajue Temple after reconstruction in the Ming Dynasty.Dajue Temple is famous for its clear springs, ancient trees, magnolias and elegant environmentFayuan TempleLilacsChongxiao TempleThe peony flowers in Beijing are called the three major flower temples.[29]
Located in the West Road of the North Third Ring Road in Haidian District, the temple is named asHua YanzhongIt is 6.75m high, 3.3m outside diameter, and weighs about 46.5t, so it is known as the "King of Bell".Inside and outside the bell, 17 kinds of Buddhist sutras and mantras were cast, totaling 227000 words.Legend has it that he was a calligrapher in the early Ming DynastyShen DuIt is a masterpiece of the pavilion style calligraphy art in the early Ming DynastyEmperor Chengzu of the Ming DynastyEight Buddhist scriptures mainly made by Zhu Di.It is a rare national treasure because of its elegant and regular script, simple and elegant style, high artistic value.The big bell has exquisite casting, unique shape and bright and elegant rhythm, which reflects the superb smelting technology in ancient China.
Also known as the Five Pagoda Temple, it was built in the Ming DynastyYonglePeriod (1403-1424).In the early years of Yongle, Bandi, an Indian monk, donated five gold Buddha statues and the rules of the Vajra throne to Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, who appointed him as a national teacher and built this temple.There are five pagodas in Zhenjue Temple, which are the specifications of Vajra throne.The pagoda is built on the high platform (i.e. Vajra throne), and the five pagodas represent the five Buddhas, so Zhenjue Temple is commonly known asFive Pagoda Temple。In 1961, the Vajra throne of Zhenjue Temple was listed as one of the first key cultural relics protection units in the country, and three times of renovation was carried out to restore the original historical appearance.
It is one of the eleven municipal parks and a national 4A tourist attraction.It is located to the east of the Middle West Third Ring Road in Haidian District and to the west of Sanlihe Road in Xicheng District;Starting from the west wall of Diaoyutai State Guesthouse in the east.The total planning area of the park is 136.69 hectares, including 61 hectares of water area, 74.44 hectares of green space, and more than 95% of green coverage. There are about 199500 plants in the park, including nearly 2000 cherry blossoms of more than 10 varieties.It has a vast territory, a long history, vast water and abundant forests, and beautiful scenery.[30]
It is located near Baishiqiao, Haidian District, west of Beijing Capital Gymnasium. It was built in 1953. It is named after the "Fuyin Zizhuyuan", a temple of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, in the northwest of the park.The whole park covers an area of 47.35 hectares, of which water surface accounts for about one-third.Nanchang RiverShuangzi Canal runs through the garden, forming the basic pattern of three lakes, two islands, one embankment, one river and one canal.It is a natural landscape garden with hundreds of bamboos, thousands of green poles, and bamboo landscape.[31]
subjectionBeijing Forestry UniversityThe forest area is 832.04 hectares, and the average annual temperature is 12.2 ℃.Jiufeng's main peak is 465 meters above sea level, and the highest peak in the park is 1153 meters, which is the second highest peak in Haidian District.It is said that it was one of the seventy-two camps in the Liao Dynasty. Later, it built Xiaobi Temple and Guanyindi Temple.There is a small road in the south of the mountain, and the wall is chiseled with stones, turning between the cliffs and rocks.There is Chaoyang Cave on the mountain, which is unfathomable and has been blocked.In the sixth year of the Republic of China (1917), Xu Rongguang began to build a villa here, which was later purchased by Lin Xinggui. Yi Mountain was named Jiufeng, and the "Jiufeng Jingshe" was expanded.[32]
It was built in one of the "three mountains and five gardens" of the former royal gardenChangchun GardenSite, the 10th year of Xianfeng (1860),Anglo French Allied ForcesInvading Beijing, burningOld Summer PalaceLater, large-scale looting and destruction were carried out on the surrounding royal gardens. Changchun Garden was the first to bear the brunt, and the buildings in the garden were burned.The park covers an area of 40 hectares, including 30 hectares of landscaping and 1.9 hectares of water surface.More than 400000 landscape plants reflecting the historical characteristics of the garden site were selected in the park.There are more than 10 characteristic landscapes, such as Music Colorful Light Fountain Square, Stepping Evergreen Lawn, Guanzhu Spring, Sunken Garden, and Paddy Field Scenic Area.
Located in the western suburbs of BeijingXiaoxishanLocated in Haidian District, Shijingshan District and Mentougou District, and based on Beijing Xishan Experimental Forest Farm, with a total area of 5970 hectares, it is an important part of the scenic spots in the suburbs of Beijing and the nearest national forest park to the downtown of Beijing.The zonal vegetation is temperate summer green broad-leaved forest. There are more than 250 species of plants in 73 families, more than 10 species of mammals, more than 50 species of birds, and several amphibians and reptiles.
Located in the Western HillsReclining Buddhist TempleNearby, approved for establishment in 1958, is one of the first national 4A tourist attractions, one of the first batch of boutique parks in Beijing, and one of the first batch of national key parks.
With an area of 400 hectares, the Beijing Botanical Garden is a comprehensive botanical garden integrating collection, display and preservation of plant resources, scientific research, popularization of science, sightseeing and recreation, protection of plant germplasm resources and development of new and excellent plants.The Botanical Garden is divided into several areas, with more than 10000 kinds of plants (including varieties) and more than 1.5 million plants collected and displayed.[33-34]
The national 4A scenic spot is located in the west of West Third Ring Middle Road, Haidian District, near the Aerospace Bridge, and adjacent to the beautifulYuyuan PoolAnd famousDiaoyutai, looking southGongzhufen, overlooking Fucheng Road in the north.The Central Radio and Television Tower was built in January 1987, completed in September 1994, and officially opened on October 1.It covers an area of 15.4 hectares, with a height of 386.5 meters, a total height of 405 meters plus lightning rods, and a total weight of 50000 tons.It can transmit 8 sets of TV and 10 sets of radio. YesWorld Tower AssociationMember tower,China Radio and Television AssociationMember of the High Tower Committee.[35-36]
The only national large-scale comprehensive military museum in China is located on the extension line of Chang'an Street west of Tiananmen Square.
The Military Expo, which was planned to be built in 1959, is one of the top ten buildings in the capital to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the National Day. It covers an area of more than 80000 square meters, with a building area of more than 60000 square meters and a display area of more than 40000 square meters.The display system is dominated by military history, which is divided into basic display and temporary display, with a total of 10 basic displays.A total of more than 340000 cultural relics and collections were collected, including 1793 national level cultural relics, more than 290 large-scale weapons and equipment, more than 1600 works of art, and 2754 gifts received in foreign military exchanges.[37-38]
Located in Wan'an Cemetery in the southeast of Xiangshan, it covers an area of 2200 square meters and is an antique courtyard building.It was completed and opened to the outside world on October 29, 1983.The cemetery is a square courtyard. The white marble statue of Li Dazhao is 2 meters high, standing at Li Dazhao and his wifeZhao JilanIn front of the tomb.Behind the tomb is a monument 4 meters wide and 2 meters high.The inscription of Beiyang is "the pioneer of the communist movement, the great Marxist, and the martyr Li Dazhao is immortal".Yinbei is an inscription written by the central government for martyr Li Dazhao.[39]
Located in Haidian DistrictWenquan TownIt is a national cultural relics protection unit.1936feng yu-hsiangIt was built in memory of the martyrs who died in the Luanzhou Uprising of the 1911 Revolution.There is a monument to the north of the gate, and the front of the monument is engraved with "Monument to the Martyrs of the Revolution in Luanzhou, 1911".There is an octagonal stone building on the mountainside, and the front is engraved with the "Clothing Tomb of Revolutionary Martyrs in Luanzhou, 1911".The top of the mountain is a memorial tower, with Feng Yuxiang's inscription "Immortality of Spirit" on the positive side and "Eternal Spirit" on the negative side.[40]
Tong Lin PavilionThe general is a famous anti Japanese general, who was buried in the cemetery in Haidian after he died for his countryXiangshan。In 2000,Cheng SiyuanMr. A inscribed the name of the museum.General Tong Linge Memorial Hall was completed in 2005 and was designated as a patriotism education base by Haidian District Government.The main body of the memorial hall is a two-story Chinese antique building. On the first floor is a brief introduction to General Tong Linge's life, and on the second floor is an exhibition of the Japanese invasion of China.[41]
A politician of the Yuan Dynasty.His eighth ancestor was King Dandong of Liao, fatherYelu shoesOfficial to the right minister of the Jin State.Yelu Chucai followed Genghis Khan, and the official of Taizong came to the middle of the order.
Although he was trusted by two generations of Mongolian monarchs, had outstanding political achievements, and was proficient in Buddhism, he still felt "talent is like life in the Jianghu" in the face of discrimination and criticism from Mongolian nobles, and expressed the emotion of "who has never died since ancient times, and who is most worried about others?".After the death of Taizong in the Yuan Dynasty, Ma Zhenhou usurped the power. Yelu Chucai was no longer trusted. Two years later, he died of depression at the age of 54.Chu Cai lived in Yuquan Mountain area when he was young, leaving a poem of "Five mu Palace in the Old Western Mountain".After his death, he buried the urn near Yanjing in the south of Shandong, and his tomb was destroyed in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties.[42]
Zhou (? - 1504), a native of Liulin Village, Changping County, Ming Dynasty (today'sSujiatuo TownLiulin Village),Ming YingzongZhu Qi, Concubine of Zhen,Ming XianzongZhu Jianshen's birth mother.In the 12th year of orthodoxy (1447), Zhu Jianshen was born, and in the first year of Tianshun (1457), she was granted the title of imperial concubine.Zhu Jianshen ascended the throne and was honored as the empress dowager.Ming XiaozongZhu Hujie ascended the throne and was honored as the empress dowager.Ming Xiaozong died in March of the 17th year of Hongzhi (1504).The posthumous title was "Xiao Su Zhen Shun Kang Yi Guang Lie Fu Tian Cheng Sheng Rui Empress", and was buried with Yuling.
When Zhu Jianshen was in power, Concubine Wan was very fond of her and forced pregnant concubines and maids to have abortions or even kill them.After the birth of Zhu Huzhen, Emperor Xiaozong of the Ming Dynasty, the empress dowager of Zhou kept him in her own palace, Renshou Palace, to avoid the assassination of Princess Wan.[43]
Zhongzhao, Shiyou, Shiyin Temple, born in the Ming DynastyLongqingFour years (1570), died inChongzhenThe first year (1628).OriginShaanxiAnhua, descendant of Mi Fu.ResettlementPeking(Today's Beijing), Shaoqing of Guantaipu Temple, Jiangxi Provincial Procurator, etc.
Mi Wanzhong has a weakness for stones. He is good at landscapes, flowers and bamboos, calligraphy and grass. He has both Nangong seal script and Zhangcao relics.As famous as Dong Qichang.It is called "South East North Meter".ShanshuiNi ZanLaw, like flowersChen Chun。He is also good at painting stones, and sometimes he paints huge paintings in imitation of rice with ink splashing. The momentum is vast, and the clouds are gloomy, which is breathtaking.He died at 59.
Mi Wanzhong's calligraphy is very popular."Poems on Flower Path in Zhan Garden" is a large character running script, which was rare at that time. Its calligraphy is fast, calm and refreshing.According to the Book History Meeting, Mi Wanzhong: "He has been famous for forty years and has written all over the world."[44]
Manchu poet.Kangxi Jinshi, a top official bodyguard, was deeply favored and trusted, but he was tired of the official career of following the retinue, and had the fear of "worrying about his career" and the depression of unfulfilled ambition. He witnessed the corruption of the officialdom and read day and night《Master Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals》、《LiSao》Self diversion.
Nalan's poems are sincere, natural, graceful, fresh, good at line drawing, and easy to carve. They are like flowing clouds and flowing water, and pure feelings pour out in the pen.He also absorbedLi Qingzhao、Qin GuanThe graceful and restrained characteristics of the, casting a personal unique style.《Huifeng Cihua》Author ofKuang ZhouyiHe was called "the first poet at the beginning of the country".[45]
Born in Haidian District, Beijing in 1958, he is an actor of China National Theatre. He graduated from the PLA Academy of Arts and was assigned to Xinjiang Urumqi Military Region Drama Troupe as an actor after graduation.
In 1985, he participated in the performance of the film "Second Son Opens a Shop" for the first time.In 1986, he became famous for his successful shooting of "No Regret Tracking".In 1996, he was transferred to the Central Experimental Theatre as a national first-class actor.In 1997, due to《Days of Leaving Lei Feng》Successfully played the role of Qiao Anshan.Starred in TV series in 2000《Big House Gate》, as the third master.In 2013, he acted as director and starred for the first time in filming the large-scale emotional inspirational drama "Happiness Depends on Each Other".In 2014, he directed the film Return with Chen Daoming, Gong Li and other leading actors Zhang Yimou.[46]
Born in Haidian District, Beijing on April 20, 1990, he is a film actor and singer.The primary school is Beijing Yuying School (Grade 1996), the junior high school is Beijing Shida Middle School (Grade 2002), and the senior high school is Beijing Haidian Foreign Language Experimental School (Grade 2005).In 2008, he was discovered by SM entertainment company during his study in South Korea[47-49]。In April 2012, he officially made his debut as a member of the Korean men's group EXO/EXO-M, and acted as the lead singer, lead dancer and front man.In August 2014, a single comment on personal microblog set a Guinness World Record, becoming the first Guinness World Record winner on Chinese social media.In October, the application for the contract with SM Company was invalid and returned to China for development.In January 2015, the first starring film《Return to 20》It was released and won the Most Popular Actor Award at the 22nd Beijing University Student Film Festival.In May, it appeared on the cover of the Chinese version of Forbes magazine.In December, my first album, Reloaded, was released worldwide.On July 19, 2016, a settlement was reached with SM Company.In December, he was ranked the first among the "Top 10 Influential People of the Post 90s in China";In the same month, the performers wereZhang YimouDirected movies《the Great Wall》It was released worldwide.[50-51]
Honorary title
Announce
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Haidian District is a national civilized city.[52]
National Civilized Urban Area.[53-54]
National Model City of Double Support.[55]
International Science and Technology Cooperation Base (Zhongguancun Science Park).[56]
The development of compulsory education across the country is basically balanced in counties (cities, districts).[57-58]
In September 2018, it won the "2018 EU China Green Smart City Award".[59]
In December 2018, the third batch of national community governance and service innovation experimental areas were confirmed by the Ministry of Civil Affairs.[60]
In November 2019, it was awarded the title of "Advanced Zone in the Middle Period of the Seventh Five Year Plan".[61]
In December 2019, it became the first batch of pilot units for the construction of the national rural governance system.[62]
On March 4, 2020, it was rated as the national new industrial demonstration base by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.[63]
On July 31, 2020, it was named by the Office of the Central Commission for the Comprehensive Rule of Law as the first batch of demonstration areas for building a national rule of law government.[64]
On October 20, 2020, it was selected into the list of national model cities (counties) for double support.[3]
In November 2020, it was selected into the list of the third batch of counties (districts) meeting the standard of water-saving society construction.[65]
In January 2021, it was selected into the list of national health cities (districts) for the period of 2018-2020.[66]
On January 18, 2021, it was awarded the honorary title of "2018-2020 National Advanced Unit of Family Planning Quality Service".[67]
On May 14, 2021, it was recognized by the Ministry of Education as the national labor education experimental zone for primary and secondary schools.[68]
On October 12, 2021, it was named the fifth batch of national ecological civilization construction demonstration area by the Ministry of Ecological Environment。[69][72]
In December 2021, the list of demonstration counties selected for the 2017 – 2020 Ping An China construction was announced.[73]
In January 2022, it was selected into the list of advanced counties for national village cleaning action in 2021.[75]
In July 2022, it was rated as a demonstration city for building a strong city with national intellectual property rights by the State Intellectual Property Office.[80]
In September 2022, it was jointly awarded the first batch of national network security education technology industry integration development pilot zones by the Central Propaganda Department, the Central Cyberspace Office, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, the People's Bank of China, the State Administration of Radio and Television, the All China Federation of Trade Unions, the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League, the All China Women's Federation and other ten departments.[81]
In May 2023, the first batch of national network market supervision and service demonstration areas were approved.[90]
