Marine fishery refers to the production undertaking engaged in marine fishing and mariculture.Marine fishing is a collecting industry.Marine culture is divided into three categories: fish and shrimp culture, shellfish culture and algae culture.Marine fishery can be divided into offshore, offshore and pelagic fishery due to different distances from the coast.China has a long coastline, a large continental shelf area, the convergence of warm and cold currents along the coast, scattered islands along the coast, more harbours, and vast tidal flats, all of which are favorable conditions for the development of marine fisheries.Actively developing marine fishery can provide a large amount of animal protein for people and important commodities for foreign trade, which is conducive to alleviating the contradiction between more people and less land in China and is of great significance to the development of the national economy.[1]
In 2023, the gross output value of marine fishery will be 461.8 billion yuan, with a growth rate of 3.2%.[5]
Marine fishery refers to a kind of production activity that obtains aquatic products by fishing, collecting and breeding aquatic animals and plants in the ocean. According to the production characteristics, marine fishery can be further divided into marine fishing industry and mariculture industry.In a broad sense, marine fishery also includes the upstream and downstream industries of marine fishing and mariculture, such as fishing boats, fishing gear manufacturing, and marine product processing, storage, transportation, and sales.in recent years,Leisure fisheryIt has developed rapidly and has become an important part of marine fishery economy.
The sustainable development of fishery economy is the extension or embodiment of the concept of economic sustainable development in the fishery field.Therefore, the sustainable development of fishery economy should be based on the coordination of fishery economic growth, ecological environment and social environment, and form a comprehensive development pattern of healthy ecological environment, social stability and fishery economic growth, so as to improve the welfare of fishermen and improve the quality of life. It is an important part of the sustainable development of agriculture and even the national economy.
China is the world's largest fishery producer.Since the reform and opening up, the fishery output has grown rapidly, and China's fishery development has made undoubted progress, but at the same time, there have also been a series of problems, contradictions and difficulties, the most prominent of which is the contradiction between the declining fishery resources and the growing fishing intensity.Namely, the sustainable development of fishery economy.It is mainly manifested in the decline of fishery resources, the deterioration of fishery environment, and the insecurity of aquatic products.
In general, the main problems facing the development of domestic marine fishery economy are:
(1) Overexploitation of marine fishery resources.In recent years, the main growth point of marine fishing industry is low value fish, while the main economic fish can not form fish news, which has seriously affected the number of days and income of fishermen going to sea.There are 20278 species of aquatic organisms recorded in China's sea areas, not only many common biological species in the world's oceans, but also many unique species.However, due to excessive development and utilization, habitat destruction, indiscriminate harvesting, introduction of exotic species and other reasons, the population of the existing marine rare species in China is constantly decreasing, and is facing a serious threat of disappearance and extinction. At the same time, some other species that were originally large in number and widely distributed have gradually become new rare species.living marine resourcesThe overexploitation has reduced the proliferation and recovery capacity of fishery resources. The species of catches in important fishing areas are becoming more and more single, and the catches are gradually evolving in the direction of younger age, smaller size, and lower quality. Most traditional high-quality fish species resources have declined significantly, making it difficult to form a fish flood.Before the 1960s, China's traditional high-quality fishery resources, such as hairtail, large yellow croaker, small yellow croaker, Spanish mackerel, red snapper, silver pomfret, plaice, prawn, squid, etc., formed a large fishing season due to the mass migration.At present, due to the sharp reduction of resources and the dispersion of fish stocks, cod, small yellow croaker, large yellow croaker, Spanish mackerel and sole in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea have not formed a fishing season, and the sea bream and hairtail have basically disappeared in the Bohai Sea;In the East China Sea, in addition to hairtail, large yellow croaker, small yellow croaker, sole and other fish have also become extinct.
(2) The investment efficiency of marine fishery industry is low.Large industrial scale is not positively related to industrial efficiency.China's per capita fishery labor force and per square kilometer of offshore fishing are far lower than those of Norway and Japan;China's pelagic fishing volume also accounts for only 0.5% of the world's total.
（3）living marine resourcesLow utilization.becauseRefrigerated carrierThe equipment and preservation technology are backward, and about 10% of the catch is discarded due to deterioration;Most of the bycatch was abandoned at sea and did not make full use of it;The processing technology of marine aquatic products is backward, and the processing waste has not fully exploited its value;The excessive consumption mode leads to the waste of fishery resources.
(4) The deterioration of marine fishery environment.Mariculture, fishing boat waste, land-based pollutants and oil spill accidents have caused serious pollution in China's offshore waters,Marine ecosystemBeing in a sub-health or unhealthy state has accelerated the depletion of fishery resources.According to the 2006 China Fishery Ecological Environment Status Bulletin, the overall pollution situation in China's sea areas was still serious in 2006.The area of the whole sea area that does not meet the water quality standard of clean sea area is about 149000 kmtwo, about 10000 km more than that in 2005twoThe area of relatively clean sea area, slightly polluted sea area, moderately polluted sea area and seriously polluted sea area is about 51000 km, 52000 km, 17000 km and 29000 km respectivelytwo。The overall situation of China's fishery ecological environment remains stable, and local fishery waters are still seriously polluted, with the main pollutants being nitrogen, phosphorus, petroleum and copper;In 2006, a total of 1463 fishery water pollution accidents occurred in China, with a pollution area of about 94000 hmtwo, causingDirect economic lossAbout 243 million yuan;The estimated economic loss of natural fishery resources caused by environmental pollution is 3.643 billion yuan, of which the economic loss of marine natural fishery resources is 2.788 billion yuan.This shows that the ecosystem of China's coastal waters is seriously damaged, the ecological environment is still deteriorating, biodiversity and rare and endangered species continue to decrease, the harm caused by the invasion of alien species still exists, and the illegal acts that damage the marine ecology have not been effectively curbed.[2]
On June 7, 2022, the Statistical Bulletin of China's Marine Economy in 2021 was released. The total production of marine fishery in 2021 was 529.7 billion yuan, with a growth rate of 4.5%.[3]In 2022,The transformation and upgrading of marine fisheries have been further promoted, and the intelligent, green and deep and offshore aquaculture have developed steadily[4]。
Management optimization measures
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Resource adjustment
A special center has been set up for the management and adjustment of fishery resources to promote the implementation of the work.Multi functional artificial reefs will be launched according to the characteristics of each sea area, combined with the coastalGeographic Information System(GIS), establish an integrated information network for management.Implement the environmental friendly marine ranching project plan;In order to implement the total allowable catch (TAC) system, increase the target species in the TAC system, equip special survey vessels for scientific investigation, and expand relevant research equipment.
improve environment
For the improvement of the marine environment, the State first considers the elimination of land-based pollution, the priority of water quality management policies and other comprehensive factors, and establishes and improves the marine environment management system.The expansion of the purification scale of fishing grounds and the establishment of the disease control system for aquaculture products require the development of highly effective prevention and treatment agents;In order to prevent and control the self pollution of the farm, the supply of compound feed should be increased;Establish efficient red tide response measures and popularize red tide prevention facilities.
Adjust production
In order to restore and maintain the competitiveness of fisheries, it is necessary to adjust the structure of offshore fisheries.Allocate corresponding fishing boats according to the quantity of each species, and adjust the allowable catch quota of each species;Adjust the structure of aquaculture fishery, reduce the scale of developed fishing grounds, limit the production of breeding surplus varieties, and limit the development of fishing grounds in disaster prone waters;We will strengthen the management of fishery operations in the exclusive economic zone and on the high seas, and actively develop overseas fishing grounds and related support industries in order to solve the problem of shrinking domestic fishing grounds.
Establish system
In order to establish a good fishery order and take positive countermeasures against illegal fishing activities, relevant agencies should cooperate with each other to provide necessary support, strengthen the management of illegal small aircraft trawlers, and establish a legal financing support system for fishing gear purchase.Strengthen the aquatic product certification system, establish safety and health certification standards, improve the logistics system, and adjust the circulation of fishery products.
Keep power
In order to ensure the driving force of fishery development, expand investment in fishery research and development, promote the practicality of new technologies, and actively cultivate fishery professionals.Establish a beautiful new fishing village environment to attract the surrounding population to live in the fishing village for developmentLeisure fisheryIn order to meet the diversified needs of the people, the construction of fishing ports and fishing villages should be comprehensively developed.
New ideas for development
As countries strengthen their control over coastal fishery resources, South Korea's pelagic fishery has encountered many difficulties.Opening up new fishing grounds is an idea for South Korea to develop marine fisheries.The establishment of "marine ranch" is an attempt by South Korea to extricate itself from the plight of marine fisheries.In 2005, the catch of Korean pelagic aquatic products dropped from a record 1.024 million tons in 1992 to 552000 tons, accounting for 20% of the total aquatic product production.To this end, the Korean government formulated a development program for pelagic fisheries in 2007, with strengthening international competitiveness as the main content.[2]
Improve people's lives
In the period when animal husbandry was still underdeveloped, the supply of animal protein mostly depended on aquatic products.According to the statistics of fao, humans get more protein from fish than other animals.For example, about 18-20g of the protein content of every 100g edible part of general fresh fish is equivalent to the protein of beef, which is much higher than the protein of eggs.In addition, the protein of fish contains 8 kinds of amino acids necessary for human body, which is quite abundant. In addition, the advantages of fishery, such as low investment and large output, are the advantageous industries for developing animal protein sources.
Expand employment
Fishery, which arranges a large number of rural surplus labor, is an important basic industry to absorb the most basic labor force.The number of fishermen in China is the largest in the world. According to statistics, in 1998, there were 2.825 million professional fishermen and 5.715 million part-time fishermen.By 2002, there were 13.1287 million fishery labor force and 20.448 million mass fishery population.
Provision of foreign exchange
The contribution of fishery to foreign exchange refers to earning foreign exchange for national economic construction by exporting aquatic products.In developing countries, the export of aquatic products and their processed products has earned a certain amount of foreign exchange, and these foreign exchange imports advanced technology and equipment to arm their own industries, thus promoting the rapid development of their own economies, which played a very important role in the initial stage of national development.From the specific situation of our country, the total export of aquatic products since 1996 was 3 billion dollars, and the total foreign trade in 2002 was 6.96 billion dollars.Although the proportion is small, the absolute quantity is increasing, and the foreign exchange contribution to the national economy is always there.
Accelerate industry
Aquatic product production provides raw materials and materials for other production departments, such as light industry, medicine, chemical industry, feed and other departments.After processing and comprehensive utilization of aquatic products, a variety of products can be obtained: shark skin can be used for tanning, iodine can be used for medicine, and it is also an indispensable raw material for national defense industry. Pearl is not only a precious ornament, but also a valuable medicinal material.With the improvement of comprehensive utilization, the use value of aquatic products is also increasing.[2]
statistical data
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In 2023, the gross output value of marine fishery will be 461.8 billion yuan, with a growth rate of 3.2%.[5]
