marine pollution

Environmental pollution terminology

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Marine pollution usually refers to that human beings have changed the original state of the ocean and destroyed the marine ecosystem. Entry of hazardous substances marine environment The resulting pollution will damage biological resources, endanger human health, hinder fishing and other human activities at sea, and damage the quality of seawater environmental quality Etc. The ocean is the most stable ecosystem on the earth for a long time because of its vast area and huge water storage. Various substances flowing from land into the sea are accepted by the sea, while the sea itself has not changed significantly. However, in recent decades, with the development of world industry, marine pollution has become increasingly serious, which has caused great changes in the local marine environment, and has the trend of continued expansion.^[1]

Chinese name: marine pollution
Foreign name: marine pollution

Features: Human beings have changed the original state of the ocean
Definition: Entry of hazardous substances marine environment Pollution caused
Polluted area: China, the United States, Japan, etc

catalog

background

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UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Marine pollution is clearly defined as: direct or indirect introduction of substances or energy into the marine environment due to human activities, resulting in or likely to cause damage living marine resources Harmful effects such as endangering human health, impeding fishing and other legal activities, damaging the normal use value of seawater and reducing the quality of the marine environment.^[2]

classification

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marine pollution

Marine pollutant According to its source, nature and toxicity, it can be divided into the following categories:

① Petroleum and its products (see Marine oil pollution ）。

② Metals and acids alkali 。 include chromium , manganese iron , copper, zinc, silver cadmium , antimony, mercury, lead and other metals, phosphorus arsenic And other nonmetals, as well as acids and alkalis. They directly endanger the survival of marine organisms and affect their utilization value.

③ Pesticides. It is mainly carried into the ocean by runoff. Harmful to marine life.

④ Radioactive material. Mainly from nuclear explosion , nuclear industry or nuclear warship.

⑤ Organic waste liquid and domestic sewage 。 Carried into the ocean by runoff. Extremely serious can form red tide.

⑥ heat pollution and solid waste 。 It mainly includes industrial cooling water, engineering residual soil, garbage and dredged mud. The former can increase the water temperature in local sea areas after entering the sea dissolved oxygen The content of Biome Change; The latter can destroy the coastal environment and the habitat of marine organisms.

characteristic

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Marine pollution is characterized by many pollution sources, strong sustainability, wide spread and difficult to control. The sea water turbidity caused by marine pollution seriously affects the photosynthesis of marine plants (phytoplankton and algae), thus affecting the productivity of the sea area and harming fish. heavy metal And toxic organic compounds accumulated in the sea area, and through the enrichment of marine organisms marine animal And other animals that feed on it. oil pollution An extensive oil film is formed on the ocean surface to prevent the oxygen in the air from dissolving into the sea water. At the same time, the decomposition of oil also consumes the dissolved oxygen in the water, causing oxygen deficiency in the sea water, harming the marine life and causing disaster Seabirds And humans. Caused by aerobic organic pollution red tide (the result of eutrophication of seawater), which causes hypoxia of seawater and death of marine organisms. Marine pollution will also destroy coastal tourism resources. Therefore, marine pollution has attracted more and more attention of the international community.

Mexico oil spill

Due to the particularity of the ocean, marine pollution is closely related to atmospheric pollution Land-based pollution There are many differences, and their outstanding characteristics are: first, the pollution sources are wide. Not only can human activities in the sea pollute the sea, but also the pollutants generated by human activities on land and other aspects will also pass through river runoff Atmospheric diffusion And rain and snow will eventually flow into the ocean. Second, the sustainability is strong. The ocean is the lowest area on the earth, and it is impossible to transfer or eliminate pollutants through a rainstorm or a flood season like the atmosphere and rivers; Once pollutants enter the ocean, they are difficult to transfer out, and insoluble and non decomposable substances accumulate more and more in the ocean, often through biological concentration and food chain Transmission, posing a potential threat to human beings. Third, it spreads widely. The global ocean is an interconnected whole. If a sea area is polluted, it will often spread to the surrounding areas, and even some late effects will affect the whole world. Fourth, prevention and control is difficult and harmful. Marine pollution has a long and cumulative process, which is not easy to detect in time. Once the pollution is formed, it needs long-term treatment to eliminate the impact, and the cost of treatment is large. The harm caused will affect all aspects, especially the toxicity to human body, which is difficult to completely remove.^[3]

Pollutant classification

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There are many substances polluting the sea, including waste water, waste residue and waste gas. According to the nature and toxicity of pollutants and the way of harming the marine environment, the types of pollutants can be roughly divided into the following categories:^[4]

Petroleum and its products

It includes crude oil and solvent oil, gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, lubricating oil, paraffin, asphalt, etc. fractionated from crude oil, as well as various products through cracking and catalysis. Every year, about 10 million tons of oil pollutants are discharged into the sea, which is mainly caused by industrial production, including oil well pipeline leakage, oil tanker accidents, and ship sewage discharge. In particular, some sudden accidents, the amount of oil leaked at a time can reach more than 100000 tons. This situation, large areas of sea water covered by oil film, will cause a large number of marine organisms to die, Seriously affect the value of marine products and other marine activities.

heavy metal

marine pollution

Including heavy metals such as mercury, copper, zinc, cobalt, pickaxe and chromium, and non-metallic mercury such as arsenic, sulfur and phosphorus that enter the sea through human activities, the annual mercury output can reach million tons, which has greatly exceeded the world's record of producing about 9000 tons of mercury every year. This is because the combustion of coal, oil, etc. will release the trace mercury contained therein, escape into the atmosphere, and eventually fall into the sea, It is estimated that about 4000 tons of mercury pollute the sea every year. The annual production of cadmium is about 15000 tons. According to the survey, the pollution of cadmium to the sea is far greater than that of mercury.

acid-base

With the development of industry and agriculture, the amount of some heavy metals and nonmetals, as well as acid and alkali, which enter the sea through various ways, shows an increasing trend, accelerating the pollution of the sea.

pesticides

These include herbicides and insect killers containing mercury, copper and organic chlorine in agriculture, and polychlorinated benzene in industry. This kind of pesticide has a strong toxicity. When it enters the sea, it can be enriched by marine organisms, and then enters the human body through the food chain, which will cause greater harm. Every year, more than 100000 people are poisoned. Some new cancers suffered by human beings are also closely related to this.

Organic matter and nutrient salts

Such substances are complicated, including cellulose Furan formaldehyde , grease; Feces Detergent And food residues, and chemical fertilizer Residual liquid, etc. These substances enter the sea and cause eutrophication of the sea water, which can promote the rapid reproduction of some organisms, consume a large amount of oxygen in the sea water, and easily form red tides, which then cause the death of a large number of fish, shrimp and shellfish.

Radionuclide

Is created by nuclear weapon Labor released from testing, nuclear industry and nuclear power facilities radioactivity The material is mainly strontium-90, cesium-137 and other isotopes with a half-life of about 30 years. It is estimated that the total amount of radioactive materials entering the sea is 200 million to 600 million Curie The absolute value of this quantity is quite large. Because of the huge marine water body, the distribution in the seawater is extremely uneven. In the highly radioactive waters, marine organisms enter the digestive system through body surface adsorption or food, and gradually accumulate in organs, and transmit to humans through the role of the food chain.

solid waste

Mainly industrial and urban garbage, ships waste , engineering waste and dredged materials, etc. It is estimated that various types of solid waste About 10 billion tons, if 1% enters the ocean, the amount will reach billion tons. These solid wastes seriously damage the aquatic resources and coastal landscape in the coastal waters.

waste heat

Thermal waste water discharged from industry causes marine heat pollution In local sea areas, if there is hot waste water that is more than 4 ℃ higher than the original normal water temperature flowing in all the year round, it will produce thermal pollution, which will damage the ecological balance and reduce the dissolved oxygen in the water.

Most of the above pollutants are discharged into the sea from land, and some are directly discharged into the sea or transported to the sea through the atmosphere. The distribution of these pollutants in each water area is extremely uneven, so the adverse effects are not exactly the same.^[4]

Pollution factors

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Land-based pollution

Rivers enter the sea. The application of chemical pesticides in coastal farmland and the dumping and stacking of garbage and waste on beaches can also cause pollution damage to the environment.

Ship pollution

The ships on board discharge oil or other harmful substances into the sea for various reasons. Ship pollution mainly refers to the pollution to the surrounding water environment and atmospheric environment caused by ships during navigation, berthing at ports, loading and unloading cargo. The main pollutants include oily sewage, domestic sewage, and ship garbage. In addition, dust, chemicals, and exhaust gas will also be produced, but in general, the impact on the environment is small.

accident at sea

Ship grounding, hitting rocks, collision, oil blowout and oil pipeline leakage, etc.

Ocean dumping

Disposal method of dumping waste into the sea to reduce land environmental pollution. Disposal of wastes or other harmful substances to the sea through ships, aircraft, platforms or other means of transport. It also includes the abandonment of ships, aircraft, platforms and other floating tools. This is one of the ways that human beings use the marine environment to dispose of wastes.

Coastal engineering construction

Some coastal engineering construction has changed the natural properties of the coast, tidal flat, subtidal zone and its subsoil, and destroyed the ecological balance of the ocean and coastal landscape.^[2]

monitor

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Marine pollution monitoring includes water quality monitoring, sediment monitoring, atmospheric monitoring and Biological monitoring Etc. Can be divided into coastal and offshore monitoring and ocean monitoring. For the former, due to heavy and complex sea area pollution, there are many monitoring stations set up, and each station is complete and monitored at least once a month; The latter mainly measures the pollutants with a wide diffusion range and discharged into the sea due to dumping at sea and accidents. Usually, there are few stations and monitoring times are less. In addition, the response of individual organisms, populations or communities to pollutants is also used to judge the marine environmental pollution.

Marine pollution monitoring methods can be divided into conventional monitoring and remote sensing. Routine monitoring refers to on-site manual sampling, observation, indoor chemical analysis and testing and on-site automatic detection of some related items. Remote sensing and telemetry refers to the use of remote sensing technology to monitor the pollution of oil, warm water and radioactive substances. Its main instruments and equipment include: infrared scanner for aerial remote sensing Multispectral scanner 、 Microwave radiometer , infrared radiometer, aerial camera and airborne observation radar, etc. In addition, there are automatic water quality monitoring buoys operated remotely. Artificial earth satellite It has also been widely used for marine pollution monitoring.^[5]

measures

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Map of main sources of marine pollution

Measures to prevent marine pollution mainly include: coordinated development of marine development and environmental protection, based on Pollution source Governance; Conduct in-depth scientific research on the marine environment; sound Environmental protection law Strengthen monitoring, monitoring and management; Establish organizations to eliminate pollution at sea; Publicity and education; Strengthen international cooperation and jointly protect the marine environment.

1. The coordinated development of marine development and environmental protection is based on the treatment of pollution sources;

2. Conduct in-depth scientific research on the marine environment;

3. Perfect the legal system of environmental protection, strengthen monitoring, supervision and management;

4. Establish organizations to eliminate pollution at sea;

5. Vigorously publicize education and science

6. Strengthen international cooperation and jointly protect the marine environment.

harm

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environmental problems It is a complex of complex problems faced by human beings, and it is difficult to make them clear in the limited space here. global atmospheric environment Problems include ecological damage environmental pollution and global warming 、 ozone layer Damage, acid rain, etc. There are other outstanding aspects in environmental issues, such as energy and resources, marine pollution, transboundary movement of hazardous wastes, urban environment Water resources crisis , loss of biodiversity, etc.

Marine pollution mainly occurs in the bay near the mainland. Due to the dense population and industry, a large amount of waste water and solid waste are poured into the sea water, and the twists and turns of the Shanghai coast result in poor flow exchange, which changes the temperature, PH, salinity, transparency, biological species and quantity and other characteristics of the sea water, posing a threat to the ecological balance of the sea. Marine pollution is highlighted by oil pollution 、 red tide , accumulation of toxic substances, plastic pollution and Nuclear contamination And other aspects; The most polluted sea areas are the Baltic 、 mediterranean sea , Tokyo Bay, New York Bay, Gulf of Mexico, etc. As far as countries are concerned, Japan, the United States, Western European countries and Former Soviet Union country. Chinese Bohai Bay The pollution of the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea is also quite serious. Although the concentrations of mercury, cadmium and lead are generally within the allowable range of the standard, there are some areas exceeding the standard; Oil and COD exceed the standard in each sea area. The most polluted Bohai Sea has caused the migration of fishing grounds, the death of fish stocks, the flooding of red tides, the abandonment of some beach farms, and the loss of some valuable marine resources.

In the process of human production and life, a large number of polluting substances, atomic nuclei, are constantly entering the sea through various channels living marine resources The marine development and the quality of the marine environment will cause different degrees of harm, which will eventually harm mankind itself.

1、 Local sea area Eutrophication of water body ；

2、 From sea area to land area, the biodiversity drops sharply;

3、 Toxins produced by marine organisms after death poison the human body through the food chain;

4、 Destroy the environmental quality of seaside tourist attractions and lose their due value.

Related information

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Protection of the ocean is imminent

red tide

Marine environmental protection It is based on investigation and research, aiming at problems in marine environment ecological equilibrium And use scientific methods and means to adjust the relationship between marine development and environmental ecology, so as to achieve the purpose of sustainable utilization of marine resources. The marine environment is an important part of the natural environment for human survival and development, including the marine water body, the atmosphere at the bottom and above the sea, and the coastal and estuarine areas closely related to and affected by the ocean. Marine environmental issues The main reason is that in the process of developing and utilizing the ocean, people did not consider the bearing capacity of the marine environment, underestimated the reaction of nature, and damaged the marine environment to varying degrees. The first is to discharge pollutants into the sea; Secondly, some unreasonable Coastal engineering The serious impact of construction on the marine environment; The third is the cool capture of aquatic resources mangrove 、 Coral reef The indiscriminate logging also endangers the ecological balance. The existence of the above problems has posed a serious threat to human production and life. For this reason, marine environmental protection has become one of the hot spots of global concern.^[6]

Environmental standards

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The marine environment (quality) standard refers to a scale for determining and measuring the quality of the marine environment. It is legally binding and generally falls into three categories, namely Sea water quality standard 、 Marine sediment Standards and marine organism residual toxicity standards.

There are usually two processes to develop standards. First, determine Marine environmental quality After investigation and research, we have mastered Environmental factors The basic information, the type and concentration of pollutants in seawater and sediment and the residual amount of various pollutants in organisms in a certain stage; Investigate the impact of various concentrations of pollutants under different environmental conditions, and select appropriate Environmental indicators On this basis, the benchmark can be determined. Secondly, the determination of "standard" should consider the Self purification capacity or environmental capacity And the social and economic affordability of the region.^[7]

Current situation in China

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China's marine biological species, marine renewable energy reserves and marine oil resources are all at the world's leading level. However, with the rapid development of urbanization and population growth, marine pollution is becoming increasingly serious, and domestic sewage, industrial wastewater, oil product leakage, offshore oil exploitation The additives of mariculture have caused serious pollution to the coastal waters of China. The extinction of fish stocks and the frequent occurrence of natural disasters have forced us to consider how to effectively control marine pollution. This is an arduous and long-term task, which requires the joint participation and efforts of the whole society to effectively control pollution and promote the healthy development of the sea.^[8]

According to data, the monitoring area of China's coastal waters in 2008 was 281012 square kilometers, including 212270 square kilometers of Class I and II seawater, 31077 square kilometers of Class III seawater, and 37665 square kilometers of Class IV and inferior Class IV. According to the calculation of monitoring points, the proportion of Class I and Class II seawater quality in coastal waters nationwide is 70.4%, up 7.6 percentage points over the previous year; Class III seawater accounted for 11.3%, unchanged from the previous year; Class IV and inferior class IV seawater accounted for 18.3%, down 7.1 percentage points.^[8]

4. In the coastal waters of the sea area, the water quality of the Yellow Sea and the South China Sea is good, the water quality of the Bohai Sea is average, and the water quality of the East China Sea is poor. The water quality of Beibu Gulf is excellent, and the water quality of the Yellow River estuary is good. The proportion of Class I and II seawater is more than 90%; The water quality of Liaodong Bay and Jiaozhou Bay is poor, with the proportion of Class I and II seawater less than 60% and the proportion of inferior Class IV seawater less than 30%; The water quality of other bays is extremely poor, and the proportion of inferior Class IV seawater accounts for more than 40%, of which Hangzhou Bay The worst, and the proportion of seawater inferior to Class IV seawater is up to 100%.^[8]

According to incomplete statistics, there have been more than 300 red tides in China's coastal areas since 1980, of which a 72 day red tide occurred in 1989, causing economic losses of 400 million yuan, and the 6666.67 hectares of prawn in Huanghua, Hebei Province alone reduced the output of tens of thousands of tons. From October 1997 to April 1998, the red tide occurred in the Pearl River Estuary and Hong Kong, covering thousands of square kilometers, and caused hundreds of millions of losses to marine fishery production.^[8]

The spawning grounds, feeding grounds, migration routes and nature reserves of important marine fish, shrimp, shellfish and algae are mainly affected by inorganic nitrogen 、 Active phosphate And oil pollution. Inorganic nitrogen pollution is relatively heavy in some fishery waters of the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea, and the Pearl River Estuary. Active phosphate pollution is relatively heavy in some fishery waters of the East China Sea, the Bohai Sea, and the coastal areas of the South China Sea. Oil pollution is relatively heavy in some fishery waters of the East China Sea.

Pollution control

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Countermeasures and suggestions for marine pollution:

(1) Strengthen law enforcement, truly achieve "law enforcement must be strict, and violations must be prosecuted", strengthen law enforcement supervision of government environmental protection functional departments, overcome local protectionism, and require local governments at all levels to put environmental protection work on the agenda.^[8]

(2) Strengthen the anti pollution management of ships, drilling and oil production platforms. First of all, the managers of the owners of ships, drilling and oil production platforms should be given anti pollution education to enhance their anti pollution awareness and improve their skills in decontamination and disaster relief. Operators shall strictly abide by national laws and regulations, ensure that sewage treatment equipment is always in good working condition, strictly control the quality of decontamination chemicals, and prohibit the use of toxic chemicals for decontamination.^[8]

(3) The local fishery administration departments and the pollution prevention departments of port supervision shall have a comprehensive understanding of the pollution situation of the waters under their jurisdiction. Understand the pollution sources, geographical environment, hydrological conditions, biological resource conditions, etc., make pollution prevention plans based on the knowledge, be a good adviser to the government, and formulate the best disaster reduction plan as soon as possible based on the knowledge in case of pollution accidents.^[8]

(4) Prevent, reduce and control pollution from marine aquaculture. Mariculture in China is mainly located in shallow shoals and inner bay waters with poor water exchange capacity. The self pollution of mariculture has caused the deterioration of local water environment. In the future, it is necessary to establish environmental management systems and standards for marine aquaculture areas, prepare regional plans for marine aquaculture, reasonably control the density and area of marine aquaculture, establish various clean aquaculture models, control the drug delivery of aquaculture industry, and improve the polluted and being polluted aquaculture environment by implementing ecological restoration projects and demonstrations for various aquaculture waters, Reduce or control the environmental pollution of the sea area caused by aquaculture.^[8]

(5) Prevent and control pollution from dumping wastes at sea. The dumping of wastes into the sea shall be strictly managed and controlled, and the dumping of radioactive wastes and hazardous substances into the sea shall be prohibited. Formulate emergency plans for oil spill and toxic chemicals leakage from ships at sea, formulate emergency plans for port environmental pollution accidents, and establish emergency response systems to prevent and reduce sudden pollution accidents. The government departments should increase the efforts to crack down on heavily polluting enterprises, strengthen the publicity of scientific enterprise development concept, and lay the foundation for promoting the healthy development of the ocean.^[8]

(6) The state should actively guide local governments, residents, enterprises, non-governmental organizations and other social forces to actively participate in and change the marine environment, so as to provide a good social environment for the healthy development and harmonious development of China's marine industry. In the process of governance, we encourage people to plant plants around their homes and factory areas, expand the green area, maintain a good water and soil environment, establish artificial beaches, artificial coasts, and artificial marine plant growth belts, and improve the living environment of marine organisms.^[8]

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