Marine climate refers to the climate of the adjacent areas of the sea.For example, the climate of an island or a part of the continent where the prevailing wind comes from the ocean.The climate formed by the action of the huge water body of the ocean.It includes the climate of the ocean surface or islands and the coastal part of the continent where the prevailing air flow comes from the ocean.Most of the continental areas close to the ocean have marine climate characteristics.[4]
The main characteristics of marine climate andContinental climateIn contrast, not only the annual and daily changes of temperature are small, but also the extreme temperature occurs later than in continental climate regions;The seasonal distribution of precipitation is relatively uniform,Precipitation dayLarge number and low intensity;There are many clouds and fogs with high humidity.In terms of annual temperature change, spring is colder than autumn, which is an obvious sign of marine climate.The warmest month occurs in August and even extends to September;The coldest month is February, which is postponed to March in high latitude areas.People usually regard the coastal areas of northwest Europe as typical of the oceanic climate of mainland Shanghai.
Climatic characteristics
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Tropical marine climate landscape
Marine climate is the most basicClimatic type。The general feature is that it is less affected by the mainland and more affected by the sea.Under marine climate conditions, the annual and daily changes of temperature are relatively mild, and the annual range isDiurnal rangeAre smaller than continental climate.The temperature in spring is lower than that in autumn.The highest and lowest temperature of the year appeared later than the continental climate;The hottest month is August, and the coldest month is February.
Because the ocean is hugeWater effectThe climate formed.It includes the climate of the ocean surface or islands and the coastal part of the continent where the prevailing air flow comes from the ocean.The marine climate has the following characteristics:
① The annual and daily changes of temperature are very small, and daily changes are not even observed on the ocean surface.AnnualextremumGenerally, it is one month later than the mainland. For example, the coldest month is February, and the warmest month is August.In high latitudes, the coldest month may also be March, and the warmest month may also be September.Autumn is warmer than spring.
② The seasonal distribution of precipitation is relatively uniform, with more precipitation days but less intensity.There are many clouds and fogs with high humidity.
③ There are many storms in tropical oceans, such as the southwest part of the North Pacific and the South China SeatyphoonAreas with strong generation and influence.tropical storm(including typhoon) is a very important meteorological disaster.
④ Cloudy and foggy weather with high humidity.Most of the continental areas close to the ocean have the characteristics of marine climate, and the coastal areas of Western Europe are typical marine climate areas on the continent.[1]
Climate impact
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World Climate Map
Under the marine climate, the climate is humid all the year round, and the annual average precipitation is more than the continental climate;And the seasonal distribution is relatively uniform.The precipitation is relatively stable, with little change between years.The humidity in the four seasons is very high, and the weather is cloudy and foggy. It is rare to have sunny days and sunshine.
The mild, cloudy and humid marine climate gives people a comfortable feeling;In fact, this climate is not conducive to plant growth.At the end of the 19th century, it was found that in Europe, wheat grown under marine climate conditions has a small protein content of only 4-8% at most.With the penetration into the mainland and the European part of Russia, the protein content of wheat has increased as high as 9-12%. In relatively dry and hot areas, the protein content of wheat has increased to 18%, or even more than 20%. Scientists in the former Soviet Union have proved that the stronger the climate of a region is continental, the higher the protein content of wheat.In the warm, cool and humid climate, the starch content of wheat increased, but the protein content decreased.In order to supplement the lack of protein, people have to resort to meat, but it also brings the disadvantage of too much fat.It can be seen that the marine climate is not very beneficial to agriculture.In fact, living in a marine climate, although the climate is mild and suitable for human survival, most of the world's population lives by the sea
Correlation comparison
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Continental climate contrast
Continental climate
The marine climate is characterized by cool summer, not cold winter, and small daily temperature difference, so it is a good place to cool off.The continental climate is dry, cold in winter and hot in summer. The annual and daily temperature ranges are relatively large.
Continental climate Hot summer Different climates mainly depend on the nature of the ground surface.The physical properties of ocean and land are very different. Under the same solar radiation, their warming and heat dissipation are very different.The ability of seawater to absorb heat is much stronger than that of land. The solar heat radiated to the ocean is seldom reflected back, and most of it is absorbed by seawater, and the heat is stored in the ocean through the fluctuation of seawater.In this way, even in the hot summer, the temperature in the ocean will not rise suddenly.Compared with land at the same latitude, the temperature change in the ocean is much smaller.In winter, although the solar radiation decreases, a large amount of heat stored in the ocean begins to release stably, so the temperature of the ocean and its surrounding areas is higher than that of other land areas at the same latitude.Therefore, the ocean is like a huge thermostat, which makes the temperature in the nearby areas warm in winter and cool in summer.
In the hinterland of the continent far from the ocean, the annual and daily temperature range is much larger than that in coastal areas due to the lack of ocean regulation.
Pingtan Island in the Taiwan Strait has an annual average daily temperature range of 4.9 ℃, 5.5 ℃ lower than Yong'an, Fujian on the mainland.In many places in the western inland of China,Daily temperature rangeGenerally between 20 ℃ and 25 ℃TurpanIn the basin, the daily temperature range reaches 50 ℃.In addition, at the temperature ofInterannual changeOn the other hand, there are also great differences between coastal areas and inland areas.The average temperature of the hottest month of the year in the South China Sea Islands is only 28 ℃~29 ℃, while the average temperature of Chongqing, Changsha, Nanchang, etc., which are located in the inland, is more than 34~35 ℃.[3]
The temperature of marine climate changes slowly. Spring comes late and summer fades slowly. The temperature in spring is generally lower than that in autumn.On the contrary, the temperature of continental climate changes violently, spring comes early, summer goes early, and spring temperature is higher than autumn temperature.sufferMarine air massWith the influence of warm and humid air flow, the annual precipitation in marine climate is more, and the seasonal distribution of precipitation in a year is more uniform, and the winter precipitation is more;The annual precipitation in continental climate is less, and the seasonal distribution of precipitation is uneven, and the summer precipitation is the most.
Because of the great role of land and sea distribution in the formation of climate, the climate in the same latitude zone is significantly different under the marine conditions and the continental conditions.The former is called marine climate, and the latter is called continental climate.There are many indicators to distinguish the marine climate from the continental climate, mainly in "pressure" and "wind direction"[2]。
Temperature index
Temperate marine climate
Marine climate and continental climate are generally marked by daily temperature rangeannual temperature range , annual temperature phase, temperature difference in spring and autumn, continental degree and other indicators show that the temperature difference is also related to the latitude of the location.
(1) Annual temperature range: Valencia is the smallest (7.9K (Kelvin)), and the more inland, the greater the annual temperature range is, reaching 38.7K (Kelvin) in Irkutsk.
(2) Annual temperature phase:ValenciaDue to the influence of the sea, the temperature decreases and increases slowly. The coldest month (February) and hottest month (August) are 240 months behind the other three stations in Table 6.8.
(3) Difference between spring temperature and autumn temperature: In climatology, the temperature in April and October represents spring temperature and autumn temperature respectively.The temperature of marine climate changes slowly, spring comes late and summer goes late, and the temperature in spring is lower than that in autumn (such as Valencia in T4<T10).The continental climate temperature changes rapidly, with spring coming fast and summer going fast, and the spring temperature is higher than the autumn temperature (for example, Irkutsk in T4>in T10).
(4) Daily temperature range: The daily temperature range is generally larger in summer than in winter.The maximum daily temperature range Δ TM of Valencia is 4.1 ℃ (June), and the minimum daily temperature range Δ Tn is 1.2 ℃ (January).The Δ TM and Δ Tn of Irkutsk are 14.1 ℃ (June) and 5.7 ℃ (December) respectively, which are larger than those of Valencia.
Moisture mark
Temperate marine climate
It can also be seen from Table 6.8 that the annual precipitation of marine climate is more than that of continental climate at the same latitude, and the distribution of precipitation in a year is relatively uniform, but more in winter.Cyclonic rainThe frequency of is the largest, and the variability of precipitation is small.Continental climateConvective rainMost, the precipitation is concentrated in summer,Precipitation variabilityLarge.
In addition, the absolute humidity and relative humidity of marine climate are generally higher than those of continental climate.The annual range of relative humidity in marine climate is smaller than that in continental climate.
Climatic Continency
In climatology, in order to quantitatively express the continental degree of climateClimatic ContinencyMeasure for indicators.There are many methods to calculate the continental degree, usually based on the annual temperature range (eliminating the influence of latitude) and the latitude anomaly of temperature.
Climatic classification
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Tropical marine climate
distribution
Tropical marine climateIt occurs on the east coast of the trade wind belt continent at 10 °~25 ° latitude south and north and on several islands in the tropical ocean.Such as the Caribbean coast in Central America, the West Indies, the coastal strip on the east side of the Brazilian Plateau in South America, the east coast of Madagascar in Africa, the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean and the coastal zone of Queensland, Australia.These areas are affected by trade winds from tropical oceans all the year round and are prevalent all the year roundTropical ocean air massThe climate is marine.The annual and daily temperature ranges are small, but the average temperature of the coldest month is slightly lower than that of the equator, and the annual temperature range is slightly larger than the rainy climate of the equator. The annual precipitation is generally more than 2000 mm, and the seasonal distribution is relatively uniform.Most of the Pacific islands are located inTropic of CancerBetween the equatorial rainy climate andTropical marine climate。Due to the small area of each island, it can be fully regulated by the ocean. Although it has a tropical climate, the temperature is not too high [1].
climate
Except for some islands, the annual average temperature rarely exceeds 29 ℃ or is lower than 24 ℃ (Table 9-8).The annual range in the equatorial zone is not more than 1 ℃. In places with higher latitude, such as New Caledonia, it is more than 5 ℃. Only in the northwest of the Pacific Ocean, due to the influence of the monsoon, it is more than 10 ℃.
The precipitation of the Pacific islands varies greatly, depending on latitude, terrain, and wind direction.Generally speaking, the annual precipitation of each island is more than 1000mm, and it can reach 2000-4000mm or even 6000mm on the windward hillside.The highest annual average precipitation is recorded athawaiian islandsOfKauai, up to 12040mm, ranking first in the world.The leeward slope of the island has an annual precipitation of less than 1000mm.The precipitation types of Pacific islands are mostlyConvective rainandFrontal rainThere is also a lot of topographic rain on the higher islands.
Most of the Pacific islands belong toequatorRainy climate andTropical marine climateHowever, it is also affected by the monsoon near Asia and Australia.In central Polynesia andMicronesiaOfCaroline IslandsNearby is the main source of typhoons, which often cause serious damage to buildings on the islands.The climate of the Pacific islands is warm and humid. Except for some coral islands, plants are luxuriant.Tropical rainforests are widely distributed in Melanesia, mainly consisting of palms and dendriform ferns.Little or no precipitationDry seasonThe local forest was replaced by grassland.There areswamp。staytideFluctuating regions are all overmangrove。At low levelcoral islandOn, the vegetation is sparse, and there are manyPandanus、Casuarina equisetifoliaandcoconut treeEtc.Due to the isolated geographical location of the Pacific islands, there are fewer plant species, and many special species.For example,HawaiiMore than 90% of the plants in the islands are endemic,new caledonia 80% of the 2500 species of flowering plants are endemic.
temperate maritime climate
Distribution
It is located on the west bank of the continent between 40 and 60 degrees north and south latitude. Except for Asia, Africa and Antarctica, it is found on all the other continents, of which the western part of the European continent and the British Isles are the most typical.Temperate marine climateThey are often only distributed in narrow strips or islands.
The temperate marine climate is the most typical in Western Europe, with the largest distribution area. It is also distributed in the corresponding latitude zone on the west coast of the American continent, Tasmania Island in Oceania, New Zealand and other places.The climate belongs to northwest Europe, the Pacific coast of Canada, southern Chile, South Africa and a small part of southeast Australia.
Western Europe is located at about 30-40 degrees north latitude, which can be affected by the water vapor blowing from the Atlantic Ocean due to the westerly wind.The terrain of North America is high in the west, low in the middle, and slightly high in the east. The water vapor blowing from the Pacific Ocean is blocked by the Rocky Mountains, and only coastal areas can be affectedAlaska Current Pass by.Therefore, Northern Europe covers a large area while North America covers a small area.
climate
It is located in the west bank of the mainland, 40 °~60 ° south and north latitudes.It is located in the westerlies all year round and is deeply affected by the ocean air mass. There is warm current passing through the coast. There is no severe cold in winter and no severe heat in summer. The average temperature in the coldest month is above 0 ℃, and the hottest month is below 22 ℃. The annual and daily temperature range is small.There is precipitation throughout the year, with more precipitation in autumn and winter, and the annual precipitation is more than 1000 mm, and it can reach 2000~3000 mm or even higher on the windward slope of the mountain.This climate is most typical in Western Europe, with the largest distribution area. It is also distributed in the Americas, the corresponding latitudes on the west coast of the African continent, Tasmania Island in Oceania, New Zealand and other places.
This climate type is affected by the westerly wind all year round, and the marine air mass prevails.It is characterized by mild humidity and small temperature difference.The highest and lowest monthly average temperatures are in August and February respectively. The monthly average temperature is not lower than 0 ℃ and not higher than 22 ℃.The precipitation is 500~700mm, and it can reach 2500mm on local windward slope.Because manyCyclonic rain，Precipitation intensityVery small. There are many rainy days and insufficient light.Not suitable forgrain cropsGrowth.natural vegetation Mainly broad-leaved deciduous forest and mixed forest.
Temperate marine climateCompared with the continental climate, the annual and daily changes of temperature are not only small, but also the extreme temperature occurs later than the continental climate;The seasonal distribution of precipitation is more uniform, with more precipitation days and less intensity;There are many clouds and fogs with high humidity.In terms of annual temperature change, spring is colder than autumn, and temperate marine climate is an obvious sign of marine climate.The warmest month occurs in August and even extends to September;The coldest month is February, which is postponed to March in high latitude areas.People usually regard the coastal areas of northwest Europe as typical of the oceanic climate of mainland Shanghai.
Compared with the continental climate, the main characteristics of the marine climate are not only that the annual and daily changes of the temperature are small, but also that the extreme temperature occurs later than the continental climate;The seasonal distribution of precipitation is more uniform, with more precipitation days and less intensity;There are many clouds and fogs with high humidity.In terms of annual temperature change, spring is colder than autumn, which is an obvious sign of marine climate.The warmest month occurs in August and even extends to September (such asSan Francisco）；The coldest month is February, which is postponed to March in high latitude areas.People usually regard the coastal areas of northwest Europe as typical of the oceanic climate of mainland Shanghai.
Marine climate is the most basic climate type on the earth.The general feature is that it is less affected by the mainland and more affected by the sea.Under the marine climate, the annual and daily changes of temperature are relatively mild, and the annual and daily ranges are smaller than those of continental climate.The temperature in spring is lower than that in autumn.The highest and lowest temperature of the year appeared later than the continental climate;The hottest month is August, and the coldest month is February.
The climate formed by the action of the huge water body of the ocean.It includes the climate of the ocean surface or islands and the coastal part of the continent where the prevailing air flow comes from the ocean.The marine climate has the following characteristics:
① The annual and daily changes of temperature are very small, and daily changes are not even observed on the ocean surface.The extreme value of annual variation is generally one month later than that of the mainland. For example, the coldest month is February and the warmest month is August.In high latitudes, the coldest month may also be March, and the warmest month may also be September (such as San Francisco).Autumn is warmer than spring.
② The seasonal distribution of precipitation is relatively uniform, with more precipitation days but less intensity.There are many clouds and fogs with high humidity.
③ There are many storms in tropical oceans, such as the southwest part of the North Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea, where typhoons generate and have a strong impact.Tropical storm (including typhoon) is a very important meteorological disaster.
④ Cloudy and foggy weather with high humidity.Most of the continental areas close to the ocean have the characteristics of marine climate, and the coastal areas of Western Europe are typical marine climate areas on the continent.
