HeLa cell line

Cell lines of cervical cancer cells

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synonym Hella cell (Haila cell) generally refers to Haila cell line

This entry is made by Compilation and application of scientific encyclopedia entries of "Science Popularization China" to examine.

The Hela cell line is derived from Henrietta Lacks, a black American woman cervical carcinoma Cellular Cell line 。 A surgeon took a tissue sample from her tumor and cultured it in the laboratory, but it was still cultured continuously.

Unlike other common human cells, this cell line Will not die of aging, and can split indefinitely. Compared with other cancer cell lines, this cell line proliferates abnormally fast.

Chinese name: HeLa cell line
Foreign name: Hela Cells
Purpose: biology And Medical Science Used in the study Cells

Features: Considered "immortal"
From: Herita Lax's cervical carcinoma Cellular Cell line
Proliferation: Abnormal rapid proliferation

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seven Decipher genome
eight dispute

brief introduction

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In 1951, G. O. Gey and others separated the cell strain from human cervical cancer tissue. HeLa is taken from the first two letters of the name of the original patient Herita Rakes. The oldest and most commonly used cell line is the HeLa cell line, which is known to the public because of Rebecca Skloot's nonfiction best-selling book Eternal Haila (2010). Haila cells are cervical cancer cells from Ms. Lax. After cell sampling in 1951, she died six months later. This cell line is immortal, that is, as long as there is a suitable culture environment, they can Cell culture medium It will split into infinity. It is George Otto Gay who spreads Haila cells. He shares them with colleagues in the academic community. These cells were used for important scientific research, but without the permission of Ms. Lax's family, their great success in the commercial field did not benefit them^[1] 。

Cell Introduction

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Hella cell

Haila cell is a kind of artificially cultured cell with unlimited proliferation ability. It has been 68 years since its birth to 2019. In the medical field, Haila cells are widely used in tumor research, biological experiments or cell culture , has become a very important tool in medical research. This kind of cell is the earliest isolated cell in the existing tissue culture from human body. It continues to be cultured in laboratories around the world and is widely used in various researches. They are easy to proliferate in vitro and form epithelial cell arrays. chromosome The number frequency distribution is 78-80. When transplanted under the skin of the human body, a tumor will form guinea pig Anterior chamber, cheek pouch of rats and X-ray corticosterone The treated mice can be xenotransplanted, so it can be considered that they still maintain the cancer character. Widely used for analysis Cellular nutrition Requirements cell proliferation And various Cytochemistry Research materials. Easy to operate from the cell community Asexual line Separated, there are reports of various variants. yes Poliovirus 、 adenovirus The virus is sensitive and shows obvious cell degeneration, which is of great value in virus research.

characteristic

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1. It can be passed on continuously;

2. Cell lines will not die of aging, and can divide indefinitely;

3. Compared with other cancer cells, this cell line proliferates abnormally fast;

4. Extremely infectious.

Cell mother

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Herrita Lax, an American born Virginia The black women of tobacco farmers once had five children. In January 1951, 30 year old Lax found a hard lump in her abdomen and went to Johns Hopkins University The hospital receives treatment. The diagnosis shows that Haila is suffering from Cervical cancer 。 The attending doctor collected cancer tissue samples from Lax and gave them to Dr. George Gay. Dr. Gay has been engaged in research for more than 20 years in order to cultivate human cells in glass tubes. Before that, the medical community had realized the cell culture of frogs and mice, but no one had successfully cultivated human cells. Normal human cells do not have the function of infinite division. Once there are abnormalities in the process of division, they will die by themselves. Normally, human cells die after about 56 divisions, so it is impossible to use artificial methods to make them proliferate in large quantities.

It is puzzling that the cells collected from Lax did not die. They showed signs of growth, and the number of cells doubled every 24 hours. Modern scientific research shows that the reason why these cells do not die is that the human who causes cervical cancer Papillomavirus (HPV)。 Human papillomavirus Genes can arbitrarily change the "switch" related to the life span and division of normal cells, so that cells can "live forever" and proliferate indefinitely. At that time, Guy knew intuitively that this was the "immortal" cell he had been looking for for years. In order to facilitate other scientists to use Lax, Guy decided to take the first two letters of Lax's surname and first name and name this group of cells HeLaCells. Dr. Guy himself has successfully made Poliovirus Proliferation.

In the following years, Haila cells were provided to research institutions around the world for cancer research and medicine. Haila cells have been used to investigate the impact of atomic bombing on human body, and have also been carried off with rockets from the United States and the Soviet Union to study cell proliferation in weightlessness. According to the medical and biological database "PubMed", there are more than 65000 papers related to Haila cells. Since the beginning of the 21st century, five research achievements based on Haila cells have won the Nobel Prize, including "discovery HPV ”, "Discovery and Development green fluorescent protein Quality ", etc.

Hyala cells have become a very important tool in medical research. It is estimated that up to now, more than 50 million tons of Haila cells have been cultured, whose volume is equivalent to more than 100 new buildings About Empire State Building 。 At that time, Lacus did not know that his cells had been used for medical research. On October 4, 1951, Lacks died in the isolation ward of Johns Hopkins University Hospital due to the spread of cancer throughout the body. Lax's body was buried in her own courtyard, and even the tombstone was not erected. Regrettably, it was not until more than 20 years later that Lax's family knew that Haila's cells were still alive and continued to play an active role in human health.

U.S.A Morehouse Medical University Professor Roland Patillo of the University of California held a commemorative meeting every year in order to praise Herita's contribution to mankind. He pointed out: "The story of Haila has caused great comments and repercussions in the scientific, ethical and social circles. Hailetta is a historical hero like Joan of Arc." In March 2010, Professor Partillo donated money to build a tombstone for Lacus. The gravestone is engraved with this line: "Her cells will always benefit mankind."

Genetic relationship

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Thanks to Haila cells, Gene testing The principle of "is discovered". In 1953, a researcher who experimented with Hela cells found that Hematoxylin The colorant of Down syndrome And gradually master the diagnostic methods of hereditary diseases.^[2]

In 1954, Hela cells helped scientists realize Cell cloning 。 Scientists have invented a method to separate a single cell by taking advantage of its tenacious vitality, and let it live long enough to copy and create a perfect copy of itself. This major breakthrough is Animal cloning 、 gene therapy , in vitro fertilization and stem cell separation.

In 1965, Hela cells helped realize gene mixing. By combining Haila cells with mice Cell fusion is the first time that humans have created a cross species mixture. Gene mixing technology not only enables people to successfully draw Human Gene Map Blood group identification also led to the invention of the anti-cancer drug Herceptin. In addition chloramphenicol The inheritance of resistance belongs to extrachromosome inheritance, and the resistance is related to mitochondria.

In 1973, scientists used the Haila model Salmonella To determine its infectivity and study its Human cells Activities in.

In 1993, researchers infected Hela cells Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA， Understand how bacteria invade human cells.

application

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The Haila cell line was distributed by George Gey to various research units (without informing Lax himself or obtaining her permission) and used for research on cancer model cells. HeLa cell line is also used to study cell signal transduction.

In 1952, researchers used various methods from mumps Measles herpes Viruses isolated from diseased tissues infect Hela cells, resulting in modern virology.

In 1956, Haila cells were used in space with a Soviet satellite before humans Astrobiology Research. NASA later loaded it for the first time space shuttle They carried Hela cells and found that cancer cells multiply faster in space.

In 1984, a German virologist used Hela cells to prove that human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause cancer. This discovery later made the German obtain Nobel Prize , also to HPV vaccine The successful development of.

In 1986, scientists discovered how to let Haila cells infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Through it, a key receptor was found, revealing the infection mechanism of this virus.

In 1989, one Yale University A scientific discovery has been published by researchers from telomerase It can make cells immortal. This makes telomerase, the mysterious substance controlling biological aging, come into people's sight.

Decipher genome

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come from European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and University of Heidelberg, Germany Researchers from the Institute of Human Genetics successfully sequenced the genome 。 The researchers provided a high-resolution genome sequence of Haila cells and found that the genome of Haila cells was different from that of normal cells. This research will further improve the utilization value of Haila cells in human biology.

This latest research mainly designs and analyzes the abnormal gene characteristics of Haila cells, and makes better use of Haila cells as a model of human biology.

Researchers found that the genome number and chromosome structure of Haila cells are abnormal, which is like that cancer cells lose a large number of normal gene copies. In particular, scientists found that a large number of regions on the chromosome of each cell contain incorrect gene sequencing and the number of normal gene copies is also less. This is a warning signal of chromosome fragmentation, which is related to 2% - 3% of cancers. These gene phenomena can be used in the research of Haila cells in the future, and more important biological conclusions can be drawn from them^[3] 。

dispute

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At the beginning of March 2013, when Lars Steinmetz and his research team publicly published the research results of the world's most famous human cell line - Haila cell genome, they did not expect this move but put themselves at the storm center of bioethics.

Steinmetz and his team are in Germany Heidelberg European Molecular Biology Laboratory. They believe that the genome of Haila cell is helpful to examine how gene variation affects basic biological functions, and they are willing to share their research results with many other scientists who are committed to studying Haila cell line.

Haila

But Henrietta Lacks' offspring (Haila cells are derived from her Cervical cancer Cell), and other scientists and bioethicists do not think so. They criticized the act of public release of gene sequence, and believed that the extraction of Haila cell line did not obtain the consent of Lacks herself (obtained after her death in 1951), and the research results published by Steinmetz and his team may reveal the information of the surviving descendants of Lacks gene features.

In response, Steinmetz and his team removed genome data from the public database. Steinmetz said, "We were surprised that this would lead to such consequences. We respect the wishes of the Lacks' family, and never deliberately release research results to make them anxious^[3] 。

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