The technical project of constructing traffic pipelines under the sea bed at the straits, bays, estuaries and other places to connect land transportation.Submarine tunnels are generally divided into two types, namely, subsea surface and subsea stratum, and their construction methods are also different.The subsea tunnel will not hinder the navigation of ships on water and will not be affected by the weather conditions such as strong winds and fog.The world's famous submarine tunnels areSeikan Tunnel andAnglo French Channel TunnelEtc.[1]
There are four main construction methods for subsea tunnel excavation.
Drilling and blasting method
Interior view of submarine tunnel
Excavation is mainly conducted by drilling and blastingsectionThe construction method of tunnel construction and underground works.useDrilling and blasting methodDuring construction, the whole section shall be excavated to the design outline in parts, and the lining shall be constructed accordingly.Submarine tunnels built and under construction in mainland China, XiamenXiang'an subsea tunnel, QingdaoJiaozhou Bay Submarine Tunnel, XiamenHaicang TunnelMine method is adopted for construction.
Pipe sinking method
Photos of pipe sinking at sea
The immersed tube method is a construction method for building tunnels under water.Immersed pipe tunnel is an underwater tunnel built by floating several prefabricated sections to the sea (river) site, and sinking and installing them one by one in the dredged foundation trench.Several subsea tunnels in Hong Kong were constructed by immersed tube method.
Roadheader method
Tunnel boring machine
The TBM method is a method of excavating tunnels, roadways and other underground spaces.It is called TBM (tunnel boring machine) method for short. It uses special large-scale cutting equipment to shear, crush and crush rocks, and then transport the crushed stones out through supporting transportation equipment.The Anglo French Channel Tunnel connecting England and France is excavated by the TBM method.
Shield method
Shield method
Shield method(Shield Meceod) is a fully mechanized construction method in the construction of concealed excavation method, which is to push the shield machine into the ground, prevent the surrounding rock from collapsing into the tunnel through the shield shell and segment support, and at the same time, excavate the soil in front of the excavation face with a cutting device, and transport it out of the tunnel through the excavation machinerylifting jackPress and jack in at the rear, and assemble and prefabricateconcreteSegment is a mechanized construction method to form tunnel structure.The Tokyo Bay subsea tunnel in Japan was constructed by shield method.
Famous tunnel
Announce
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There are more than 20 completed and planned submarine tunnels in the world, mainly distributed in Japan, the United States, Western Europe, Hong Kong, Kowloon, China and other regions.From the perspective of project scale and modernization, the most representative cross sea tunnel project in the world today isAnglo French submarine tunnel、Qinghan TunnelandJapan's Tsushima Channel Tunnel。
overseas
Overseas cross sea tunnels have been opened to traffic
the bohai seaIt is China's inland sea. Seen from the map, it is a bay embedded in China's inland areas. Liaodong Peninsula and Shandong Peninsula are facing each other, like a pair of giant arms embracing the Bohai Sea.Penglai in Yantai, Shandong Province and Lushun in Dalian, Liaoning Province are the nearest ends of the Bohai Sea entrance.From Penglai to Lushun, the straight-line distance is about 106 kilometers, but the land transportation needs to bypass the coastline, about 1800 kilometers.
In 1992, he was a staff member of Yantai Municipal Government Office in Shandong Province and the current vice president of Ludong UniversityLiu XinhuaInspired by the British French submarine tunnel in Europe, he and several colleagues proposed to build a submarine tunnel between Penglai and Lushun to connect Liaodong Peninsula and Shandong hinterland.At this time, the British French undersea tunnel had just entered its fifth year of construction.
If Liu Xinhua's idea becomes a reality, the driving distance between the two places will be reduced from one day to one hour.This idea was questioned by many parties as soon as it was put forward. In particular, this project will probably be the largest project in China after the completion of the Three Gorges Dam. Whether it is technically feasible and how long it will take for the economic benefits to be effective, there is no answer.Twenty years later, with the efforts of many parties, the Bohai Sea subsea tunnel was once again put on the agenda.
If successfully built, the Bohai Sea Tunnel will surpass the British French submarine tunnel in Europe and become the longest submarine tunnel in the world;The construction difficulty will also be the largest, and the cost is expected to exceed 200 billion yuan.
Bering Strait Submarine Tunnel
Bering Strait Submarine Tunnel
The Bering Strait subsea tunnel runs throughBering StraitThe seabed, 105 kilometers long, can be called the "longest undersea tunnel in the world".Tunnel will bring RussiaSiberiaAnd the United StatesAlaskaConnect.The subsea tunnel will include a high-speed railway and a highway, several oil pipelines, cables and optical cables.
