Haining Citybe locatedZhejiang ProvinceNortheast,Jiaxing Citysouth.The total area of the city is 700.5 square kilometers, with 8 towns and 4 streets under its jurisdiction.By the end of 2007, the total registered population was 646100, including 161 village committees and 62 community neighborhood committees.Haining City is the original cityXiashi TownHeyuanMaqiao TownThe former Xiashi Town is located in the northeast of Haining City, in the middle of the Shanghai Hangzhou RailwayHangjiahu PlainOne of the famous ancient towns.Xiashi dialect is the representative local dialect of Haining dialect.
According to the research, 6000 years ago, there were ancestors living in Haining.During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Haining was the territory of Yue, Wu and Chu. In the Qin Dynasty, Haiyan CountyYouquanCounty territory.In the eighth year of Jian'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (203), HainingHaichangTuntian Duwei is located 10 kilometers south of Yanguan Town.During the Three Kingdoms period, Wu established Yanguan County, while Xiashi was still under the jurisdiction of Quan County.In the later period of the Southern Dynasty, Haining County was set up to govern salt officials, and Wujun salt officials, Haiyan and Qianjing counties were under the jurisdiction of Haining County.In the Sui Dynasty, sea salt was incorporated into Yanguan County, belonging toHangzhou。From the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, Yanguan County belonged to Hangzhou for most of the time.Since the Republic of China, it has been under the jurisdiction of Jiaxing.Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, Haining has always belonged to Jiaxing.Haining County was merged with Haiyan County in October 1958. Haiyan County was restored in 1961, and the Shiling Commune of Haiyan remained in Haining.During the Republic of China, the county government spent most of its time in Xiashi Town. In 1945, the county government was set up in Xiashi Town. In March 1949, the county government returned the county government to Xiashi Town. In June, the county government moved to Xiashi Town, and then continued until November 2003.Since then, Xiashi Town has been divided into Xiashi Street, Haizhou Street, Haichang Street, and Haizhou Street where the government is stationed.
The change of administrative divisions in the past dynasties affected the development of the dialect. The eastern dialect of Haining is close to the Haiyan dialectYuhangWords have something in common.Haining has developed waterway, highway and railway transportation, and has always had a lot of exchanges with outsiders. Haining dialect has been developing in the exchange with local dialects.[1]
Existential significance
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Language is the most basic and important communication tool and cultural carrier.Haining has a profound history and a long history of culture. In the course of thousands of years of development, Haining dialect with distinctive local characteristics has gradually formed and become one of the important representatives of Wu dialect in northern Zhejiang.Haining dialect is an indispensable tool for Haining people to communicate information, exchange feelings and condense family ties. It is also a vivid reflection of local history and cultural accumulation.It is worth mentioning that Haining dialect has retained many ancient Chinese characteristics, and it is a distinctive cultural carrier interwoven by many factors such as cultural methods, customs, language habits and so on for thousands of years. It plays an important role in inheriting history and cultural context.[2]
voice
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Overview
From the perspective of pronunciation, Haining dialect has more changes than Putonghua to show different grammatical meanings.
1. Words with different forms have different tone sandhi.In Haining dialect, the tone sandhi of verb object structure is different from that of other structures.This tone sandhi, which can distinguish the verb object structure, is actually the "internal inflection" in the configuration method.
2. Homographs have different initials and finals.In Haining dialect, different grammatical functions of the same word can be distinguished by different initials and vowels, and the pronunciation of the changed initials and vowels has connections with the pronunciation position, pronunciation method, etc.
3. Similar words have similar pronunciation.In Haining dialect, words representing the same part of speech will have some disyllabic changes in pronunciation to highlight their grammatical functions of the same kind.[3]
General characteristics
Haining dialect belongs to Tiaoxi section of Taihu section in Wu dialect area. Therefore, Haining dialect has the general characteristics of Wu dialect in pronunciation.Judging from the pronunciation of Xiashi dialect, these characteristics are very obvious.
1. Clear and turbid opposition with initial consonant.In the initial consonants of Xiashi dialect, there are two sets of consonants: plosive, affricate and fricative;
2. The tone generally corresponds to the ancient four tones, with rich tone sandhi.The seven tone words in Xiashi dialect correspond to the ancient four tones of "flat, up, down and in", with the exception of "yang pingyang to confluence", and are divided into yin and yang according to the clarity of the initial consonant;
3. There are abundant single sounds, and the yin rhyme lacks compound finals.In the non nasal vowels of Xiashi dialect, except for the vowel [ɤ w], there are few vowels with a final, lacking the authentic compound vowel of the preceding compound vowel [ai ei au ou] in modern Beijing dialect.There is a big difference in the number of single vowel and compound vowel vowels between Beijing dialect in northern dialect and Haining Xiashi dialect in Wu dialect.
4. There is a widespread phenomenon of literal and colloquial reading.Literal and colloquial pronunciation is the difference between reading pronunciation and oral pronunciation, which is embodied in the different pronunciation of a word in different contexts.For example, in Xiashi dialect, it is also the word "person". It is read in "guest" [ȵ in 113], and in "people" [z ə n 113]. It is mainly the different reading caused by the different written and spoken contexts.The words with different pronunciation in Wu dialect are often concentrated in a limited combination of ancient sounds and rhymes, as is the case in Xiashi dialect.
Self characteristics
As a specific dialect, Haining dialect has its own characteristics.As far as Xiashi dialect is concerned, its pronunciation is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1. There is no postlingual [t ʂ] group in the initial consonant, and the affricate initial [ts] has no corresponding voiced [dz];There is no group call in single vowel [y];In the middle of the ancient times, the word with the whole turbid tone still reads Yang Shang (key value 42) instead of Qusheng.Such as "near, column, yes, sit" and so on.
2. There are often two ways to pronounce the nasal side sound and zero initial.
3. Initials n and l cannot be mixed in most cases. "South and blue" have different sounds, and "Lv and female" have different sounds.But before the finals [ə n] and [ə n], the initials of n can be read as l.
4. Haining dialect has sharp and round sounds, but in Xiashi dialect, this distinction is not very obvious. Not all words from the Gujing group and words from the ancient Jianxiao group are pronounced inconsistently before the thin sound.
5. Haining dialect is constantly developing. As far as Xiashi dialect is concerned, the pronunciation of young people is obviously different from that of middle-aged and old people.Here, let's call the pronunciation of people under 60 "new style pronunciation" and that of people over 60 "old style pronunciation".
6. There are some subtle differences in Xiashi dialect.[4]
grammar
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word-formation
In terms of word formation, the affix of Haining dialect is different from that of Putonghua.
1. Overlap.The reduplication of adjectives and verbs has more abundant forms than that of Putonghua.
2. From the perspective of affix, the "head" end and "son" end in Haining dialect are relatively developed.Some of them are not used in Mandarin.
3. The auxiliary words after the overlapping form of monosyllabic adjectives do not use "di", but "jiao".[5]
Function word
In terms of function words, Haining dialect has some unique function words that are not found in Putonghua.
1. Negative words generally use "don't" and "don't use" don't ".
2. There are abundant adverbial conjunctions and auxiliary words.It is worth mentioning that some adverbs in Haining dialect are not found in Mandarin.
3. Haining does not say "yes".[6]
Sentence formation
In terms of sentence composition, Haining dialect has some differences in composition, tense, etc. from Putonghua.
1. The tenses of verbs are realized by unique auxiliary words.
2. Sometimes the word order is different from Mandarin.
3. Verb reduplication can be accompanied by complement.[7]
Consonant
Initials table:
table of initials
Features: It maintains a relatively complete stereo system of clear and turbid initials.[8]
Finals
Final table:
Finals
Features: lack of oral consonants, developed monophonic sounds, lack of forward compound vowels, etc.[9]
Monosyllabic tone
Xiashi dialect has seven tones.
Monosyllabic tone
characteristic:
1. The ancient Chinese characters are all voiced, but not voiced.
2. According to the ancient four tones, they are divided into yin and yang to form four tones and seven tones. Yangping and Yangqu monosyllabic tones fall into one category.
3. Tone type coordination of the same kind:
Shangsheng (Yin Shang, Yang Shang) is a falling tone.
Qusheng (Yin Qusheng, Yang Qusheng) is a tune, and the tone type is flat before rising.
Ru tone (yin and yang) is short.
4. The negative adjustment value is higher than the positive adjustment value.[10]
vocabulary
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Lexical system
1. Communication with common words.
2. Communication with other dialects.
3. Some archaisms are reserved.[11]
Lexical examples
Xiashi Words
Mandarin Words
I (pull)
We
倷
you
㑚
You guys
Yila
He/She/It (Us)
Face
face
覅
No
in the house
home
Thief bone
Thief
Be ruthless, thirst killing, stick forming and exert oneself
fierce
U'no
No,
Crafty
clever
happy
like
Soul
soul
strength
strength
jail
prison
Dad
Grandfather
Exogenous
Nephew or grandchild
Lilliputian
child
long-term
long time
hand
upper limb
tea
plain boiled water
Tea
tea water
sun
sunlight
Yin Touli
Shadowing
Rights and benefits
Drizzle
be raining
rain
in place names
Drenching
melt
melt
Downtime
Icicles under the eaves
Limulus amebocyte
rainbow
god
weather
Tide return
Become moist
Street wave
On the street or in a small town
country
countryside
Alley
alley
䞣 Short cut
take a short cut
ha445-33 la42
corner
Root year
this year
Germinal year
next year
Old Year
last year
Ge Nianzi
The year before last
Annual hem
end of the year
Spring waves
spring
Summer, June
summer
moment
time
Root orientation
today
Adorable Morning
tomorrow
Pretty much the day after tomorrow
three days from now
The first half of the day
morning
China Japan
noon
Early evening, late afternoon, late half day
afternoon
At night, at dusk
evening
light of the setting sun
days
Day to night
All day long
ancestry
before
Upper mortise
last time
Head socket
just
Bamboo knife
Firewood knife
篰
basket
䈆
Bamboo ware with a hole larger than a plaque
Millet, Liugu
Corn
Contain beans
peas
Yam
Sweet potato, sweet potato, sweet potato
Potato
Potatoes
Cattail head
Plant head
Spicy eggplant
Pepper
Western style radish
Carrot
Wudu
Mulberry
Bamboo tube head
Short bamboo segment
Pole
Bamboo pole for drying clothes
Floral microcephalus
Huaguduo
Zongsheng
The general name of livestock
swine
pig
Sao bone rooster
Half cock
A living monkey
monkey
Hemp bird
sparrow
Hundred feet
centipede
Yingliwu
Dermatia
Grasshopper
grasshopper
蹔 蝍
cricket
slug
snail
Operculum
scale
Wings and arms
wing
Gallery edge head
Under eaves
Seating room
a living room
Chicken slump basin
Chicken coop
Forceps
Tweezers
cold water
tap water
Warm soup
warm water
Boiling water
boiling water
Lead leather
Iron sheet
Things
thing
bandit
closestool
Table
Table
Domino stool
Square stool
Night pot box
bedside cupboard
Wok
Pot (large pot for cooking)
Steel grade
aluminum
Grab a knife
Spatula
Ladle hook and spoon
Spoon and spoon
Match bowl
Big bowl
Calyx
Small bowl
Drag the fn55 broom
Mop
Yanghuo, Yangkutou
match
Twister
needle
surgery
bolt driver
Ocean dragon
Fire hydrant
Trace
stain
Dead paper, dead paper head
paper
fire
lamp
Men's home/women's home
Men/Women
Xiaobaixi, Xiaoguitou
child
Daughter
A nickname for children
Hairiness
baby
Old man
Old man or wife husband
Daughter
Daughter
Jiaohuazi
beggar
Xinerren
groom
Area
A person who is unrestrained in words and deeds or who is as attentive as a fool
account
fellow
Wooden apprentice
idiot
Shoutou, code
fool
趤 head
Loafer
Swallow the head, Xiangdao
Appearance
A wizened man
A person who is mentally depressed and looks wretched
Big guy
Fat man
Scholar
Children in school
Boss Pi
People in leather business
Sir
Father
Muma
mom
A bald head
Bald head
Fuyan, Zanfa
Bangs
Head and neck fist
Neck crutch
Frontal head
forehead
Kulangtou
human skeleton
Black eye bead
eyeball
Eyelid bleb
Eyelids
Ophthalmoposterior hair
Eyelash
Nasal smudge
Nasal excrement
Rostrum
mouth
Water in the mouth
Spit and saliva
Supradental meat
gums
Black bone chicken board
Maxilla
fingerprint
fingerprint
shoulder rest
shoulder
Joint head
Fingers, toes
Counting plates
Vertebrae
Ribs
Axilla
Handy
one 's right hand
using sb else to do sth.
left hand
Chest club head
the middle of the chest
mom
Breast, breast milk
Cold pipe is steep
Bristle
Carcass anus
Anal, asshole
Cunt
vulva
Eight Losers
Penis
Egg
scrotum
Egg nucleon
testis
stamp
Sexual intercourse
Knee shell steamed bun
knee
Shoe shank
Elbow
Do not fall down, do not feel comfortable, do not feel comfortable, do not get up and fall down
uncomfortable
Belly shot
suffer from diarrhea
Choke
cough
ɕie55
itch
Offend
contagion
Frozen
chilblains
Nosebleed
Nosebleed
Headrope
Wool
Lying on the bottom
Insole
Foreign socks
Socks
Material preparation
cloth
Wok storage
Crispy fried rice
Rice grits
Grain of rice
Noodle soup
noodle
Dishes, water, rice, side dishes
Dishes
Boiled Eggs with Sugar
Egg Soaked in Sugar Water
Nitrile meat
lean meat
Oily meat
Fat meat
Lolly ice
popsicle
Rice peduncle and foot peduncle
Remaining food at the bottom of the bowl
Milk rot
Sufu
Find partners and talk about friends
fall in love
Doing things
Work or do happy things
Big belly
Pregnancy or pregnant women
Upraised braids, death
Death
Bean curd rice
Funeral banquet
Please Abby
sacrifice
divine abode
immortal
Foreign handcuff
Handcuffs
This world
Make a fool of yourself
Advanced
useless
Go out of the mountain
Promising
To do something naughty
Companion
Get up
Get up, get up
漍 Mouth
gargle
Filing teeth
brush one 's teeth
Sleepy Yan Zao
sleep late
rotation
Come back, go home
Phase change
play
Tao Taiyang
bask in the sunshine
pick up vegetables with chopsticks
Picking food with chopsticks
0
wash
Tang bath, Cao bath
take a shower
shoot
Happening and pulling
Water surface
wash one 's face
Sleepiness
Sleep?
sleep
wake
Hit it
snore
Shimano
Dawdle
copper
money
Horn
Coin
Price of mother of pearl
price
Inverted stove
shit
Banknote
pay
Difficult
waste
Bandan Street
All over the street
school
school
Tie hook
Couplet hook
Rotten steel fork
Fork fork
Wiping plate
Blackboard eraser
Guan Night School
Stay after school
kite
kite
Black with white
Single stretch, I drink honey
Mmm
Pucker
Gossiping
Speak
Talk short
chat
Pinch
Close
Power broker
Carry
"
Lift, lift, lift
flail
Throw
厾
throw
Duo
End or turn
allocate
to
XX
Hide something
Press
Press, press
Pull
tear
Run
run
Rolling noisily
Join in the excitement
correct
get ready
Loosen
bully
Ingratiating
Hold fast
Handlebar
help
Dan
take
Hate poison
resentment
Collapse
Lose face
Hoop compass
Circle
Loose
Leave and go
Make a tiger leap
Cartwheel
hear
be left over
Fishing
seam
酾
Pour (wine), pour (tea)
䞣
Oblique exit
pull out .
Pick up
inside
inside
Pueraria lobata
over there
Up south and down north
From south to north
Push plate
difference
Appearance
Well done!
Dirty
dirty
Xingxing
Prosperity
Mo Laolao, customs clearance
quite a lot
latent
Off
Comfortable
spacious
Poor and broken package
Poor
Spermatogamy
in nature 's garb
Jute
unfortunately
Heartless
Be happy
[12]
Internal partition
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The Internal Differences of Haining Dialect
According to the Records of Haining Dialect, Haining dialect is traditionally divided into "East", "Middle" and "West" in the sense of Haining people's language[11]。
Map of Haining County People's Commune (1958)
Family Map of Haining Dialect
Eastern dialect is close to Haiyan dialect[2], which belongs to Su Hujia.Western dialect and Yuhang dialect have something in common, belonging to Tiaoxi dialect.The Chinese dialect can be regarded as a small piece of Tiaoxi dialect according to its important features such as no group of mouth calls, Ni Mu Yang rhyme characters and pronounced Lai Mu.However, the southern part of the western part, outside the seawall, belongs to Xiaoshan reclamation area, which is a small dialect of Linshao.
literary works
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poet and essayist
poet and essayist
A Golden Light Trace (Xiashi Tubai) 1924.1.29
If you offend me, ask questions,
I'm coming to see Mrs. Xu Jiage. It's a bit personal
Seriously, Ge Wei is a wife. She is really an old woman,
My eyes are red. I don't even know my wife!
Yes, madam. I'm going to visit the countryside today,
Wuqingqing goes out;In the northwest of the field, you come to Europe,
Madam, come to beg for something, madam!
Madam, there is an old woman in Donghengtou, my hometown,
My family name is Li, and I am close to Ding Mo... I have died a long time ago,
——Li Sanguan, first came to the street to be a perennial European, -- years earlier
When you become a weak disease, sell it at the end of the field, and never get well at the end of the disease;
Ge Wei, elderly Li, is really unlucky. It's all up to him
The head of the market goes to the east to ask for help, and to the west to beg for help,
Every year, only one thin European cotton padded jacket survives winter Europe,
Last month, I heard that the Li family's Adai was very ill,
The northwest wind blew the night before last, and I shivered with cold,
I thought to myself that Mrs. Li didn't know where to go.
I went to the Iraqi house early yesterday morning. What a sin!
The old woman has gone, cold and cold, rolling in the straw,
Do you know when to lose your breath? No one knows!
I had no choice but to call some people,
Some people say it's hungry, others say it's freezing,
I think half of them are old diseases, and the northwest is a bit wild——
So I came to the street, Master Ge in the Charity Hall
There is a coffin in Ben. I came to beg my wife,
Do good deeds. I know my wife is kind-hearted,
It's good to have old clothes. I still want to go
Buy a knife of ingot foil;In my own house, I'm a skater,
I only have five liters of rice to cook a meal. Two people help Ou eat,
Yila has raised the bar and collected the food. She always needs a meal!
Is it madamWarm, yes!Warm, yes!
Ouch, my wife is serious. She is really considerate of me for helping the poor
The checkered clothes are just right... Ouch, I want to hurt my wife
The mother of pearl...... Ouch, ouch...... I have to
Kowtow to your wife and ring your head. Thank you for passing away!
Ouch, thank you so much, my wife[13]
Jin Yong
Jin Yong
As an important carrier of Jiangnan culture, Wu dialectJin YongThe influence of this Jiangnan people is profound.Not only does Jin Yong speak Mandarin with a Jiangsu Zhejiang accent, but he also often uses Wu words when writing articles.
For example, "things", which Jin Yong used to replace the word "things" in his novels, is a common word in Wu dialect.
For example《Book and Sword》In the middle, Chen Jialuo called his mother "Muma", which is the unique name of Wu dialect area.
The most vivid Wu vocabulary used by Jin Yong is the "thief giggling" in Luding Ji.Since Wei Xiaobao is supposed to be from Yangzhou, this word was uttered from Wei Chunhua's mouth, but this word is not found in Yangzhou, the official language of the Yangtze Huaihe River."Thieves giggle" is unique to Wu language.
In his novels, Jin Yong also used words such as "black eyes", "wok", "yan", "ear scrapers", "blind seven and eight".For readers who do not speak Wu language, they may feel unaccustomed to these words, while for people in Wu language area, they can't be more cordial.
Jin Yong's novels focus on the beauty of Wu's language, which is Abi's dialogue in the Eight Heavenly Dragons.
This is to copy a few paragraphs for you:
The girl smiled and said, "Ah, I am a little girl who serves the young master playing the piano and flute. My name is Abi. Don't ask for the courtesy of the big lady and the little lady. It's good to call me Abi!"
Abi smiled and said, "Two masters are coming to Suzhou. If it doesn't matter, please come to our place for a cup of tea and some snacks. Don't look at the small boat. No one can sit down for a few more people."
Abi glanced at Duan Yu and said with a smile, "What a stunt am I? You are so elegant. It's so pleasant to listen to your laughter. I won't come."
Abi smiled and said, "Ah Zhu is Ah Zhu, and I'm only one month older than me, so Jiemo will put on the airs of Sister Yi. My name is Sister Yi, and Jiemo is called Bu Bu Zi. Who taught me to grow up for a month? Don't call me Sister Yi. If you call me Sister Yi, I will be more proud."
Ah Zhu said with a light smile, "You are always considerate. Be careful that you know your son is jealous." Ah Bi sighed and said, "This is a small thing. You really shouldn't take it seriously. We two little girls, you should never take it seriously." Ah Zhu said, "What should I do with my heart? Sister Ah Bi, you shouldn't think about your son all day long, no matter what."Abi sighed, but didn't answer.Ah Zhu patted her on the shoulder and said in a low voice, "You want to get rid of it and miss your son. It's really funny that you want to do something together!" Ah Bi smiled gently and said, "Sister is gossiping. Do you want to keep your head down?"[14]
Research works
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Journal Supplement of Hangzhou University · Zhejiang Wu Language Division: 1985.9
Fu Guotong, Hangzhou University, Haining Chronicle, Dialect: December 1995
Huzhou Normal University · Su Xianghong. Journal of Huzhou Normal University · Research on the Tone of Haining Dialect: 1999
Xu Yue, Hangzhou Normal University. Research on Phonetics of Hangjiahu Dialect in Northern Zhejiang: China Social Sciences Press, May 2007
Haining Historical Records Society, Haining Historical Records Office. Haining Dialect Records: Zhejiang People's Publishing House, April 2009[2]
