farsi

Official languages of Iran and Tajikistan

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Persian (ف فی=F â rsi), also known as Palsi, belongs to Indo European – Iranian languages – Xizhi, yes Iran and Tajikistan Of official language , also Afghanistan One of the two main languages in China (the other is Pashto ）。 Also distributed in Central Asia In other regions, Persian is called“ Tajik ”。

As immigrants flow from these countries to neighboring countries, many countries now have Farsi speaking communities. There are about 100 million people in the world who speak Persian.

Persian is one of the oldest languages in the world. Persian Arabic alphabet Spelling, used to be Persian Empire Of official language 。 Because history and Religion In modern Persian, nearly 40% of words come from Hamito-Semitic family of languages Of Arabic 。

Chinese name: farsi
Foreign name: Persian language
Farsi language
Alias: Parsian

Language family: Indo European Iranian languages Western branch
Main areas of use: Iran ， Tajikistan ， Afghanistan
Character system: Arabic alphabet ， Cyrillic alphabet
Language status: National languages of Iran and Tajikistan
Number of users: About 125390000

catalog

one Distribution area
two Historical evolution
three Historical position
four Language characteristics
five works and expressions for everyday use

Distribution area

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Persian is a language used in Iran^[1] 、 Tajikistan and Afghanistan A language with a long tradition used in countries such as. Iran and Tajikistan official language Is also one of the two main languages in Afghanistan (the other is Pashto ）。

As immigrants flow from these countries to neighboring countries, many countries have Farsi speaking communities. The Persian speaking population is about 100 million, mostly in Iran (55 million), in addition to 11 million in Afghanistan, 7 million in Tajikistan Pakistan , USA turkey 、 Iraq 、 Saudi Arabia 、 The United Arab Emirates 、 Qatar 、 Central Asia Other regions. Persian Arabic alphabet Spelling.

There are a large number of Arabic borrowings in Persian, but Persian has four letters and sounds that Arabic does not have. Since Arabic is a language closely combined with Islam, it is used in many countries where Islam is the state religion or by Islamic believers.

For the above reasons, nearly 40% of modern Persian words come from Hamito-Semitic family of languages Arabic.

Historical evolution

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Persian is one of the oldest languages in the world Indo European One of the Iranian languages of a language family.

Persian on ancient paintings

Old Persian Was once from mediterranean sea Extend to Indus River Basin and the pamirs Of Persian Empire Language. Ancient Persian was used in many parts of the ancient world Cuneiform 。

In the second century BC, Persian Created their own Paravi alphabet The alphabet was used until the seventh century when Islam was dominant. Since then, Persian has been used Arabic alphabet Write, and add some letters to adapt to some special pronunciation. Farsi is called Farsi by the native speakers of Persian.

Persians are the first to convert to Islam in Islamic history Arab nation And Persian research on Islam and the Koran surprised Arab scholars, because they used Ancient Greek philosophy and Indian philosophy Consider the revelation of Allah.

farsi (2 sheets)

The development of Persian can be divided into three stages: Old Persian , Middle Persian, New Persian.

In the 3rd – 8th century BC, ancient Persian evolved into Middle Persian (also known as Pahlavi ）。 The new Persian language came into being after the fusion of the Middle Persian language and the Sabbath language. Because the new Persian is Saman Dynasty The language commonly used in the court is also called Dari ("Dari" means "court"). At this time, Persia was deeply influenced by the Arabs. The new Persian language has adopted the Arabic alphabet spelling, and created four letters P, ch, zh and G based on the Arabic letters B, J, Z and K to facilitate spelling. There are also a large number of Arabic borrowings in the new Persian language.

Arab Empire The establishment of Islamic Culture Spreading to Asia, Africa and Europe, especially the Persian region located in the two river basin, without exception, it was impacted and assimilated by Islamic culture.

At the same time Persian culture The influence on Arab Islamic culture in politics, religion, literature, language and other aspects is comprehensive and profound.

Many excellent elements in Persian culture have enriched and developed Arab Islamic culture, because "the Arabs Obscurantism era Only familiar Nomadic life And things related to nomadic life, only words expressing this way of life, but related Government system , administrative institutions, hedonistic life, food, drink, decoration, entertainment, flowers and other words are mostly borrowed from the conquered nations, of which Persian words can best meet the needs of Arabs and are an important source of Arabic to absorb foreign words and expand the meaning of words. "

Therefore, with the passage of time, Persian became "popular in the eastern Islamic world" because of its tenacious vitality written language ”Persian language and culture once occupied an important position and influence in Central Asia.

Historical position

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Persian is an important language in ancient Islamic academic research, because there are numerous Islamic works written in Persian, such as the Koran hermeneutics And Islamic jurisprudence.

Wedge Persian

Modern Persian speaking countries and nations are Muslims, such as Iran Tajikistan And Afghanistan. One is called Tajik A variant of Persian, popular in the Republic of Tajikistan, but used Cyrillic alphabet Writing.

ancient Persia king Darius I There is a stele engraved with Persia Cuneiform , now in Iran.

Arabic Letter Persian

From the 3rd century BC to the 8th century AD, Old Persian Evolved into the Middle Persian language (also known as Pahlavi ）。

The modern Persian language is mainly based on the medieval Persian language and developed from a dialect that was popular in the Fars region of southern Iran around the 8th century. This dialect has gradually become a part of the court since the Arab caliphate established the court in the southeast of Persia official language 。

In its long-term development, Persian has accumulated a wealth of literature, philosophy, history and other scientific works. It is still Middle East One of the most important languages in the region.

Language characteristics

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Persian Pinyin characters , a total of 32 letters, 28 of which are Arabic alphabet , 4 are new Persian letters.

farsi

Persian has eight vowels, long vowel and Short vowel 3 for each, Diphthong 2; There are 22 consonants, 8 of which Clear consonant , 14 Voiced consonant 。 The stress of a word basically falls on the last syllable.

The syntactic features are word order Relatively fixed, the basic word order is subject object predicate. Modifier stay Head language After. Verbs include person, number, tense voice And tone, etc Grammatical category , 9 tenses in total Suffix , or add auxiliary verb To reflect. Nouns and pronouns have no obvious category of case and sex, and the ownership relationship is expressed by a connector (called Yizafi in Persian).

Persian has historically been influenced by Arabic The influence is the greatest, with nearly half of the words coming from Arabic.

farsi

In addition, it also partially absorbed Turki and mongolian loan Now it has absorbed more European words such as French, English and Russian.

But because US Iraq relations nervous, President of Iran Ahmadinejad Announcing Loanwords In particular, words from English need to be "Persian", for example, helicopters are called "rotating wings", faxes are called "long-distance writing".

works and expressions for everyday use

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English – Persian
English	farsi
Welcome	خوش آمدید
Hello	سلام
How are you? Fine thanks, and you?	حال شما چطور است؟ حالتون چطوره؟ حالت چطوره؟
How are you? Fine thanks, and you?	من خوبم ممنون، شما چطوريد؟
Long time no see	خيلي وقته که ازت خبري نيست
What's your name? My name is ...	اسم شما چیست؟
What's your name? My name is ...	اسم من ... است.
Where are you from? I'm from ...	شما اهل کجا هستيد؟
Where are you from? I'm from ...	من از ... هستم
Pleased to meet you	از ملاقات شما خوش وقتم
Good morning	صبح بخير
Good afternoon	ظهر بخير
Good evening	عصر بخير
Good night	شب بخير
Goodbye	خداحافظ
Good luck	موفق باشيد
Cheers/Good health!	به سلامتي!
Have a nice day	روز خوبي داشته باشيد!
Bon appetit	نوش جان
Bon voyage	به سلامت
I don't understand	نمي فهمم
I don't know	من نمی دانم
Please speak more slowly	ميشه آهسته تر صحبت کنيد؟
Please say that again	مي شه دوباره بگيد؟
Please write it down	لطفا یادداشت کنید
Do you speak Persian? Yes, a little	شما فارسي صحبت مي کنيد؟
Do you speak Persian? Yes, a little	بله ، من فارسي حرف مي زنم
Excuse me	معذرت ميخوام
How much is this?	قيمتش چنده؟
Sorry	متاسفم!
Thank you You're welcome	مرسي
Thank you You're welcome	خواهش مي كنم
Where's the toilet?	دستشويي کجاست؟
This gentleman/lady will pay for everything	اون براي همه چي پول مي ده
Would you like to dance with me?	دوست داريد با من برقصيد؟
I miss you	دلم برات تنگ شده
I love you	عاشقتم
Get well soon	زود خوب شو
Leave me alone!	من را تنها بگذاريد!
Help!	（komak!）کمک!
Call the police!	پليسو خبر کنيد
Merry Christmas and Happy New Year	كریسمس مبارک
Happy Easter	عيد پاک مبارک
Happy Birthday	تولدت مبارک
One language is never enough	يک زبان کافي نيست
My hovercraft is full of eels	هاورکرافت من پر مارماهى است