Wolfgang Pauli, after graduating from middle school in 1918University of MunichdoArnold Sommerfeld Graduate students;In 1921, he received a doctor's degree from Munich University;In 1922University of Gottingento serve asMax Born Teaching assistants;Received in the same yearNiels Bohr 's invitation to goUniversity of CopenhagenInstitute of Theoretical Physics is engaged in research work;From 1923 to 1928Hamburger University Lecturer;In 1928, he was professor of theoretical physics at the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Switzerland;In 1935, to avoidfascist, emigrate to the United States;In 1940, he was employed as a visiting professor of theoretical physics at Princeton Institute of Advanced Studies[9]；1945 Nobel Prize in Physics[4]；He joined the United States in 1946 and returned to the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich in the same year as the head of the Department of Theoretical Physics;Swiss nationality granted in 1949[5]；He died in Zurich on December 15, 1958, aged 58[4]。
Wolfgang Pauli is mainly engaged in the research of quantum mechanics, quantum field theory and basic particle theory[7]。
On April 25, 1900, Wolfgang Pauli was born in the family of a doctor of medicine in Vienna, Austria. He was influenced by science from his childhood and taught himself physics in middle school[4]。
In 1918, after graduating from middle school, he took his father's letter of introduction to visit physicists at Munich UniversityArnold Sommerfeld (Arnold Sommerfeld), asked to be a graduate student of Arnold Sommerfeld without going to university. Because of the talent of Wolfgang Pauli, he became the youngest graduate student of Munich University.
In 1921, he obtained a doctor's degree from Munich University with a paper on the hydrogen molecular model.
In 1922, he served at the University of GottingenMax Born (Max Born);In the autumn of the same yearNiels Bohr And went to the Institute of Theoretical Physics of the University of Copenhagen to engage in research work.
In 1928, he went to SwitzerlandZurich Federal Institute of Technology(Eidgen ö ssische Technische Hochschule Z ü rich), professor of theoretical physics.
In 1935, in order to avoid fascism, he immigrated to the United States.
In 1940, he was employed asPrinceton Institute for Advanced Studies(Institute for Advanced Study) Visiting professor of theoretical physics and director of the department of theoretical physics[3]。
In 1941, he served as a visiting professor at the University of Michigan[3]。
Visiting professor of Purdue University in 1942[3]。
In 1945, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics[4]。
In 1946, he became an American citizen and was one of the founders of the American Association for the Development of Science;In the same year, he returned to the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich as the head of the Department of Theoretical Physics.
In 1949, he was granted Swiss nationality[5]。
On December 15, 1958, he died in Zurich at the age of 58[1]。
In 1922, when he was in the Institute of Theoretical Physics of the University of Copenhagen, he first studied the spectral band theory with H.A. Kramers, and then focused on the abnormal Zeeman effect. According to Lande's research results, he proposed the Lande factor[15]。
Pauli principle
In January 1925, Wolfgang Pauli proposedPauli exclusion principle(Pauli's exclusion principle, also known as Pauli's principle and exclusion principle), which laid an important foundation for the development of atomic physics.Pauli incompatibility principle means that electrons in identical motion state cannot be accommodated in the same orbit of atoms.An atom cannot have two electrons in the same electron layer, electron sublayer, electron cloud stretching direction and spin direction.For example, the two electrons of the helium atom are in the first layer (K layer). The shape of the electron cloud is spherical symmetry, with only one identical stretching direction, and the spin direction must be opposite.Each orbit can only accommodate two electrons with opposite spins. Each electron layer may accommodate n orbits, so each layer can accommodate up to 2n electrons[10]。
Pauli matrix
In 1927, Wolfgang Pauli introduced 2 × 2Pauli matrix(Pauli Matrix), as the basis of spin operation symbols, solves the theory of non relativistic spin.His results triggeredPaul Dirac Discover theDirac equation [11]。
Beta decay
In 1930, Wolfgang Pauli consideredBeta decayOn December 4, in a letter to Liz Meitner, he proposed to Meitner and others a hypothetical particle that had not been observed at that time, was electrically neutral, and the mass was not greater than 1% of the proton mass to explain the continuous spectrum of beta decay[12]。In 1934,Enrico Fermi Add this particle to his decay theory and call itneutrino[13]。The first experiment to confirm the existence of neutrinos was conducted by Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan in 1956[14]。
personnel training
Instruct students
According to the data of the website of the Mathematic Pedigree Project in September 2023, Wolfgang PauliPrinceton University 16 students have been instructed successively, and the specific information is as follows[16]：
Wolfgang Joseph Pauli, the father of Wolfgang Pauli, is a professor of physical chemistry at the University of Vienna, mainly studying colloidal chemistry;Mother Berta Camilla Sch ü tz is a writer;The Godfather is a physicist and philosopherErnst Mach(Ernst Mach, February 18, 1838 to February 19, 1916)[1]。
marriage and family
In 1929, Wolfgang Pauli married K ä the Margaret the Deppner, but they divorced less than a year later[1]。
In 1934, Wolfgang Pauli married Franca Bertram and they lived until his death.He had no children in both marriages[1]。
health
In 1929, the death of Wolfgang Pauli's mother had a profound impact on him, making him suffer from serious depression. Later, he received the help of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, and ended Carl Jung's treatment after he got married again in 1934. After that, the two had communication for most of their lives[1]。
In 1958, Wolfgang Pauli suddenly felt a sharp pain in a speech.Died of pancreatic cancer a few weeks later[1]。
Anecdotes of characters
Wolfgang Pauli's colleagues, especially experimental physicists, worried about a phenomenon: "Pauli effect".This effect is manifested in the sudden failure of technical equipment when Wolfgang Pauli was present: the experiment failed, the machine gave up the ghost, and the electrical appliance failed.Otto Stern wanted to refuse Wolfgang Pauli to enter his institute because he was afraid of such an accident[8]。
Character evaluation
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Wolfgang Ernst Pauli made significant contributions to the theoretical physics of the twentieth century, including explaining the Zeeman effect, assuming the existence of neutrinos for the first time, and developing the theory later called Pauli's incompatibility principle,including explaining the Zeeman effect, first postulating the existence of the neutrino, and developing what has come to be known as the Pauli exclusion principle）[1]。(National Magnetic Laboratory Assessment)
"He (Wolfgang Pauli) is the conscience of physics" (King,forthright, and of uncompromising principles he was the conscience of physics）[2]。(commented by Isidor Rabi)
Wolfgang Pauli did much to shape the development of modern atomic physics[7]。(Evaluation of Zurich Federal Institute of Technology)
Commemoration for future generations
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Wolfgang Pauli Lecture
Wolfgang Pauli Lectures is an annual series of lectures named after Wolfgang Pauli at the Zurich Federal Institute of Technology, alternating lectures on physics, mathematics and biology[6]。
