The upstream main stream of Huangpu River, a tributary of the Yangtze River
Mao River, a tributary of the Yangtze RiverThe Huangpu RiverUpstream main stream, located atQingpu DistrictSoutheast andSongjiang DistrictAdjacency.It is the remnant of the Gudong River (now the upper reaches of the Huangpu River).[14]The river course used to be as wide as a lake, formerly known as Maohu, also known as Tuan (once round) Mao, which is one of the "Huating Three Mao" (Tuan Mao, Da Mao, Chang Mao).[1]According to Zhu Changwen of the Song Dynasty, "The Book of Wu Counties Continuation", "Mao is famous for its upper, middle and lower position in Huating, and its narrow position is 80 zhang." The ancient Mao River flows from northwest to southeast between Shen Lane and Liantang, and is part of the ancient valley water.At that time, the waves rose and fell, and the vast expanse of water was sparkling.The water in the back valley gradually fills up, and most of it silts up and becomes land. There is only one drainage channel, namely the Maohe River, which is only a small part of the round Maos.[2]
Maohe River is connected to Dongfanghong Bridge, Liantang Town, Qingpu District in the northwestRoad block port, southeast to Maohe Village, Shihudang Town, Songjiang DistrictInclined pondto be connected.UndertakingDianshan LakeandTaipu RiverIncoming water.It is the main reach of the upper reaches of the Huangpu River.It is 10.5 kilometers long, narrow in the north and wide in the south, 100~500 meters wide, and 700 meters wide at the widest point.The average bottom width is 50m, and the bottom height is below - 1m.[1]
There are sandbanks in the north and south of the Maohe River: the north sandbanks are called Maota Docks, and the Maohe River is divided into two branches in the east and west. The south branch is 300 meters wide. Due to siltation, the Maohe River has been built to raise fish and is not navigable.The north branch, also known as Zhongtu Cao, is the main channel, 120 meters wide, - 1 meters high at the bottom, and navigable to 300 ton ships.Ximao RiverTaipu RiverIncoming water, connected to Dongmao RiverWest Daying Port——Water from Huatianjing;Nanshazhou is called Xiaoduwei, with an area of about 30 hectares. It is divided into two branches of Maohe River in the north and south.The benefited farmland is about 10000 hectares.[1]
Chinese name
Maohe River
Foreign name
Mao He River
Alias
Maohu, Tuanmao, Yuanmao
Water system
The upstream main stream of Huangpu River, a tributary of the Yangtze River
geographical position
Southeast of Qingpu District and adjacent to Songjiang District, Shanghai
Location and water system distribution of Mao River
Maohe River is located in the southeast of Qingpu District and adjacent to Songjiang District.In the northwest, it connects with the road blocking port at Dongfanghong Bridge, Liantang Town, Qingpu District, and in the southeast, it connects with Xietang to Maohe Village, Shihudang Town, Songjiang District.It receives water from Dianshan Lake and Taipu River.It is the main reach of the upper reaches of the Huangpu River.[1]Flow through QingpuLiantang Town、Shenxiang TownHe SongjiangShihudang Town、Xiaokunshan Town。[7]10.5km long[2](including 4.16 km in Songjiang (4.6 km in a word[5]）, face width 185-401m[7]）The river is narrow in the north and wide in the south, with a width of 100~500 meters, and the widest point is 700 meters.The average bottom width is 50m, and the bottom height is below - 1m.There are sandbars in the north and south: the north sandbar is called Maotawei (commonly known as Maodao, later renamed as Taiyang Island), which is 4 kilometers long from north to south and 700 meters wide on average[3]）The Maohe River is divided into east and west branches. The West Maohe River is connected with the water from the Taipu River, and the East Maohe River is connected with the water from the West Daying Port (Huatianjing). Tang Chengzhao Temple and Maota used to exist on the island, but now the temple has been destroyed;Nanshazhou is called Xiaoduwei, with an area of about 30 hectares. It is divided into two branches of Maohe River in the north and south.The south branch is 300 meters wide. Due to siltation and shallowness, it was built to raise fish in the 1990s and was not navigable.The north branch, also known as Zhongtu Cao, is the main channel, 120 meters wide, - 1 meters high at the bottom, and navigable to 300 ton ships.[1][7]
Maohe River is connected to the road harbor at the north end of Maodao
Starting point of East West Maohe River
Maodian Village Section (Xiliu River) at the end of the road blocking port
Maodao South End
Xiaoduwei section at the east end of Maohe River
Maohe River connects to Xietang - the confluence of Xiaoxietang (across the river)
Channel vicissitude
Maohe River, as a part of the Three Maos in ancient times, is as famous as Jiufeng. It is located about 14 kilometers west of Songjiang District, at the junction of Xiaokunshan Town (formerly Kungang Township) and Qingpu District.Since ancient times, it has been an important waterway from Taihu Lake to the sea.It is also one of the tourist attractions.
In history, Songjun Sanmao refers to the great lake between Songjiang, Qingpu, Jinshan and Pinghu in Zhejiang.According to the position of water flow, it is called "upper, middle and lower";According to the size and shape, the upper, middle and lower three Maos are called as long Maos, big Maos and round Maos (long Maos lie between Jinshan and Pinghu today, although they have silted up into fields and are as wide as branch canals, their names still exist. The big Maos lie between Huating and Jinshan today, and have become dangling fields without any trace. The round Maos lie between Lou and Qingpu today, only 20 miles around, which is the so-called "Maos near Shanjing" in old records.To the east are Luantang, Shiyan, Hujia Road, Zhou Hulu, Luotuojing, and to the north are the waters of Caogang in the south and north, and Zhao Changpu.In the southeast, it approaches Guputang and Xietang, and in the east, it approaches the branch canals of Matang, Mianchiagang and Lujiaqu, all the way from Zhanjiahui in the south to Hengliaojing, reaching Huangpu.[15]Today, Maohe River is only a small part of Yuanmao[16]）。Maohu Lake originates from Taihu Lake.The Gudong River (now the upper reaches of the Huangpu River) flows from Taihu Lake through low-lying areas such as Song, Qing, and Jin, and gradually forms some large lakes such as Dianshan Lake (Xuedian Lake), Gushui Lake, and Maohu Lake.According to the old records, in the Song Dynasty, the water of Taihu Lake mainly flowed into Xuedian Lake from the Jishui Port, and then into Sanmao via the Road Blocking Port and Jinzetang.At the same time, Jiaxing and Pinghu flows into the Maohe River in the southwest.The water from Sanmao flows into the Huangpu River through Huangqiao and Xietang, and returns to the sea.In addition, the Sanmao River flows southeastward to Guputang and Xietang, and eastward to Zhumatang, Mianzhigang, Lujiaqu and other tributaries, from Zhanjiahui in the south to Hengliaojing, reaching Huangpu.
Maohe River has undergone great changes after years of siltation.According to the Records of Clouds by Shao Xi of the Southern Song Dynasty, "In ancient times, Mao was forty miles west of the county, and thirty-nine acres of land were returned every week. Today, Mao reached Shanjing in the northwest, went out from Maoqiao in the southeast to Guangchen in the south, reached Danghu in the east, and ended at Hanhai Pond in the east." According to Zhu Boyuan's Sutra on the Map of Wu County, "Mao is in Huating. Mao has the name of top, middle, and bottom, and it is still eighty feet narrow." Although Mao River is everywhereIt has different shapes and names, but it is actually water.The river flowing between Jinshan and Pinghu today is named Changmao because it looks like a long belt;It is also called Shangmao because it is located upstream;In the ancient times, there were long hairs lingering for more than a hundred miles, and then gradually silted up into fields, until the Qing Dynasty, there was only water as wide as a branch canal.It flows through the Songjiang River and Jinshan Mountain, and the water surface is vast, called Damao;Because it is located in the middle reaches, it is also called Zhongmao;It has been silted up for a long time in history, and all the reclaimed land is called Dangtian, also known as Maotian.It flows through the Songjiang River and Qingpu River in a round shape, so it is called Yuanmao;Located at the downstream, it is also called Xiamao, and has been preserved through dredging for generations. It is the only part of the ancient Maohu Lake, now called Maohe.According to the records of Jiaqing Prefecture Annals in the Qing Dynasty, at that time, the circle of Maos was only twenty miles around, that is, the Maos near the Shanjing River, which was called by the old Annals. The east branch canal of the Maos said: Shijiu, Zhoutou, Caofen, Angang, Changzhoulou, Pujiawan, Miaojing and other ports were all under the water of Zhejiang and Jiashan in the south;East by Yuan He, Ye She, Wang Jia, Qian Qian, Cheung Chau, the water of the marshes, the land and Yuan He crisscross;From Changzhou to the northeast, its branches are Wujiawan, Maodian, Qingshui Port, Banlu and Shanjing, all of which are under the water of Xuedian and Lianhu in the north;To the east are Diaotang, Shiyan, Hujia Road, Zhou Hulu, Luotuojing, and to the north are the waters of Caogang and Zhaotunpu, which converge in Mao.[10]
As for modern times, Dianshan Lake flows into the Maohe River from the road blocking port, starting from Qingpu Xiaoqi, flowing from the northwest to the southeast, ending at Gupu Pond and Xietang, and then flowing into the Huangpu River through the horizontal river, with a total length of 10.5 kilometers.Xietang River is 180 meters wide and its water depth is rapid.The section from Jiejing to Maotawei, called Gumao or Nanmao, is 400m wide.Zhongjing Xiaodu Dock (formerly known as Dacaodun) has silted up and become a land, with an east-west length of 550 meters. The main channel is on the side of its north bank, and the river surface is 120 meters wide;The southern channel is 300 meters wide and has been cut off from the dam to raise fish. It is now a Gusong Township.From the north of Maotawei to the blocking port, there is an east-west channel.The east channel, commonly known as Xiaomao or Dongmao, is 150~200 meters wide;The west route, commonly known as Damao or Ximao, is about 400m wide.Maota Dock is a small island in the middle of Maohe River, formerly known as Taofan Dock, in the shape of a shuttle. The left and right sections are 320 meters wide respectively, and the middle section is 400 meters wide, with a total area of more than 1000 mu. It belongs to Kungang and Qingpu Districts, Shengang and Liantang respectively.The east and west waterways, namely, the big and small Maos, converge at Nanzui, which is called "three Maos and one Maos". The distance between the two banks is about 700-800 meters.[10]
hydrographic features
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Maohe River, as one of the source streams in the upper reaches of Huangpu River, mainly carries water from Taihu Lake and Dianmao area of Jiangsu Province.After the opening of Taipu River, it becomes the main water source of Huangpu River.[7]In the flood season every year, the drainage in the east of Taihu Lake basin increases. If the flood water is pushed by the spring tide, most of the passenger water is pushed into Qingpu and the river ports to the west, so that the water level rises. A large amount of water flows eastward after the flood season and gradually returns to the sea.Therefore, the high water level in Qingpu often occurs when the upstream flood discharges and the Huangpu River high tide level is propped up. As the rainstorm, spring tide and typhoon weather occur, the situation of flood, typhoon, high tide and rainstorm meets will make the flood control situation in Qingpu very difficult.
Maohe River, Dazhantang River and the river courses on both sides are areas with strong tidal sensation.Taking Maodian Station as the representative, according to the statistical data of Water Resources Survey and Water Conservancy Division of Qingpu District in 1984, the average annual high tide level in flood season is 3.23m, and the average tidal range is 0.68m.The highest tide level was 3.64m (August 2, 1954), the lowest was 1.04m (January 9, 1956), and the maximum tidal range was 1.30m (June 12, 1968).In 1991, the Hongqitang Dam was exploded. After the opening of the whole Taipu River line in 1995, the speed of water inflow from the upstream was accelerated. The tidal affected area extends upstream along the Hongqitang (Daqitang) and Taipu River. The tidal current boundary has traced back to the west of Jinze, and the hydrological situation has changed greatly.It is mainly manifested in: the bottom water level of the river port rises, the tidal range decreases, and the extreme value of high tide level frequently appears.From 1995 to 2000, the average low tide level in the main flood season was 2.44m, 0.34m higher than 2.01m in the past;The average tidal range is 0.50m, 0.18m less than the previous 0.68m.According to the measured data of Qingpu Hydrological Survey Team, the historical highest water level occurred 41 times from 1991 to 2000, with an average of 4 times a year.In 1999, the highest water level reached 4.04m, a record high.[4]
Main tributaries
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Road block port, located in the southwest of Qingpu District, southeast of Dianshan Lake, between the big and small lotus lakes.It starts from Dianshan Hukou Dianfeng in the northwest, and ends at Dongfanghong Bridge in the southeast to connect with Dongmao River and Ximao River.It is the main drainage channel of Dianshan Lake."Lan" was originally called "rotten" and got its name from "rotten road", or because there was no bridge on the river in the past and the traffic on both sides was blocked, so it was named.8.7km long.The bottom width is 30 meters, the bottom height near the lake peak is - 3 meters, the river surface is 80 meters wide, and the current is rapid.In the Qing Dynasty, it was the channel for five counties, namely Huating, Fengxian, Lou County, Jinshan and Qingpu, to transport grain into the lake.It is a Class V channel, one of the main river sections of the Suzhou Shenyang Outer Port Line, and irrigates about 1300 hectares of farmland.[1]
The place where Taipu River (left) flows into Ximao River (right)
Taipu River, located in the southwest of Qingpu District.It is named because it connects Taihu Lake and Huangpu River.It was excavated and connected manually on the basis of natural lakes from 1958 to 1991.It starts from the east bank of Taihu Lake, Miaogang Township, Wujiang City, Jiangsu Province in the west, ends at Chijiagang Village, Jinze Town, Qingpu District in the east, enters Shanghai, and connects with Ximao River at Nandagang, Liantang Town.It is 57.2km long and flows through 15 villages and towns in three provinces and cities of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai, of which Wujiang City in Jiangsu is 40.5km long, Jiashan County in Zhejiang is 1.46km long and Shanghai is 15.24km long.In the middle section of the Taipu River, there are many rivers and lakes, including 205 large and small lakes. From west to east, it passes through more than 20 lakes, such as Ant Ripple, Snow Ripple, Big Dragon Ripple, Yang Jiadang, Fen Lake, Donggu Ripple, Han Shangdang, Ma Xie Lake, Changbai Ripple, Qian Shengdang, Ye Shedang, etc.The bottom width is 110-150m, the face width is 200m, and the deepest bottom height is in Nandagang - 4.9m.It can discharge 2/5 of the flood water in the Taihu Lake basin, and can be used for 60~80 ton ships.[1]
Where Zhumao River enters Maohe River
Zhumao River, located in the west of Qingpu District.It starts from Dianpu River in the north, crosses Zhujiajiao and Shenxiang Town, and ends at Dongmao River in the south.It is 7.2km long, 1m high at the bottom, 30-40m wide at the river surface, and has a navigation capacity of 50t.Most of them are cut and dredged from the old river.There is a set gate at the south entrance, which plays the role of drainage, water diversion, tide blocking and navigation.It is one of the main watercourses in Zhujiajiao Town and Shenxiang Town where farmland waterlogged water is discharged to the south.[1]
Inclined pond, located in the west of Songjiang District.It is connected to the Maohe River in Maokou Village, Shihudang Town in the northwest, and flows to the Litahui Town in the southeast, where it meets Yuanxiejing and connects with Hengliaojing.The water from Chengdian Mountain Lake and Taipu River is large and fast.The river is 6.5 kilometers long, 70 meters wide at the bottom, - 4 meters high at the bottom, and 180 meters wide at the river surface.It is a Class V channel and can pass 300 ton ships. It is the main part of the Suzhou Shenzhou Outer Port Line.After the opening of Taipu River, it has become the main channel of Changxing Lake Shenzhou Line.It is one of the main drainage channels on the south bank of the Taipu River.The benefited farmland is about 6600 hectares.There is a Shanghai Hangzhou railway bridge on the river section east of Shihudang Town.[1]
West Daying Port - Huatianjing Estuary Section
West Daying Port - Huatianjing River entering Maohe River
West Daying Port——Huatianjing: Xidaying Port is located in the west of Qingpu District.It starts from Wusong River in the north and flows through Zhaotun and Daying to the southwest of Qingpu Town, Qingpu District and into Dianpu River.It was originally Zhaotunpu, one of the five ancient Songjiang Rivers.To the south of Shixi Village, Qingpu Town is the newly opened river channel in the winter of 1977.The old river channel in the north of Shixi Village is narrow and can be used for 20~40 ton ships;The river section to the south is 40m wide, with a bottom elevation of - 1.0m, and can be used for navigation of 100t ships.There are ship locks and control locks on both north and south ends.It is one of the main drainage channels in the Qingsong large control area.[1]West Daying Port is located in the northwest of Xiaokunshan Town (former Kungang Township), Songjiang, on the south of Huatianjing, a branch of Maohe River. It starts from Maohe River in the south and ends at Zoumatang in the north. In 1978, it opened to the north and connects with West Daying Port in Qingpu District.It is the main river channel that carries the northward tourists into Mao.[5]
Dongtang Port, located in Liantang Town, southwest of Qingpu District, south of Taipu River, starts from Dagang and flows into Maohe River via Dongmao Village.[1]
Xiaoxietang, located in Songjiang DistrictXiaokunshan Town。It starts from Kunnan River in the north and ends at Maohe River in the south.It is 1.6km long, 0.5-0.5m high at the bottom, 8-10m wide at the bottom, and 1:2-1:2.5 slopes.In 1958, it was newly opened to solve the problem of waterlogging and drainage of 260 hectares of low-lying land in Ximao polder area and realize farmland grid.In 1979, Qingsong Big Control Xiaoxietang Shiplock was built at the south exit of Maohe River.[8]
Governance development
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The upper and middle reaches of the Huangpu River are relatively stable, and there are few management records in historical materials. Only in the 6th year of the Republic of China, Jiangnan Water Resources Bureau of Jiangsu Province proposed to survey the upstream and downstream rivers of Taihu Lake in four parts, including Dianshan Lake and Mao River in the west.In the 8th year of the Republic of China, the bureau used machines and boats to dig and dredge the silted section of the Maohe River Taofan Fair, which was more than 10 miles long.In the 9th year of the Republic of China, the siltation section of Guputangkou below the Maohe River was dredged again.[13]
Zhumao River Sluice, located at the entrance of Zhumao River in Qingpu District, with aperture combination of 8 × 126 meters.It is a part of the water conservancy project of Qingsong large control area in Songjin Qingling area.[11]
Huatianjing Water Control Project - Control Gate
Huatianjing Water Control Project - Shiplock
Huatianjing Water Control Project, located at the intersection of Huatianjing and Maohe River.Huatianjing Water Control Project has the functions of drainage, water diversion, tide blocking and navigation, and is one of the major projects of Qingsong control.The sluice area covers an area of 66 mu.The main works include the control gate, ship lock, highway bridge, Huatianjing hydrologic flow measuring station, and auxiliary buildings such as gate hoisting control room and management house of more than 400 square meters.The gate site is 800 meters away from the exit of Huatianjing.The control gate is built in the original Huatianjing old river channel. The gate body is a reinforced concrete dock type structure, which uses a 3-hole integral bottom plate, with a clear width of 8 meters for each hole;The gate is a vertical plane steel plate gate, and the hoist is QPQ28T3, with a total power of 15 kW.The ship lock is located at the west side of the control gate, on the newly opened river channel where the bend is cut and straightened. The internal and external locks are of dock type structure, with a clear width of 10 meters. The gate is also a vertical plane steel plate gate. The hoist is CJQ216T2, with a total power of 22 kW;Bottom plate elevation - 0.8m;The top elevation of the gate wall is 4.8m in the outer river and 4.2m in the inner river;Outside the gate top elevation, the inner gate is 4.2m, and the beam bottom is 6.7m high;The design water level is 3.80 meters high in the outer river and 1.50 meters low in the inner river;The highest navigable water level is 3.5m, the lowest is 1.5m, and the navigable level is 100t.In January 1978, the project was started and completed in October.The total investment of the project is 2.794 million yuan.[6]
Xiaoxietang Sluice, located in Jiejing Village, Xiaokunshan Town, with navigation and tide blocking functions, was built in 1979.The design water level is 3.5 meters high, 1.5 meters high at the upstream, 3.8 meters high and 1.5 meters low at the downstream. The elevation of the gate bottom plate is - 0.5 meters, the aperture is 6 meters, the gate is 6 meters wide and 5.3 meters high, the gate chamber is 80 meters long, and the maximum navigation capacity is 40 tons.[9]
Channel shipping
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Maohe River is a section of the waterway of Suzhou Shenzhou Outer Port Line.The Su Shen Outer Port Line Channel is the main trunk channel connecting Jiangsu, Anhui and other provinces in the upper reaches of the Huangpu River in Shanghai. It is 35 kilometers long from the boundary of Jiangsu Province to the Longwangmiao of Songjiang River, and consists of Xietang, Maohe River, Road Blocking Port, Dianshan Hunan Channel, Jishui Port and other segments.There are 4 bridges (1 railway bridge, 3 highway bridges), 24 river crossing overhead cables and 4 underwater cables along the line.It can reach Suzhou Baodai Bridge directly upstream, connect with the Beijing Hangzhou Grand Canal, and connect with the Huangpu River downstream.There are many lakes along the line, the channel is straight, and the water depth is more than 2.3 meters.In 1990, the waterway transport volume reached 15 million tons.[12]
Navigation capacity of Maohe River: 500 tons for the north section and 300 tons for the south section.In the south section, Maohe River is divided by Xiaoduwei into north and south branches.The south branch is 300 meters wide. Due to siltation, it has been built to raise fish and is not navigable.The north branch, also known as Zhongtu Cao, is today's main channel, 120 meters wide, - 1 meters high at the bottom, and is open to 300 ton ships.[1]
Historical culture
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Lu Ji said to Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty that "Three Maos are warm in winter and cool in summer".After the Tang and Song Dynasties, famous poets, writers, calligraphers and painters of all dynasties, such as Lu Guimeng of the Tang Dynasty, Song Xiang of the Song Dynasty, Yang Weizhen and Ni Zan of the Yuan Dynasty, Gu Qing, Dong Qichang and Chen Jiru of the Ming Dynasty, all came to visit and chanted endlessly.Lu Guimeng, a famous poet in the late Tang Dynasty, said in his poem that "Three Maoliang (whale) waves and fish move".The best scenery of Sanmao is located at the confluence of big and small Maos in today's Maohe River. The water here is as clear as a mirror and the scenery is as picturesque as a picture.
There were many cultural and natural landscapes in Maohe River, and the more famous ones are:
Mao Tower
Mao Tower is a five story square pagoda on Mao Tower Dock, commonly known as Mao Tower, also known as "Long Water Tower".According to records, it was built by monk Ruhai of Futian Temple during the Qianfu period of Tang Dynasty (874-879).Maotawei was originally under the jurisdiction of Songjiang, and later most of it was included in Qingpu District.[10]
The Yeting was built by Shen Xuan, a famous scholar at the end of the Yuan Dynasty.Shen Xuan, a famous minister in Qiantang, was a learned and versatile man. In the late Yuan Dynasty, he did not follow Zhang Shicheng's advice and lived in seclusion on the bank of the Mao River to avoid war.Destroyed.[10]
Guanglu Pavilion was built by Yang Weizhen, a famous litterateur in the late Yuan Dynasty.In order to avoid the war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and Zhang Shicheng's moves, he moved from his hometown, Shanyin, Zhejiang, to Songjiang, hid in the Nine Peaks and Three Maos, and built this pavilion on the Maobin.Destroyed.[10]
The Spring Grass Pavilion was the residence of Biejia Xieli at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. Xie and Yang Weizhen were close friends. Yang was very close to Xie Guo in his later years. He often lived in Xieli's home and had records.Destroyed.[10]
The Taixuan Pavilion and Maojing Bieye were built by Xu Xianzhong in the Ming Dynasty and are now destroyed.Xu Xianzhong is a famous person for Jiajing and lives in Maobin.[10]
