synonymFrench(One of the important languages in social circles) Generally refers to French (French national language)
French (French: Fran ç ais; English: French) belongs to EuropeIndo EuropeanRomansA language of.The Romanian language family includes Central Romanian (FrenchItalian、SardiniaDialectCatalanEtc.), Western Romanian（Spanish、PortugueseEtc.) and Eastern Romance（romanianEtc.).
French is one of the Roman languages with the largest number of users after Spanish.At present, 87 million people in the world speak Frenchmother tongueAnother 285 million people use French (includingSecond languagePeople).French isthe United Nations、European UnionAnd other regional and international organizations.French andCanadian FrenchIt is one of the two major branches of French in the world.[1]
French characters belong to phonetic characters, which are composed of phonetic alphabets. The composition of the alphabets is related to pronunciation. According to different letter combinations, the pronunciation of the characters can be read directly[2]。This is obviously different from the Chinese character system.The French areGaul(les gaulois).
In the 4th century,Imperium RomanumRuling France, Latin became popular in France.
By the 5th century AD, Latin had widely replaced the FrenchCeltic。In Gaul, with the increase of Roman immigrants, the Gauls usedLatinAt the same time, the written Latin used by the upper literati began to decline.In the 5th century AD, the early inhabitants of Gaul who spoke Latin followedMigration Period GermanicFranksThe language began to merge.French begins to lose its reputationstressSyllable.
In the 6-7th century,colloquialIt becomes a mixed language (un language composite).
In the 8th century,Charlemagne Empire The establishment of the French language began to standardize.
By the 9th century, Latin and Germanic eventually merged intoRomance。
From 939capetian dynasty At first, French became the only official language in France.The predecessor of modern French isVulgar Latin The Gaul Roman language evolved from it.
French President on March 20, 2018Makron stayParisannounce,FranceThe promotion of French will be strengthened worldwide, and it is planned to make French the third largest language in the world by 2050.France plans to increase the number of French speakers worldwide from 274 million to more than 700 million by 2050.
To achieve this goal, France will focus onAfricaThe French language should be promoted in the region.The new strategy of strengthening the promotion of French includes three major parts: encouraging "learning", "spreading" and "creating" in French, covering more than 30 specific measures such as strengthening the training of French teachers and strengthening the export of French cultural industries.[1]
In addition, in Egypt and IndiaBendizhili(Pondicherry), Italy (Vall é e d'Aoste), Laos, Mauritania, Britain (Chahe Island,Channel Islands）, the United States (Cajun, Acadia) and Vietnam also have some French speakers.
La Francophonie is an international French speaking and non French speaking country and government organization.The French have always been very proud of their language.During the colonial period, the British Empire brought English to the vast colonies;After the Second World War, the powerful United States continued to spread English around the world, making the status of French continue to decline.The French are very angry about this, and fight against the English cultural forces with all their strength.Nevertheless, French has been impacted by English in various aspects to varying degrees.
Local dialects
Announce
edit
background
There are many different dialects in French territory, but later the dialect 206le-de-France near Paris replaced other dialects and became the basis of modern French official language.However, due to the backward development and historical separation of the economy in the south, there are still many dialects, such as Marsha dialect, Shanghai dialectLanguedocDialects, Lower Languedoc, Limousin, Upper Orfuni, Lower Orfuni, Gaskini andProvenceDialect, etc.
In addition to the several dialects listed above, other major French dialects includeVoiron Dialects (Walloon, mainly distributed in Belgium), Picardi dialect, Normandy dialect, Lorraine dialect, Champagne dialectAnjou AngelinBurgundyDialect (Burgundy)
sketch
Provencal dialect：ProvencalyesOccitan language A dialect of Occitan language.andProvencalIt can be subdivided into:Franco-Provencal languageandLangues d'Oïl。
Western:GaulIberiaGallo Iberian Gallo Romance GalloRichieGallo Raetian - O ï l (there are two points on the letter i)
Southeast: Franco Provencal;Arpitan
Number of users: 113400
Countries using this language: Italy, France, Switzerland
Regions where the language is used: Valle d'Aosta, Piedmont, Foggia, Franche Comt é, Savoie, Bresse, Bugey, Dombes, Beaujolais, Dauphin é,Lyonnais, Forez, Suisse-Romande
Official status: This language is protected in Italy and Aosta Valley Autonomous.
international status
Announce
edit
Because of its rigorous usage, French is the first language to speak and French is the first written language in the United Nations.
French as sixWorking languages of the United NationsFirst, it is widely used in international social and diplomatic activitiesEnglish。It is not only the official language of France, but also the official language or common language of more than 40 countries and regions across five continents. The number of people who speak French is estimated to be about 120 million.Although the number of French speakers in the world is not large, French speaking countries are very widely distributed. If English is the largest language in terms of the global distribution of languages, then French deserves to be the second largest language.
The International Olympic Committee was founded in 1894, with its headquarters first located in Paris, France, and moved to Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1915.The IOC isOlympic MovementOfSupreme powerAgency, according to《Olympic Charter》Lead the Olympic Movement.It is an international, non-governmental and non-profit organization with IOC plenary meetings, executive committee, secretariat and special committees.In 1981, the IOC obtainedSwiss ConfederationThe recognition of the Parliament confirms that it is an international institution with legal personality that exists indefinitely.The official languages of the IOC are French and English.
French: F é d é ration internationale de football association, or FIFA for short, or "FIFA" for short in Chinese.At the beginning, FIFA was headquartered in Paris, France, and it was normal to use French.The official language of FIFA and IOC is also French.At the beginning of its establishment, FIFA worked at 229 St. Honore Street in Paris and moved to Switzerland from 1932-1954ZurichRailway Station Street, 1954-1977, in Hitsch Road, Zurich“DwaldVilla ", 1977-1979, in Oros Street, Zurich, entered the FIFA Building, No. 1, Hitzschil, the new site, on May 21, 1979.
And the official language of many international organizations is also French, because it is very rigorous.
International competitions
International competitions
The formation of modern fencing equipment evolved from ancient cold weapons.In the 11th century BC, fencing lessons were taught in ancient Greece.In the Middle Ages, the West regarded fencing as one of the seven noble sentiments of knights and dueled with it.In the second half of the 16th century, the fencing movement emphasized movement skills, and created the action of striking and stabbing, with a certain artistic color.At the beginning of the 17th century, the French made short and light French style swords that were limited to stabbing, forming a fast and skillful fencing sport.
In 1776, the French knight Saint George Prosperity swordman La Bouasiri inventedMetal mesh maskThe fencing has entered a new era, and the technology and tactics have been further developed.Therefore, the competition rules and referee terms of fencing are in French.Internationally, fencers communicate in French.
Fencing terminology
1. Attention s' il vous pla
2. Echauffez vous warm-up
3. Rassemblez en avant focus forward
4. Rassemblez en arri è re
5. Saluez salutes
6. En garde preparation
7. Retrour en garde
8. En garde en avant
9. En garde en arri è re
10. Marchez forward
11. Rompez Back
12. Allongez le bras reaches out
13. Fendez vous Long Lunge Sting
14. Demi Fente Half Step Sting
15. Pass avant
16. Pass arri è re
17. Sautez en avant jumps forward
18. Sautez en arri è re jumps backward
19. Bond en avant
20. Bond en arri è re
21. Balestra Italian double leg forward jump
22. Fl è che sprint
23. Pas gliss é slide
24. Une fois once
25. Deux fois twice
26. Deux appls stamped his foot twice and asked for suspension
27. Relax vous
Coach language (Technique de la main hand action)
1. Engage
2. Change d'engagement
3. Premier è re
4. Seconde binary
5. Tierce Tritile
6. Quarte quartile
7. Quinte quintile
8. Sixte sextile
9. Septime seventh quantile
10. Octave Octant
11. Attaque attack
12. Contra attaque counterattack
13. Paradie gear shifting
14. Contra park reverse gear
15. Riposte counterattack
16. Contra riposte
17. Resuse the attack
18. Simple
19. Complex
20. Coup droit straight stab
21. D é gagez transposition, lateral attack
22. Contra d é gagez reverse side attack
23. Coupez crosses the opponent's sword tip to attack from another side
24. Battez Sword Attack
25. Une deux secondary transposition attack
26. Three consecutive transposition attacks of Un deux trois
A a [a] B b [be] C c [se] D d [de] E e [ə] F f [εf] G g [ʒe]
H h [a∫] I i [ i ] J j [ʒi] K k [ka] L l [εl] M m [εm] N n [εn]
O o [o] P p [pe] Q q [ky] R r [ε:r] S s [εs] T t [te]
U u [y] V v [ve] W w [dublve]X x [iks] Y y [igrεk] Z z [zεd]
orthographic rule
French and English are the same. Different letters or letter combinations can be usedidenticalIn turn, the same letter or letter combination can also produce different sounds. In French, there are many words with the same pronunciation but different spelling, and there are many silent letters in the words. Therefore, knowing the pronunciation of a word may not be able to spell it correctly, but the spelling regularity of French is much stronger than that of English. Generally, you can know the pronunciation of a word when you see it,However, there are many exceptions.
letter:The French alphabet is composed oflatin alphabetComposition, capital letters are not used in some French writingDiacritical mark。
French alphabet
A a （À à） （Â â） B b C c （Ç ç） D d E e（É é） （È è） （Ê ê） （Ë ë） F f G g
H h I i （Îî） （Ï ï） J j K k L l M m N n O o （Ô ô） P p Q q R r S s T t
U u （Û û） （Ù ù） （Ü ü） V v W w X x Y y （Ÿ ÿ） Z z
vowel
(Vowel) Letter: a e i o u h y
consonantLetter: b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x z
Ligature: œ (œ ilfœtus、bœuf...）
French and English use 26 Latin letters. When learning French pronunciation, you should distinguish it clearlyvowelAnd vowels,Consonant letterThe same is true for and consonants.French differs from English and Chinese in that French does notDiphthong, do not slip when pronouncing each vowel, especially pay attention to the pronunciationNasalized vowelShi cannot be like ChineseFinalsIt seems to have continuous action.In French, there are several notes, which are used together with letters, sometimes to express different sounds, sometimes just to distinguish different meanings:
“^”accent circonflexeUsually used for words that have omitted a certain letter, usually used on the letter "e". At this time, the pronunciation of the letter must be [ε], for example, ê tre is derived from the Latin word essere, and several letters are omitted in the middle;
“¨”DiaeresisIt can be combined with multiple vowel letters, which means that this vowel letter does not form a letter combination with the preceding vowel letter, but is pronounced separately, similar to a diphthong;
“é”Closed noteIt is only used above the letter "e" to indicate that the letter is pronounced as a closed accent [e];
“è”Open noteUsed on the letter "e" to indicate that the letteropen oral sound[ε] , used on other letters to distinguish different meanings, such as ou=or "or" and o ù=where "two words have the same pronunciation and spelling, but different words;
The soft note "Formula" is only used below the letter "c", because in French as in English, "c" pronounces [k] before "a, o, u", and [s] before "e, i". If you want to pronounce [s] before "a, o", you need to add a soft note, such as in fran ç ais (French).
FrenchvowelMost French vowels have round lips, so French people always seem to have round lips when they speak.Note that/a/is no longer aPhoneme。But whether/ʔ/is in FrenchphonemeThere is still controversy, some people think that it is a variant of phoneme.
This is one of the most difficult pronunciation categories for most Asians in French.It is not clear that many people learning French in Asian countries can still hear this after decades of learning French. The problem is that the French are particularly sensitive to this, and this difference plays a key role in distinguishing certain words.The difficulty is to distinguish the left and right notes in each groupClear consonantOn the rightVoiced consonant。The reason is that in some Asian languages (such as Mandarin Chinese), there is usually no difference between voiced and voiced consonants, but only between aspirated and unaspirated voiced consonants.Even if I have learned English, I may not pay attention to it because of the clearPlosive soundGenerally, it needs to be aspirated. The clear breaking sound behind the s does not need to be aspirated, such as speak, star, sky, etc.
[v] Because the letters used in Chinese Pinyin are only used to spell some transliterations of ethnic minorities/ʒ/It sounds a bit like r in Chinese Pinyin,/z/It sounds like "Ren" in Sichuan dialectConsonant, there are no/v/and/z/in Mandarinphoneme, only in some dialects.
Hard palate nasal sound:/ɲ/
Hard palate nasal sound: when you pronounce it, the surface of the tongue sticks to the palate, and the air flow is sent out from the mouth and nasal cavity at the same time.Similar to the pronunciation of "hot" in Shanghai dialectShaanxi dialectThe last range of the sentence "What do you do?" is similar to this phoneme.
In modern French, people usually pronounce fricative, and the pronunciation is slightly different from place to place;It is also used in a few areas and casesuvular trill。There are a few French speaking areas, such as Quebec in Canada, some African countries and a few areas in southern Franceapical trill。The small tongue is the uvula in medicine, and the big tongue is the tongue.
J always sendsFricative sound。The pronunciation of y in English.
Pronunciation rules
The pronunciation rules of French are very simple, usually occupying one page in the ordinary French dictionary.But for learners who use Chinese, they need to understand these rules:
At the end of a wordConsonant letterIt is usually silent unless it is followed by a vowel or the same consonant, such as "t" and "s" at the end of "paquet", "pas", "las".But these consonantsLiaison Or it may be pronounced in conjunction.
"N" and "m" invowelVowels are pronounced in front of letters, while nasal vowels are formed with the preceding vowels when some vowels are behind and there is no vowel or "m" or "n" connected behind them.
In addition, with silentConsonant letterThe ending French word is followed by a word that begins with a vowel and is located in the same place as itRhythm groupIn the same case, if the word in front ends with a consonant, it will be connected.
In the above text, please pay attention to the differences between consonants and vowels and between consonants and vowels.
The consonant "h" is not pronounced at any time, but can be divided into“Mute”And "hiss". Generally, "*" is added before the hiss words in the dictionary.Mute and hiss are mainly words beginning with mute, whose pronunciation and writing changes are the same as those beginning with vowel, while the words beginning with hiss are the same as those beginning with consonant, that is, cannot be connected, cannotelisionEtc.
grammar
Announce
edit
Syntactic classification
There are 6 major French languagesmorpheme: l'indicatif, l'imp é ratif, le conditionnel, le subjointif, l'infinitif, le participle.
L'indicatif
Main tense
Indicatif Pr é sent
Indicatif Pass é Compos é
Indicatif Imparfait
Indicatif Plus que parfait
Indicatif Pass é Simple
Indicatif Pass é Ant é rieur
Indicatif Future Simple
Indicatif Future Ant é rieur
secondary tense
Direct Future tense
Indicatif Pass é r é cent
Indicatif Le future dans le pass é
Imperative (l'imp é ratif)
Imp é ratif Pr é sent
Imp é ratif Pass é
Le conditionel
Conditionel Pr é sent
Conditionel Pass é
Virtual (le subjonctif)
Subjonctif Pr é sent
Subjonctif Pass é
Subjonctif Imparfait
Subjonctif Plus que parfait
Le participle
Participe Pr é sent
Participle Pass é
Infinitive
The unchanged original verb is called the infinitive
Describe the action or state that happened/express habitual action/describe the truth
Example: j 'é cris un article Aimer Finir
Il a mal à l’estomac J’aime Je finis
Ma mère va au bureau à 7h du matin Tu aimes Tu finis
L’eau bout à 100°c Il/elle aime Il/elle finit
J’arrive tout de suit Nous aimons Nous finissons
Vous aimez Vous finissez
Ils/elles aiment Ils/elles finissent
Verb grouping: Group 1 (- er) Group 2 (- ir) Group 3 (- re)
Verb inflection
Simple future tense verb change
French teaching
Ends with - rai - ras - ra - ras - rons - rez - ront - ront
Etre Avoir
Je serai J’aurai
Tu seras Tu auras
Il/elle sera Il/elle aura
Nous serons Nous aurons
Vous serez Vous aurez
Ils/elles seront Ils/elles auront
Example: Demain j'irai au cin é ma
Elle sera ici demail.
study
Announce
edit
traditional code of conduct.If you don't know foreign languages, the north isBeiwai(There are several other universities or foreign language majors in the north), and the south is the world of Shangwai (there are several other universities or foreign language majors in the south). If you don't know that Reflets are the teaching materials of the French training center (taxi, alter ego, vision original), you will enter the temple but burn the wrong incense.When the National People's Congress of Beijing University of Foreign Studies talked about Public French, they could not tell the story of "when I was in AF" when they entered a French enterprise.
It's better for county officials to manage。To take any exam, you must first ask what the textbook is.This is wrong. No matter how high the level is, it will suffer.For example, TEF will repeatedly say, "We are a French proficiency test, which has nothing to do with the teaching materials." But if you have taken classes in AF, I believe you will have some other understanding.
The battle of schools.There have always been two schools of language teaching - Communicative School and Grammar School.The former emphasizes listening and speaking ability, which is practical;The latter emphasizes reading and focuses on practice and grammar.Although as a textbook, we will strive to give consideration to both, but there is always a tendency.Most domestic textbooks belong to grammar school, while most foreign textbooks belong to communication school.How to choose depends on the personal situation.
Controversy between China and foreign countries.In terms of the choice of original textbooks and domestic textbooks, my suggestions are: under the advanced level, use more domestic textbooks, and explain the difficulties and grammar in Chinese will be easier to understand;Above the advanced level, there are many crude parts in the domestic textbooks, but the grammar is very different from each other.
Copyright dispute.Of course, authentic audio-visual products and textbooks are much more expensive than pirated ones, but the quality is also more guaranteed.It's like eating. The roadside stalls are a way of eatingwestern restaurantThere is another kind of sentiment.Personally, I think that foreign language learning will only be more demanding than eating. It seems unwise to learn anything just for the sake of cheap.
All roads lead to Rome。You can learn French from any textbook, and you can learn French very well.On the contrary, no matter how good the textbook is, it can't guarantee anything without learning.Self study can also produce masters.Not a few people have been eliminated by AF French training center.
If you have time, you can read more foreign books and movies, so that learning foreign languages can become simple and happy.
In addition, we should continue to practice thinking in a foreign language and organizing the language, and forget about Chinese. Thinking in a foreign language can improve your speaking speed and avoid "Chinese foreign language". We should not translate the foreign language we hear into Chinese to think and understand again. High density long-term practice will improve the listening and speaking ability of related foreign languages in 4-6 months.
Kaza Romer, a famous Hungarian female translator, knows more than ten languages.Through years of exploration and learning, she summarized her rich experience in learning foreign languages into ten simple and easy to understand items, which are of universal significance to every foreign language learner.These ten items are:
one
Never stop learning, even if you can squeeze out 10 minutes. Morning is a good time.
two
If you are tired of learning, you can change your learning style or form.
three
Don't memorize in isolation from the context.
four
Write down and memorize the commonly used sentence patterns at any time.
five
Try to "translate" the things you come into contact with, such as the advertisements that flash by, the words you occasionally hear, etc.
six
Only things that have been modified by the teacher are worth remembering, that is to say, those that must be correct must be remembered
seven
When copying and memorizing sentence patterns and idioms, usesingularfirst person.
eight
Foreign languages are like blockhouses, which must be besieged from all sides at the same time: reading foreign newspapers, listening to foreign language radio, watching foreign language movies, listening to foreign language lectures, reading foreign language textbooks, etc.
nine
We should dare to speak a foreign language, not be afraid of making mistakes, ask others to correct us, not be embarrassed, and not be discouraged.
ten
We should firmly believe that we can achieve our goals, that we have strong perseverance and the ability to learn foreign languages well.
