France's series of wars with foreign countries is calledNapoleonic Wars , extending the influence of France to the wholeWestern Europeandpoland。
After the defeat of the Russian invasion campaign, the sixth anti French coalition army invaded on March 31, 1814ParisOn April 6, Napoleon was forced to abdicate and was exiled toElba，bourbon dynasty Restoration.
On August 15, 1769,Napoleon Bonaparte Born in the Mediterranean in southeast FranceCorsica(M é diterran é eCorse)Battle of ToulonHe became famous in the First World War of China and became the youngest general at that time.
Mist Moon Coup
On November 9, 1799, Napoleon, a young general who rose rapidly in the Great Revolution, launched“Mist Moon Coup”, take control of political power.The executive government was established in France, and he served as the first consul, and later became a lifelong consul.
December 2, 1804the popePius VIINotre Dame de ParisHe was crowned Emperor Napoleon I of the First Empire of France.And abolish the Republican calendar and restore itGregorian calendar(i.e. the Gregorian calendar).
NapoleonThe first problem after taking office is to temporarily end the war for many yearsTsarist RussiaPeople make peace and conclude with Austrians《Treaty of Luneville》(Train é de Lun é ville), also reached a peace agreement with Britain.But in the eyes of European feudal nobles,NapoleonHe is still a terrorist.
Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor
Napoleon
In 1803, a war broke out between Britain and France again.To defeatFrance，britainConstantly seek allies to form newAnti French Alliance。
In May 1804, Napoleon became emperor.next year,AustriaPrussia and Britain signed a treaty of alliance, and Russia also joined the anti French alliance.The new Napoleon Empire faced the joint attack of the strongest countries in Europe at that time.
At this time, Napoleon was also actively preparing for the invasion of Britain. He gathered a large number of troops and thousands of sailboats and barges along the coast of the Straits for amphibious combat training at sea and landing.Napoleon led his army against Britain's allies on the European continent.He led his troops eastward from UlmMoraviaThe sudden attack on the Russian and Austrian allied forces won the Ostlitz victory.After this great victory, the remaining Russian troops retreated into Poland, Austria concluded a peace treaty with France, and NapoleonAustriaobtainVeniceThe region, which incorporated Venice into his controlKingdom of Italy。
In 1807, Napoleon and the Russian tsarAlexander I At the border between Russia and PrussiaNeman RiverFor a private meeting on a raft.During the talks, Napoleon tried to impress Alexander and denounce Britain as the maker of all disputes in Europe.The results of the talks were signed by both parties《Treaty of Tilsit 》: The French Empire andRussian EmpireAn alliance against Britain was formed, which lasted for five years on the surface.But Alexander soon found that what he won in this alliance was not peace, but time.
Continental system
And Napoleon on the European continentvictoryOn the contrary, in October 1805, the French navyBattle of Trafalgar China was defeated again by a famous British naval generalNelson 。Seeing that the invasion of Britain from the sea had ended, Napoleon would turn his tactics against Britain to economic warfare, impose a strict "mainland blockade" on Britain, and forbid British ships to sail into European ports.
In 1806, Napoleon issued《berlin decree 》The import of British goods from any part of Europe allied with him or affiliated with him is prohibited.The next year, he decided to《Treaty of Tilsit 》And ordered Russia and Prussia to join the "continental system".A few months later, Russia, Prussia, Austria and other countries that joined the "anti French alliance" with Britain declared war on Britain one after another.
Napoleon also askedPortugalTwo neutral countries, Denmark and Portugal, also joined the "continental system", but Portugal, which had always followed Britain's lead, refused to obey orders.In order to punish Portugal, control the entire European coastline and improve the "continental system", Napoleon led his troops acrossPyrenees, conquest of Spain and Portugal.This war plunged France into an endless quagmire of war, and the brave and fearless Spanish people dragged down Napoleon's 300000 elite troops.At the same time, Britain decided to stabilize the last one on the European continent at all costsbridgehead, constantly increasing troops to assist Portuguese army and Spanish anti Frenchguerrilla detachment。
becauseindustrial revolution, Britain has accumulated a lotwealthIts financial reserves are enough to help European countries defeat Napoleon.The people of European countries under Napoleon's rule are becoming more and more unstable and want to gain national independence,enlightenment campaignAnd the idea of the Great Revolution began to spread widely in the ruled countries.Russian tsarAlexander I He was also very dissatisfied with his French allies, because he annexed them in 1809FinlandIn addition, it has no other interests from the alliance.
Territory of the First Empire
The decline of the empire
French sphere of influence
In 1811, Russia formally withdrew from the "continental system" and Britain and Russia resumed commercial relations.Napoleon decided to lead an expeditionTsarist Russia。He gathered an army of 700000 people in East Prussia and Poland and invaded Russia in June 1812.In September, the French and Russian armiesBorodinoIn the battle, the Russian armyKutuzovUnder the command of the Duke, he successfully blocked the French offensive.On the offensiveMoscowLater, Napoleon discovered that what he occupied was an empty city.The Muscovites greeted the emperor with fire. Napoleon woke up and looked at the sky reddened by the fire and shouted, "Burn your own home! How barbaric! What a nation!"
RussiaNapoleon suffered a lot in the cold winter. Among the 611000 French soldiers who entered Russia, 400000 died of war casualties, hunger and snow storms, and 100000 were captured.At the same time, all the anti Napoleon forces in Europe rallied again.The Russian army followed the French army into Central Europe. Prussia and Austria also turned to joint operations with Russia, and Italy also broke out anti French riots.The British ArmyWellingtonLed by, he crossed the Pyrenees and entered the French mainland.
In December 1812, Napoleon secretly left the army that was struggling to retreat in the snow and wind in Russia, relying on sledges and carriages to cross Europe to Paris, and formed a new army.However, the new army lacked training, and many excellent officers who had fought with him for many years lost many lives in the war between Spain and Russia.
In October 1813, the French armyBattle of Leipzig China was defeated in the war.In April of the next year, Napoleon announced his abdication and wasexileTo the Italian coastElbaOn.
Hundred Day Dynasty
Territory of the First Empire of France
On March 1, 1815, Napoleon secretly escaped from the island of Elba and landed in the port of Rouen, France.The customs guard saw that it was Napoleon who landed, and immediately asked himraise the hatSalute.Napoleon spoke loudly to the local soldiersspeechThe soldiers cheered and joined him.
On March 3, 1815, the news of Napoleon's landing in France reached Paris,bourbon dynasty The government was so frightened that it immediately sent troops to stop it.But wherever Napoleon went, the soldiersgo into action without delaySome commanders even gathered their teams before Napoleon arrived, shouted "Long live the emperor" and went to the front to meet Napoleon.
At 9:00 p.m. on March 20, 1815, NapoleonentourageandcavalryHe rushed into Paris and ascended the throne of God again.
On June 18, 1815, NapoleonWaterloo BattleWas defeated by the combined forces of Britain and Prussia.On June 22, Napoleon abdicated for the second time.In October, he was exiled to EnglandAtlanticTerritory inSt. Helena。
On May 5, 1821, Napoleon died on the island.
Politics
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Rank
napoleon i
On the basis of the executive government (1799-1804), Napoleon I further strengthened the power of the central government and his individual, and established a newKnighthoodGrade, sealedprince4,duke30, 388 counts,baron1090, thousands of honorary knights.In 1812, the French Empire covered an area of 860000 square kilometers, with a population of about 44 million. The country was divided into 130 counties, including 9 counties in the Netherlands, along the coast of the North SeaGermany9 counties in each state, Southeast VallePiemonte、Genoa, ParmaTuscanyAnd 10 counties in the Papal Territory.In addition, Napoleon I and his family also ruled and controlledKingdom of Italy、The Federation of Rhine、Kingdom of Westphalia、Kingdom of Naples, Kingdom of SpainGrand Duchy of WarsawEtc.Napoleon I tried to unify tariffs and legal system within the empire.
Related figures
The French emperor and the colonial lords of the French Empire:napoleon i
Queen of France:Josephine(1804-1809) Remain the title of empress after divorce from the emperor
Mary Louise(1810-1815) The eldest princess of the Austrian emperor
The King of the Netherlands:Louis Bonaparte (Napoleon's younger brother)
Queen of the Netherlands: Aldonna de Boarne (daughter of Queen Josephine and her ex husband)
The code confirmed for the first time the basic principles of bourgeois civil law, such as equality of civil rights and freedom of contract of property ownership, consolidated the achievements of bourgeois revolution in the form of law, attacked feudal forces and promoted the development of capitalism.Because it was formulated to meet the needs of the bourgeoisie, it was deeply branded with the bourgeoisie.This code is still in use, but with the changes of French society, economy and politics, the code has also been revised more than 100 times.[1]
International Relations
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Countries that have entered into peace treaties with France
