The Fall was in 1921founding member of the Creation SocietyHis short stories were first published on October 15, 1921, and included in the collection of short stories "Sinking".[7]
Sinking tells about a Chinese youth studying in Japan who suffered from seriousdepressionAnd was discriminated and oppressed by the Japanese.His weak soul was tortured by extreme depression and pain, and the sexual depression of adolescence could not be relieved.He fantasized about women's flirtation, indulged in masturbation, peeping at girls' baths, eavesdropping on men and women's cheating in the grass... Then he blamed himself and was afraid, unwilling to sink, but unable to extricate himself, and finally jumped into the sea to commit suicide.Although the novel has certain anti imperialist and anti feudal significance, it is full of depression and depression.The description is bold and frank, the psychological description is incisive and vividly, and the lyric color is strong.[5]
Yu Dafu, through his bold and frank description, shouted out the common inner needs of the intellectuals of that generation, and then complained bitterly aboutImperialismThe evil society, which was double oppressed by the feudal forces, had a great impact at that time and aroused the resonance of many young intellectuals.[6]
"Sinking" is about a young student studying in Japan who was expelled from school because of his pursuit of freedom and personality liberation and resistance to feudal autocracy.He always longed for true love and warmth in the world, and pursued sincere friendship. However, he was burdened by the identity of "weak people". This enthusiasm was repeatedly insulted and ridiculed, and he felt lonely and empty in foreign countries. His lonely and autistic life combined with the long suppressed desire for youth made him suffer frommelancholiaHe was depressed, but his character was distorted. Finally, he abandoned himself and went into the brothel. He was decadent and lost, killing the heat of life and destroying the pure temperament.In the endless regret, anxiety and self injury, he fell into the bottom of despair and finally committed suicide in his 21 year old youth.[4]
Creation background
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Nagoya University, Yu Dafu's literary monument, commemorative novel Sinking
In 1915, Yu Dafu was admitted to Nagoya No. 8 University (nowNagoya University ）。After graduating in 1919, Yu DafuNagoyaGo to Tokyo.On the way, he wrote his work "Sinking" based on his four years' experience of studying in Nagoya.[1]
In "Sinking", Yu Dafu artistically wrote his childhood experience and experience of studying abroad in Japan into the novel, but "Sinking" only has the author's own life experience, not the author's autobiography.[2]
Introduction
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The protagonist in the work has awakened under the influence of the "May 4th Movement" and the new western trend of thought. He is eager to restore his own value and sincere love.However, in this "civilized" modern society, especially his weak people in a foreign country, all his pursuits have become impossible.His life was in an extremely contradictory situation: on his own side, his inner feelings were burning, but the reality gave him cruel restraint, so, inspired by a desire for youth, he used morbid and abnormal behavior to meet his desire, and went to destruction;In the big aspect of the country, he loved his country, but watched it become increasingly "depressed", which caused a sharp conflict between his self-esteem and sense of inferiority.He longed for understanding, warmth and sympathy, as well as "love from sympathy", but he could not achieve this kind of love.Psychologically, he was brilliant, but he was discriminated against by the society;Physically, he longed for love, but never found it.He struggled in loneliness and melancholy, so that he went to the brothel to numb his lonely heart.Under the double attack of "the bitterness of greed and evil and the anxiety of being good", his inferiority complex and self reproach constituted a deeper contradiction and distress in his psychology.Finally, with the complete destruction of his personal ideal, he went to the dead end of throwing himself into the sea.[6]
Appreciation of works
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subject
Sinking
The young hero's experiences and sufferings in a foreign country are closely related to the fate of his motherland, so before committing suicide, he cried out in grief and indignation: "Motherland! Motherland! You killed me! Get rich quickly and be strong! You still have many children suffering there!" This phrase is usually considered to be Yu DafuPatriotismThe strongest voice of thought expresses the aspiration of a generation of young people to freedom and liberation, and to the prosperity and strength of the motherland.
In Yu Dafu's novels, there is often a trilogy of life and soul: the pursuit of a reasonable life - the disillusionment of a reasonable pursuit - and eventually sinking and self.Sinking is the representative work of this emotional mode.The protagonist has a passionate pursuit of love and beauty. His poetic mood and beautiful temperament hit his head in front of the ugly reality, and finally he killed himself.The emotional catharsis of grief and indignation and the heavy sentimentality run through the whole novel.
First of all, the restless passion of youth has no sustenance, and romantic feelings can not rival the depression of reality.The protagonist is sensitive, self respecting, self abased, suspicious, and unable to calm his turbulent inner feelings. A long period of repression has resulted in his melancholy and sad self pity personality.The novel plays up the emotional waves of a young man who loves girls in a foreign country with multiple strokes.The surging of youth, the longing for love, and the restlessness of the body fully demonstrate the protagonist's sentimentality and myriad feelings.At the beginning of the novel, the protagonist walked in the field. "He held a six inch Wordsworth poetry collection in his hand and walked slowly alone there. Yu Dafu has always been good at writing scenes that permeate each other. The sweet smell of nature impacts the protagonist's empty mind. In front of the full field and Yiran's life, he has only two lines of clear tears of self pity.
Secondly, the inferiority complex brought about by national discrimination and world indifference also aggravates the protagonist's depressed psychology.As a foreign student, the cultural identity of the protagonist of the novel is dual: on the one hand, he is influenced by the new thought of the May 4th Movement, and has the appeal of personality liberation and the instinct of self publicity;On the other hand, as a citizen of a weak country, when living abroad, he suffered from discrimination and coldness, and had no place to tell his sufferings, so he shouted for revenge.The inferiority complex brought about by national poverty aggravated the mental depression and sexual depression in adolescence, while the depression of life and love was externalized, which strengthened his understanding of reality.From national poverty and backwardness to personal humiliation, from the desire for love to the contempt of the opposite sex, from sexual repression and depression to self indulgence, from self rejection to the desire for national self-improvement, these are the mental journey Yu Dafu experienced when studying in Japan, and also the emotional theme of Sink.Melancholia, repressed lust andnationalismEntangled together, it becomes a metaphor of national tragedy.The strength of the May 4th era has become the shadow of life, the aftereffect of the vigorous liberation of personality. Throw these awakened souls on the beach of life, how to returnNew Culture MovementMany people have no answer to the way of modernity.Yu Dafu's sadness and thoughts are his own and those of that era.
The modernity anxiety of Sinking is reflected in two aspects: individual and national.Of course, it is also of the times and history.The individual spiritual crisis throughout the novel and the expression of nation and country at the end of the novel have the same narrative effect, that is, the isomorphism between individual failure and the crisis of family and country.In this sense, Sinking breaks through the small pattern of personal life experience and the big history of the spirit of the times. It builds a spiritual bridge between individuals and their families, between the times and history, leaving readers with a cultural and ethical perspective of reflection on the pursuit of modernity.Perhaps it is in the national consciousness characterized by resistance that Yu Dafu andLu XunAll roads lead to Rome.Undoubtedly, the national consciousness of both men was generated and strengthened by their traumatic memories during their study abroad."Sinking" outlines the tragic life of a young man from the background of a big era family and country;From the perspective of spiritual depression and spiritual and physical conflict, it depicts the psychological course of a modern person.[4]
artistic characteristics
The uniqueness of Sink lies in its "naked truth" in its artistic expression. It reveals the sexual depression of young people and the sexual abnormality caused by the depression, which deeply hurts the hypocrisy and self-consciousness of Taoists, and it needs courage and courage to do so in the May 4th period when feudal sexual morality still dominated.
Sinking is the first modern romantic lyric novel in art.Such novels do not seem to have much interest in strange ghost stories and bloody real life. Instead, they are keen on expressing the subjective emotions of writers and use this psychological process to structure novels.Because the author writes completely according to his own emotional flow, the plot structure appears loose, disordered and even a bit chaotic. Where, the logic of plot development gives way to the law of emotional flow, thus completing the spiritual journey of the protagonist from melancholy to decadence, from decadence to degradation, and from degradation to destruction.[8]
Later influence
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Literary influence
From the perspective of art, the originality of Sinking cannot be ignored.Since the beginning of "Sinking", expressing his feelings directly has become the most commonly used technique for Yu Dafu to write novels.In the performance of the daily life scenes experienced by the protagonist, he often writes in a style full of intense emotions, makes frank self dissection in the event narration, and even directly touches the readers' heartstrings in the form of a long monologue.This kind of novels echoed the widespread spiritual loss, marriage and economic depression of the young generation after the ebb tide of the May 4th Movement, which caused the "Yu Dafu fever" at that time.
In 1998,Nagoya University stayToyota Lecture HallIt has established a solid foundation for Yu Dafu and his novel "Sinking"Yu Dafu's Literary Stele。The literary monument is made of granite produced in Xiamen, Fujian Province. On one side of the monument is embedded a statue of Yu Dafu wearing a student coat and a student cap. Under the statue is inscribed the word "Yu Dafu".The other side of the tablet is engraved with the words "sinking".[1]
Work evaluation
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Modern writersLi Jinming"The great resistance of today's youth in the revolution can be said to be generated from the depressed to extreme reaction in" Sink ". Although a" Sink "is not a text to describe sexual problems and revolutionary psychology, the true inspiration is more than《to shout》The more distinct excitement is especially profound. "[6]
Work disputes
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"Sinking" shocked the literary world with its "amazing materials and bold description", and had a temporary impact.The novel truthfully analyzes and depicts the depression of a young student studying in Japan who could not bear to be humiliated, homesick and homesick but could not be relieved after the May 4th Movement.Although there are some unhealthy descriptions and sentimental feelings in the works, the keynote is to expose and answer the feudal ethics.The complex mental state of intellectual youth suffering from no way out expressed in the novel belongs to that era and is quite typical, so it has aroused strong emotional resonance among young intellectuals after its publication.Defenders were very angry and said that it was an immoral novel, which was enough to corrupt the common people.There have been fierce confrontations between the two opposing views.[3]
About the author
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founding member of the Creation Society(1896-1945), his real name is Yu Wen, and he was born in Fuyang, Zhejiang Province. He is a modern writer, poet, and revolutionary martyr.In 1913, he went to Japan to study abroad. In 1914, he was admitted to the Medical Department of the First University in Tokyo, Japan. In 1917, he was admitted toImperial University of TokyoDepartment of Economics, 1921 andGuo Moruo、Imitate meAnd other literary organizations“Creation Society”In the same year, he published the first collection of vernacular short stories in literary history, Sink.In 1922, he received a bachelor's degree in economics from Imperial University of TokyoPeking UniversityWuchang Normal University, GuangzhouSun Yat-sen UniversityAnd other schools.In 1926, he took charge of the publishing work of the Creation Society and joined it in 1928“the Sun Society”, onLu XunUnder the support of the editor in chief, Popular Literature and Art was founded in 1930 with Lu Xun and othersChina League of Left wing Writers, joined in 1933China Civil Rights Protection Alliance。Counter-Japanese WarAfter the outbreak, he served as the chief editor of the supplement of Fujian People's Daily, the chairman of the Fuzhou Cultural Circles National Salvation Association, and the chief editor of National Salvation Literature and Art.In March 1938All China Association of Literary and Art Circles to Resist the EnemyHe was elected as the executive director at the founding meeting and went to Singapore in the same year《Xingzhou Daily》As the chief writer, he was engaged in anti Japanese propaganda work and once served as the head of the wartime working group of the overseas Chinese cultural circles in XingzhouSingapore Overseas Chinese Anti enemy Mobilization AssociationExecutive member, chairman of the Singapore Cultural Anti Japanese Federation.In 1945, he was arrested by the Japanese army because of a traitor tip off, and was secretly killed on August 29 of the same yearSumatrajungle.[10]
