synonymWolfgang Amadeus Mozart(European classical music composer) generally refers to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Austrian classical music composer)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (January 27, 1756~December 5, 1791), born in Salzburg, Austria, during the classical periodAustriacomposer,Viennese Classical School One of the representatives[1]。
In 1761, he composed music for the first time.In 1762, Mozart and his sister began to goEuropeAll countries performed successfully.In 1764, he composed his first symphony, "The First Symphony in E-flat Major".In 1772, at the age of 16, Mozart was appointed as a court musician in Salzburg, ending his long life of traveling and playing.In 1781, he broke away from his dependence on his employer and became the earliest free composer in history.Opera, 1782《The harem lures away》It premiered in Vienna.In 1784, completed the title dedicated toJoseph Haydn Six string quartets from.1786, Opera《Figaro's Wedding》It premiered in Vienna.In 1787, he was appointed as a court composer.1791 Opera《Magic flute》Premiere;On December 5, Mozart died[2-3]。
In his short 35 years of life, Mozart has completed more than 600 music works of different genres and forms, including operas, symphonies, concertos, sonatas, quartets and other ensemble and ensemble works, as well as a large number of instrumental sketches, solos, etc., covering almost all music genres at that time.His music reflects the style of the classical period, improves a variety of music genres, and together with Haydn, establishes the Vienna Classical School[4]。
House where Mozart was born (back, right), lithograph by Chichner
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on January 27, 1756Salzburg。His father was court violinist Leopold Mozart, and his mother was Anna Maria.In 1760, his father began to give Mozart the first music education, including general basic cultural education.In 1761, Mozart composed music for the first time[2]。
On January 12, 1762, Nannell and his father and sister performed for the first time in Munich for a three-day trip[2], playing in the election palace[5]；On September 18, I went to Vienna to hold a concert with my parents and sister, and wasMaria TraciaThe Queen's interview and visit Presburg for a short stay[2]。
Performing experience
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Travel years
Mozart was received by Queen Maria Tracia
Young Mozart, painted in 1763
On January 5, 1763, he returned to Salzburg;On July 9, I started a performance tour in Western Europe with my parents and sister, includingMunichAugsburg, Ludwigsburg, Schwarzenegen, Mainz, MaineFrankfurt, and Brussels;Arrive on November 18Paris[2]And stayed here until April 1764[5]。
In 1764, he visited the royal family at Versailles Palace and printed the first collection of works, Violin Sonata (K.6 and K.7);Arrive on April 23London, was interviewed by the Queen for many times, and stayed in London until July 1765;In the same year, he composed the First Symphony in E-flat Major (K.16), which was also Mozart's first symphony[2]。
In July 1765, he returned from London and arrived in Salzburg in January 1766 via Dunkirk, Lille, Ghent, Antwerp, Rotterdam, The Hague, Amsterdam, Mehran, Paris, Dijon, Lyon, Geneva, Lausanne, Zurich, Winterthur, Schaffhausen, Danausingen, Ulm, Dillingen, Augsburg and Munich[5]。On May 10, 1766, he arrived in Paris and returned via Switzerland, Dory Eisengen and Munich;Arrive in Salzburg on November 29[2]。
From left to right: Leopold and Mozart, Nannell, Drafford painted in 1764
In 1767, he composed the Responsibility to Follow the First Commandment (K.35), and the Latin interlude Apollo and Jacintos (K.38);On September 11, I went to Vienna for the second time with my parents and sister. I fled to Ormingz via Brno to avoid smallpox, but my sister and brother were still sick[2]。
On January 10, 1768, he returned to Vienna and wrote the comic opera "Play the Mad and Play the Dumb" (K.51), whose first performance in Vienna was sabotaged by a conspiracy;In the same year, he created a singing drama《Bastien Und Bastienne 》（K.50）[2]。
On January 5, 1769, he returned to Salzburg and premiered Play Mad and Play Dumb;On November 14, he was appointed the third violinist of Salzburg Court Orchestra (without salary);On December 13, I went to Italy for the first time with my father[2]。
In 1770, stops in Italy included Verona, Milan, Bologna, Florence, Rome, Naples and Venice;In the same year, the Pope conferred the title of "Golden Spur Knight" andGiovanni Battista Martini The priest learned counterpoint and joined Bologna Philharmonic Association;On December 26, the opera "Pontus Past Mitridat" (K.87) premiered in Milan[2]。
Mozart in Verona, Savario Dala Rosa painted in January 1770
On March 28, 1771, he returned to Salzburg and wrote the oratorio "Free Betulia" (K. 118);On August 13, I started my second trip to Italy with my father[2], via Innsbruck, Brixson, Borzano, Trento, Loveletto, Verona, Brescia to Milan[5]；On October 17, the play "Ascanio in Alba" (K.111) by Cantata premiered in Milan;In December, return to Salzburg[2]。
In 1772, the monk Heronius Koloredo became Prince and Archbishop of Salzburg, and Mozart was appointed as the chief violin of the Salzburg Court Orchestra with a higher salary;On October 24, I went to Italy for the third time with my father[2], via Innsbruck, Brixson, Borzano, Trento, Roveretto and Verona to Milan[5]；On December 26, the opera "Luo Sila" (K.135) premiered in Milan[2]。
Salzburg Period
On March 13, 1773, he returned to Salzburg;In mid July, I went to Vienna for the third time with my father;At the end of September, I returned to Salzburg.On December 6, 1774, I went to Munich with my father[2]。
In 1777, he wore the golden spurs knight's logo awarded by Pope Clement XIV in 1770
On January 13, 1775, the comedy opera《La Finta Giardiniera 》(K.196) premiered in Munich;On March 7, he returned to Salzburg and composed the Violin Concerto[2]。
In 1777, he was dismissed by the Salzburg Court Orchestra;On September 23, I went to Paris with my mother for a job interview at the Munich court and stayed in Augsburg;On October 30, he arrived in Mannheim, tried to work at the court of Mannheim, met the Friedolin Weber family, and fell in love with Aloysia Weber[2]。
At the end of January 1778, he went to Kirshheim to visit the court with Friedolin and Aloysia Weber;On March 23, he arrived in Paris and composed Symphony No. 31 ("Paris") in D Major (K.297);On July 3, Mozart's mother died in Paris;On September 26, he left Paris and returned to Salzburg via Strasbourg, Mannheim, Kaiserslautern and Munich.In mid January 1779, he arrived in Salzburg;On January 17, he was appointed as the Salzburg Court Organist[2]。
From Salzburg to Vienna
Mozart in front of the piano, unfinished oil painting, Joseph Langer painted in 1782 or 1783
In November 1780, I went to Munich alone[5]。On January 29, 1781, the opera Idomenius the King of Crete (K.366) premiered in Munich[2]My father and sister also went to Munich to watch the performance[5]；On March 16, he arrived in Vienna at the order of Archbishop Koloredo of Salzburg and quarreled with the Archbishop;At the beginning of May, she moved to Checelin Weber's house;On June 8, Mozart resigned from his post in Salzburg[2]。
From April 1782, he joined the music group of Baron Swetten (studying Bach and Handel);July 16, Opera《The harem lures away》(K.384) premiered in Vienna;On August 4, Mozart Constanze Weber got married[2]。
At the end of July 1783, he went to Salzburg with Konstanze to see his father;On October 30, he arrived in Linz on the way back, and composed Symphony No. 36 in C Major ("Linz") (K.425);Return to Vienna at the end of November[2]。
Vienna period
The first cover of Mozart's quartet dedicated to Haydn, published by Atalya
In 1784, he participated in many concerts;Joined Vienna on December 14Freemasonry"Charities".In 1785, signed several concert contracts;In the same year, his father Leopold visited Vienna;In the same year, the completed title was dedicated to the composerJoseph Haydn Six String Quartets.Opera, May 1, 1786《Figaro's Wedding》(K.492) premiered in Vienna[2]。
From January 8 to the middle of 1787, he went to Prague for the first time and held the premiere of Symphony No. 38 in D Major ("Prague") (K.504);From October 1 to mid November, I went to Prague for the second time;October 29, Opera《Don Juan》Premiered in Prague;On December 7, he was appointed as a royal musician in the court of the Austro Hungarian Empire.In 1788, he composed Symphony No. 39 in E flat major, Symphony No. 40 in G minor, and Symphony No. 41 in C major ("Jupiter")[2]。
End of career
In the last few hours of Mozart's life, Henry Nelson O'Neill painted
Portrait left by Mozart via Dresden, painted in April 1789
On April 8, 1789, they went to Berlin with K. Lichnovsky, passed through Prague, Dresden, Leipzig, and came to Potsdam.Opera, January 26, 1790《Womanly heart》(K.588) premiered in Vienna[2]；In September, I was invited to Frankfurt am Mainleopold ii The coronation ceremony of, going to Mainz, returning to Mannheim and Munich[5]。
On May 9, 1791, he was confirmed as the vice leader of St. Stefan Cathedral Band (without salary);From the end of August to the middle of September, go to Prague;September 6, Opera《Tito's Kindness》(K.621) premiered in Prague;September 30, Opera《Magic flute》First performance in the "Freedom House" theater rented by Sikaneid and located at the Weideng Pass;In the same year, he created《Requiem》, incomplete;On November 20, he was bedridden;On December 5, he died;On December 6, according to the death register, he was buried in the cemetery of St. Marx in Vienna[2]。
Personal life
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family
Mozart's wife Constanze
After Mozart's death, he and his wife Konstanze's youngest son Franz Zewell Wolfgang Mozart spent their lives as an ordinary composer, and died in 1844.Their eldest son, Carl Thomas, also studied music in Italy, but later became a government employee. When he died in 1858, he was an accountant of the Austrian government in Milan. The direct descendants of the Mozart family have since died[6]。
friendship
In Vienna, Mozart andHaydn Has forged a profound friendship[7]。In January 1785, Haydn went to Vienna to participate in a quartet performance dedicated to him by Mozart.In 1789, Haydn watched an opera at Mozart's residence《Womanly heart》Rehearsal of[8]。After Mozart's death, Haydn taught his eight year old son to compose music for free, and bought Mozart's manuscripts from Broadlipp as far as possible for personal collection[9]。
Main works
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In 1862, more than 600 musical works created by Mozart were listed and numbered by Ludwig von Kercher according to the year into a work catalog, and later re edited by Alfred Einstein and others, but "Kercher" and "K" became the common numbers for searching Mozart.This work is numbered in the order of Ludwig von Kochel's number (K.), including more than 20 operas, 41 symphonies, more than 50 concertos, 17 piano sonatas, 6 violin concertos, 35 piano violin sonatas, 23 string quartets, and several divertimentos, dance music, vocal music and religious music[10]。
Work No
Title
Creation time
K.1
Minuet and Trio in G Major
1762
K.1a
Piano Music in G Major (Andante)
1761
K.1b
Piano Music in C Major (Andante)
1761
K.1c
Piano Music in F Major (Andante)
1761
K.1d
Piano Music in F Major (Andante)
1761
K.1f
Minuet in C major
1761
K.2
Minuet in F major
1762
K.3
B down major Allegro
1762
K.4
Minuet in F major
1762
K.5
Minuet in F major
1762
K.6
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 1 in C Major
1764
K.7
Piano and Violin Sonata No. 2 in D Major
1764
K.8
Piano and Violin Sonata No. 3 in B flat major
1764
K.9
Piano and Violin Sonata No. 4 in G Major
1764
K.10
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 5 in B flat major
1764
K.11
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 6 in G Major
1764
K.12
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 7 in A Major
1764
K.13
Piano and Violin Sonata No. 8 in F Major
1764
K.14
Piano and Violin Sonata No. 9 in C Major
1764
K.15
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 10 in B flat major
1764
K.16
Symphony No. 1 in E flat major
1764
K.16a
Symphony in a minor
1760
K.17
Symphony No. 2 in B flat major
K.18
Symphony No. 3 in E flat major
K.19
Symphony No. 4 in D major
1764
K.19a
Symphony in F major
1765
K.19d
Sonata in C Major (Four Hands)
1765
K.20
Psalm in g minor - God is our refuge
1765
K.21
An aria for tenors and bands
1765
K.22
Symphony No. 5 in B flat major
1765
K.23
An aria for sopranos and strings
1765
K.24
Eight piano variations
1766
K.25
Seven piano variations
1766
K.26
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 11 in E-flat Major
1766
K.27
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 12 in G Major
1766
K.28
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 13 in C Major
1766
K.29
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 14 in D Major
1766
K.30
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 15 in F Major
1766
K.31
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 16 in B flat major
1766
K.32
Fantasia for orchestra, soprano, harpsichord
1766
K.33
Kyrie in F major (four voice parts and string music)
1766
K.34
Sacrifice in C major
1766
K.35
The oratorio "The Responsibility of Following the First Commandment" (the guilt of the first messenger) (cooperated by Mikael Haydn and Adelgadze)
1767
K.36
A recitative aria for tenors and bands
1766
K.37
Piano Concerto No. 1 in F Major
1767
K.38
School play Apollo and Jacintos
1767
K.39
Piano Concerto No. 2 in B flat major
1767
K.40
Piano Concerto No. 3 in D Major
1767
K.41
Piano Concerto No. 4 in G Major
1767
K.42
Funeral Music "Mourning Music" (Salzburg)
1767
K.43
Symphony No. 6 in F major
1767
K.44
Alternate hymn
1770
K.45
Symphony No. 7 in D major "Vienna"
1768
K.45a
Symphony in G major
1766
K.45b
Symphony No. 55 in B major
1768
K.46d
Violin Concerto in C Major
1768
K.46e
Violin Concerto in F Major
1768
K.47
Hymn in C major
1768
K.48
Symphony No. 8 in D major
1768
K.49
Prayer Mass in G Major
1768
K.50
Opera Bastian and Bastiana
1768
K.51
Opera "Play Mad and Play Dumb"
1768
K.52
Art song "Daphne, your rosy cheeks"
K.53
Song "To Joy"
1767
K.Anh.56
Symphonic Concerto in D Major for Piano, Violin and Orchestra
1778
K.61b
Seven minuets
1769
K.61g
Two minuets
1770
K.61h
Six minuets
1769
K.62
March in D major
1769
K.63
Xingqu in G major
1769
K.64
Minuet in D major
1769
K.65
Prayer Mass in D minor
1769
K.65a/61b
Seven minuets
1769
K.66
Solemn Mass in C Major
1769
K.67/41h
First Church Sonata in E-flat Major
1772
K.68/41i
Church Sonata No. 2 in B flat major
1772
K.69/41k
Church Sonata No. 3 in D Major
1767
K.70
An aria for sopranos and strings
1769
K.71
soprano aria
1769
K.72
Sacrifice in G major (for four voices, strings and organ), 1769
1769
K.73/75a
Symphony No. 9 in C major
K.74
Symphony No. 10 in G major
1770
K.75(GA 42)
Symphony No. 42 in F major
1769
K.76/42a（GA 43）
Symphony No. 43 in F major
1767
K.77
Aria "Misero me!Misero pargoletto”
1770
K.78
Aria "Per pieta, bell'i dol mio" for sopranos and bands
1766
K.79
A recital and an aria "O temerario Arbace!... Per quel paterno amplesso" for sopranos and bands
1766
K.80/73f
String Quartet No. 1 in G Major
1770
K.81/731(GA 44)
Symphony No. 44 in D major
1770
K.82
Aria "Se adrire, e speranza"
1770
K.83
Soprano aria "Se tutti i mali miei"
1770
K.84/73q
Symphony No. 11 in D major
1770
K.85
A minor prayer poem "Miserere"
1770
K.86
Alternate hymn in d minor "Quaerite primum regnum Dei"
1770
K.87
Opera "Mitridat, King of Punto"
1770
K.88
Aria "Fra cento affanni e cento" for sopranos and bands
1770
K.89
Four Canons
1772
K.90
Compassion Sutra in D minor (for soprano, contralto, tenor and bass)
1770
K.93
Poem chant for four voice parts
1770
Work No
Title
Creation time
K.94
Minuet in D major
1770
K.95/73n(GA 45)
Symphony in D major 45
1770
K.96/111b
Symphony No. 46 in C major
1771
K.97/73m(GA 47)
Symphony 47 in D major
1770
K.98/Anh.C11.04
Symphony in F major
K.99
Lower B to play music
1769
K.100
Serenade No. 1 in D major
1769
K.101/250a
Four square dances "Serenade"
1776
K.101/269b
Four square dances
1776
K.102
Final Symphony in C Major
1775
K.103
20 minuets
1769
K.104/61e
6 minuets
1769
K.105/61f
6 minuets
1769
K.106
Overture and three dances
1790
K.107
Three Concertos in D Major, G Major and E flat Major
1765
K.108
Ode to the Queen in C major (for soprano, chorus and orchestra)
1771
K.109
Tantra in B major
1771
K.110/75b
Symphony No. 12 in G major
1770
K.111
Opera "Ascanio in Alba"
1771
K.112
Symphony No. 13 in F major
1771
K.113
Divertimento No. 1 in E-flat Major (Orchestra)
1771
K.114
Symphony No. 14 in A major
1771
K.117
Sacrifice in C major
1769
K.118
The Liberated Betulia
1771
K.119
Aria "Der Liebe himmlisches Gefuhl" for soprano
1782
K.120
Final Symphony in D Major
1771
K.122
Minuet in E flat major
1770
K.123
Square dance in B flat major
1770
K.124
Symphony No. 15 in G major
1772
K.125
Tantra in B major
1772
K.126
Opera The Dream of Hibione
1772
K.127
Ode to the Queen in B major (for soprano, chorus and orchestra)
1772
K.129
Symphony No. 16 in C major
1772
K.130
Symphony No. 18 in F major
1772
K.131
Divertimento No. 2 in D Major (Orchestra)
1772
K.132
Symphony No. 19 in E flat major
1772
K.133
Symphony No. 20 in D major
1772
K.134
Symphony No. 21 in A major
1772
K.135
Opera Lucio Silla
1772
K.136/125a
Divertimento in D Major (String Quartet)
1772
K.137/125b
Divertimento in B flat major (String Quartet)
1772
K.138/125c
Divertimento in F Major (String Quartet)
1772
K.139
Solemn Mass in C minor "Orphanage"
1768
K.140
Prayer Mass in G Major
1773
K.141
C Major Scripture Song Hymn "Te Deum"
1769
K.143
soprano aria
1770
K.144/123a
Church Sonata No. 4 in D Major
1772
K.145/124b
Church Sonata No. 5 in F Major
1772
K.146
B major soprano aria "Come here, you shameful sinners"
1779
K.147
Art song How unlucky I am
1772
K.148
Art song Oh, Holy Alliance
1772
K.150
Art song Secret Love
1772
K.152
Aria "Ridente le calma"
1772-1775
K.153/375f
Fugue in E flat major (organ music)
K.154/385k
Fugue in G minor (organ music)
K.155/134a
String Quartet No. 2 in D Major
1772
K.156/134b
String Quartet No. 3 in G Major
1772
K.157
String Quartet No. 4 in C Major
1772-1773
K.158
String Quartet No. 5 in F Major
1772-1773
K.159
String Quartet No. 6 in B flat major
1773
K.160/159a
String Quartet No. 7 in E-flat Major
1773
K.161
Symphony No. 50 in D major
1772
K.162
Symphony No. 22 in C major
1773
K.163
Symphony in D major
1772
K.164
6 minuets
1772
K.165
F Major Scripture Song "Joy and exultation"
1773
K.166
Divertimento No. 3 in E-flat Major (Octet)
1773
K.167
Mass in C major "Missa in honorem Sanctissimae Trinitatis"
1773
K.168
String Quartet No. 8 in F Major
1773
K.169
String Quartet No. 9 in A Major
1773
K.170
String Quartet No. 10 in C Major
1773
K.171
String Quartet No. 11 in E-flat Major
1773
K.172
String Quartet No. 12 in B flat major
1773
K.173
String Quartet No. 13 in D minor
1773
K.174
String Quintet in B flat major
1773
K.175
Piano Concerto No. 5 in D Major
1773
K.176
16 minuets
1773
K.178
Soprano aria "Ah,spiegarti，oh Dio”
1783
K.179
12 piano variations on Fischer's minuet theme
1773
K.180
6 piano variations in G major
1773
K.181/162b
Symphony No. 23 in D major
1773
K.182
Symphony in B flat major
1773
K.183/173dB
Symphony No. 25 in G minor
1773
K.184/161a
Symphony No. 26 in E flat major
1773
K.185
Serenade No. 3 in D major (for woodwind and string music)
1773
K.186
Divertimento No. 4 in B flat major (wind ensemble)
1773
K.187
Divertimento in C major (wind ensemble: 2 flutes, 6 trumpets, 4 timpani)
1773
K.188
Divertimento No. 6 in C major (wind ensemble: 2 flutes, 6 trumpets, 4 timpani)
1776
K.189
March in D major
1773
K.189a
12 Piano Variations in C Major
1774
K.190
Concerto for Two Violins in C Major
1774
K.191
Bassoon Concerto in B flat major
1774
K.192
Prayer Mass in F Major
1774
K.193
Evening Prayer Hymn in C Major
1774
K.194
Prayer Mass in D Major
1774
K.195
Tantra in D major
1774
K.196
Opera The Girl Who Pretends to Be a Gardener
1774-1775
K.199/161b
Symphony No. 27 in G major
1773
K.200/189k
Symphony No. 28 in C major
1774
Work No
Title
Creation time
K.201/186a
Symphony No. 29 in A major
1774
K.202/186b
Symphony No. 30 in D major
one thousand seven hundred and seventy-four
K.203
Serenade for Band 4 in D Major (for woodwind and string music)
1774
K.204
Serenade No. 5 in D major (for woodwind and string music)
K.205
Divertimento No. 7 in D Major (Orchestra)
1773
K.206a
Cello Concerto (Lost)
1775
K.207
Violin Concerto No. 1 in B flat major
1775
K.208
Opera The Shepherd King
1775
K.209
Tenor aria
1775
K.210
Tenor aria
1775
K.211
Violin Concerto No. 2 in D Major
1775
K.212
Church Sonata No. 6 in B flat major
1775
K.213
Divertimento No. 8 in F Major (Orchestra Ensemble)
1775
K.214
March in C major
1775
K.Anh.214/45b
Symphony in B flat major
1768
K.215
March in D major
1775
K.216
Violin Concerto No. 3 in G Major
1775
K.217
Aria "Voi avete un cor fidele" for soprano
1775
K.218
Violin Concerto No. 4 in D Major
1775
K.219
Violin Concerto No. 5 in A Major
1775
K.Anh.220/16a
Symphony in a minor "Odense"
K.220
A solemn mass in C major "Spatzemnesse"
1775
K.Anh.221/45a
Symphony in G major
1768
K.222
Dedicated track in D minor "Misericordias Domini"
1775
K.Anh.223/19a
Symphony in F major
K.224/241a
Seventh church sonata in F major
1776
K.225/241b
Church Sonata No. 8 in A Major
1776
K.226
Divertimento in E flat major
1775
K.227
Divertimento in B flat major (wind ensemble)
1775
K.228
F Major Quartet Double Canon
1787
K.229
Divertimento in E flat major (for 2 clarinets or alto clarinets and bassoon)
1783
K.229a
Divertimento in E flat major (for 2 clarinets or alto clarinets and bassoon)
1783
K.230
C minor duet Canon
1782
K.231
Canon, a sextet in B major
1782
K.232
G Major Quartet Double Canon
1787
K.233
B Major Trio Canon
1782
K.234
C Major Trio Canon
1782
K.236
Andante in E flat major
1790
K.237
March in D major
1774
K.238
Piano Concerto No. 6 in B flat major
1776
K.239
Serenade No. 6 in D Major "Under the Moon" (for string music and timpani)
1776
K.240
Divertimento No. 9 in B flat major (wind ensemble)
1776
K.241
Church Sonata No. 9 in G Major
1776
K.242
Piano Concerto No. 7 in F Major
1776
K.243
Tantra in E major
1776
K.244
Tenth church sonata in F major
1776
K.245
Church Sonata No. 11 in D Major
1776
K.246
Piano Concerto No. 8 in C Major "lutzow"
1776
K.247
Divertimento No. 10 in F Major (Orchestra)
1776
K.248
March in F major
1776
K.249
Orchestra march in D major
1776
K.250/248b
Serenade of Band 7 in D major "Hafner"
1776
K.251
Divertimento No. 11 in D Major (Orchestra)
1776
K.252
Divertimento No. 12 in E-flat Major (Orchestra Ensemble)
1776
K.253
Divertimento No. 13 in F Major (Sextet)
1776
K.254
Piano Trio in B flat major (Divertimento for piano, violin and cello)
1776
K.255
Recital and aria "Ombra felice!... Io ti lascio" for contralto
1776
K.256
Tenor aria
1776
K.257
Credo Mass in C Major
1776
K.258
Mass in C major Piccolomenssa
1776
K.259
Mass in C Major Organ Solo
1776
K.260
Dedication in D major
1776
K.261
Violin Concerto in E Major (Adagio)
1776
K.262
Solemn Mass in C Major
1776
K.263
Twelfth Church Sonata in C Major
1776
K.264
9 piano variations
1778
K.265
Little Star Variations
1778
K.267/271c
4 square dances
1776
K.268
Violin Concerto in E flat Major
1780
K.269
Rondo for Violin in B flat Major
1776
K.270
Divertimento No. 14 in B flat major (wind ensemble)
1777
K.271a
Violin Concerto in D Major Kolb
1777
K.272
A recital and aria "Ah, lo previdi" for soprano
1777
K.273
Answering and singing hymns in F major
1777
K.274/271d
Thirteenth Church Sonata in G Major
1777
K.275
Mass in B flat major
1777
K.276
Ode to the Queen in C major (for solo, chorus and orchestra)
1779
K.277
Dedication in F major
1777
K.278/271e
Church Sonata No. 14 in C Major
1777
K.279
Piano Sonata in C Major
1774
K.280
Piano Sonata in F Major
1774
K.281
Piano Sonata in B flat Major
1774
K.282
Piano Sonata in E flat Major
1774
K.283
Piano Sonata in G Major
1774
K.284
Piano Sonata in D Major
1775
K.285
Flute and String Quartet in D Major
1777
K.285a
Flute and String Quartet in G Major
1778
K.285b
Flute Quartet in C Major
1781
K.286
Serenade No. 8 in D major (for four orchestras)
1776-1777
K.287
Divertimento No. 15 in B flat major (Orchestra)
1777
K.288
Divertimento in F Major
1777
K.289
Divertimento No. 16 in E-flat Major (Orchestra Ensemble)
1777
K.290
March in D major
1772
K.292
Sonata for Bassoon and Cello in B flat Major
1775
K.293
Concerto for Bassoon in F Major (complete only fragments)
1783
K.295
Tenor aria "Se al labbro mio non credi"
1778
K.296
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 17 in C Major
1778
K.297/300a
Symphony No. 31 in D major "Paris"
1778
K.297b
Symphonic Concerto in E-flat Major (for Clarinet, Oboe, Horn, Bassoon and Orchestra)
Work No
Title
Creation time
K.298
Flute and String Quartet in A Major
1777-1778
K.299
Quartet for Flute and Harp in C Major
1778
K.300
Gavotte in B flat major
1778
K.301
Sonata for Piano and Violin in G Major
1778
K.302
Sonata for Piano and Violin in E flat Major
1778
K.303
Sonata for piano and violin in C major
1778
K.304
Sonata for piano and violin in E major
1778
K.305
Sonata for piano and violin in A major
1778
K.306
Sonata for piano and violin in D major
1778
K.307
C major minor aria
1778
K.308
Small aria "Dans un bois solidaire"
1778
K.309
Piano Sonata in C Major
1777
K.310
Piano sonata in a minor
1778
K.311
Piano Sonata in D Major
1778
K.313
Flute Concerto No. 1 in G Major
1778
K.314
Flute Concerto No. 2 in D major (adapted from oboe concerto)
1777-1778
K.315
Flute Concerto in C Major (Adagio)
1778
K.315g
8 minuets
1779
K.316
A recital and aria "Polpoli di Tessaglia" for soprano
1778
K.317
Mass "Coronation" in C major
1779
K.318
Symphony No. 32 in G major "Overture in the Itlian style"
1779
K.319
Symphony No. 33 in B flat major
1779
K.320
Serenade No. 9 in D major "Posthouse"
1779
K.320e(Anh.104)
Symphonic Concerto in A Major (for Violin, Viola, Cello and Orchestra)
1779
K.321
Evening prayer song "Vesperae de Dominica" in C major
1779
K.322
Aria in E flat major, four part, organ and orchestra
1778
K.323
Compassion Sutra in C Major
1779
K.328/317c
Church Sonata No. 15 in C Major
1779
K.329/317a
Sixteenth Church Sonata in C Major
1779
K.330
Piano Sonata in C Major
1778
K.331
Piano Sonata in A Major
1778
K.332
Piano Sonata in F Major
1778
K.333
Piano Sonata in B flat Major
1778
K.334
Divertimento No. 17 in D Major (Orchestra)
1779-1780
K.335
Two marches in D major
1779
K.336/336d
Church Sonata No. 17 in C Major
1780
K.337
Solemn Mass in C Major
1780
K.338
Symphony No. 34 in C major
1780
K.339
Solemn Evening Prayer in C Major "Vesperae soleenes de confessore"
1780
K.340
Compassion Sutra in C Major
K.341
Compassion Sutra in D minor
1781
K.343
Two German hymns
1779
K.344
Opera Zaid
1779
K.345
King Tamus of Egypt
1780
K.346
Nocturne
1783
K.347
Canon, a sextet in D major
1782
K.348
Canon in G major
1782
K.349
Art song "Satisfied"
1781
K.351
Art song "Come on, dear Kit"
1778
K.352
Eight piano variations
1778
K.354
Variations on "Barber of Seville" in E flat major
1778
K.355
Minuet in D major
1790
K.357
Sonata for Four Hands in G Major (unfinished)
1786
K.358/186c
Sonata in B flat major (four hands playing together)
1774
K.359
12 Variations for Violin and Piano in G Major
1781
K.360
6 Variations for Violin and Piano in G Major
1781
K.361
Serenade No. 10 in B flat major (for 13 wooden tubes)
1780
K.363
3 minuets
1780
K.364
Sinfonia Concertante in E flat
1779
K.365
Piano Concerto No. 10 in E flat major
1779
K.366
Opera Idomenius the King of Crete
1781
K.367
Edomenius Ballet
1781
K.368
A recital and aria for soprano "Ma che vi fece,o stelle...Sperai vicino il lido”
1781
K.369
Recital and Aria for soprano "Misera, dove son!... Ah! No
son io che parlo”
1781
K.370
Oboe and String Quartet in F Major
1781
K.372
Violin Sonata in B Major (Allegro)
1781
K.373
Rondo for Violin in C Major
1781
K.374
"Or che il cielo a me ti rende"
1781
K.375
Serenade No. 11 in E flat major (for 8 wooden tubes)
1781
K.376
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 24 in F Major
1781
K.377
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 25 in F Major
1781
K.378
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 26 in B flat major
1779
K.379
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 27 in G Major and Minor
1781
K.380
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 28 in E-flat Major
1781
K.381/123a
Piano Sonata in D Major (Four Hands)
K.382
Rondo for Piano and Orchestra in D Major
1782
K.383
Soprano aria "Good benefactor, please accept my thanks"
1782
K.384
Opera "The Hougong Induces Escape"
1782
K.385
Symphony No. 35 in D major "Hafner"
1782
K.386
Rondo for Piano and Orchestra in A Major
1782
K.387
String Quartet No. 14 in D Major "Spring"
1782
K.388
Serenade for Orchestra No. 12 in C minor
1782
K.390
Art song "To Hope"
1782
K.391
Art song "To Solitude"
1782
K.392
Artistic song "Thank Graz"
1782
K.393
44 Untitled Tracks
1765-1791
K.394
Piano Fantasia and Fugue in C Major
1782
K.395
Fantasia in C major
1778
K.396
Fantasia for piano in c minor
1782
K.397
Fantasia in D minor
1782
K.398
6 Variations
1783
K.399/385i
Overture in C major (organ music)
1782
K.400
Piano Sonata in B flat major, first movement
1782
K.401/375e
Double piano fugue in G major (organ music)
K.402
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 29 in A Major
1782
K.403
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 30 in C Major
1782
K.404
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 31 in C Major
1782
K.404a
Six Bach Fugue Overtures
1782
K.405
Five Bach Fugues
1782
Work No
Title
Creation time
K.406/516b
String Quintet No. 2 in C minor
1787
K.407
Horn Quintet in E-flat Major
1783
K.408
March 1 to 3 in C major - D major - C major
1782
K.409
Minuet in C major
1782
K.410
Canon Allegro in F Major
1782
K.411
Canon Allegro in F major (two clarinets and three bass rims are good)
1782
K.412
Horn Concerto No. 1 in D major
1791
K.413/387a
Piano Concerto No. 11 in F Major
1782
K.414/385p
Piano Concerto No. 12 in A Major
1782
K.415/387p
Piano Concerto No. 13 in C Major
1782
K.416
The soprano solo aria "Mia speranza adorata!... Ah,non sai qual pena”
1783
K.417
Horn Concerto No. 2 in E flat major
1783
K.418
Soprano solo aria "Vorrei spiegarvi, oh Dio"
1783
K.419
Soprano solo aria "No,no，che non sei capace”
1783
K.420
Tenor solo aria "Per pieta, non ricercate"
1783
K.421/417b
String Quartet No. 15 in D minor
1783
K.422
Incomplete opera Cairo Fool
1783
K.423
Violin and Viola Duet in G Major
1783
K.424
Violin and viola duet in B flat major
1783
K.425
Symphony No. 36 in C Major ("Linz")
1783
K.426
Double piano fugue in c minor
1783
K.427
Mass in c minor
1782
K.428/421b
String Quartet No. 16 in E-flat Major
1783
K.429
Freemason Cantata
1783
K.430
Incomplete opera Lo sposo deluso
1783
K.431
A recitation and an aria for a tenor
1783
K.432
Recital and aria for bass
1783
K.435
Tenor aria
1783
K.436
A trio for soprano and bass
1783
K.437
A trio for soprano and bass
1783
K.438
Trio
1783
K.439
A trio for soprano and bass
1783
K.440
Aria "In te spree, oh sposo amato"
1782
K.441
Trio (1783)
1783
K.442
Piano Trio in D Major (unfinished)
1783
K.443
Fugue in D major
1783
K.444
Symphony No. 37 in G major
1783
K.445
March in D major
1780
K.447
Horn Concerto No. 3 in E flat major
1784-1787
K.448/375a
Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major
1781
K.449
Piano Concerto No. 14 in E flat major
1784
K.450
Piano Concerto No. 15 in B flat major
1784
K.451
Piano Concerto No. 16 in D major
1784
K.452
Piano and wind quintet in E flat major (oboe, clarinet, horn, bassoon)
1784
K.453
Piano Concerto No. 17 in G major[17]
1784
K.454
Sonata for Violin and Piano No. 32 in B flat major
1784
K.455
10 piano variations
1784
K.456
Piano Concerto No. 18 in B flat major
1784
K.457
Piano sonata in c minor
1784
K.458
String Quartet No. 17 in B flat major
1784
K.459
Piano Concerto No. 19 in F Major
1784
K.460
8 piano variations
1784
K.461
5 minuets
1784
K.462/448b
6 square dances
1784
K.463/448c
2 square dances (minuets and country dances)
1784
K.464
String Quartet No. 18 in A Major
1785
K.465
String Quartet No. 19 in C Major
1785
K.466
Piano Concerto No. 20 in D minor
1786
K.467
Piano Concerto No. 21 in C Major
1786
K.468
Art song "Young Man Roaming"
1785
K.469
David the Confessor
1785
K.470
Violin Concerto in A Major Adagio
1786
K.470a
Violin Concerto Orchestration
1789
K.471
Chorus "Joy of Freemasonry"
1785
K.472
Artistic song (aria) The Magician
1786
K.473
Artistic song (aria) "Satisfied"
1786
K.474
Artistic song (aria) The Deceived World
1786
K.475
Fantasia for piano in c minor
1785
K.476
Art song (aria) Violet
1786
K.477
Masonic funeral march
1786
K.478
Piano and String Quartet No. 1 in G minor
1785
K.479
A quartet for sopranos, tenors, and two basses
1785
K.480
Trio for soprano, tenor and bass
1785
K.481
Sonata for Piano and Violin in E flat Major
1786
K.482
Piano Concerto No. 22 in E flat major
1783
K.483
Chorus "Diaspora Today"
1785
K.484
Chorus "You are our trust manager"
1785
K.485
Rondo for piano in D major
1786
K.486
Opera Theatre Manager
1786
K.487
Horn duet (12 duets for two horns)
1786
K.488
Piano Concerto No. 23 in A major
1786
K.488a
Aria "Ah, non lasciarmi"
K.489
A duet for sopranos and tenors
1786
K.490
Soprano Solo
1786
K.491
Piano Concerto No. 24 in C minor
1786
K.492
Opera The Wedding of Figaro
1786
K.493
Piano Quartet No. 2 in E-flat Major
1786
K.494
Rondo for piano in F major
1786
K.495
Horn Concerto No. 4 in E flat major
1786
K.496
Trio for piano, violin and cello in G major
1786
K.497
Sonata in F Major (Four Hands)
1786
K.498
Trio for piano, clarinet and viola in E flat major
1786
K.499
String quartet in D major
1786
K.500
12 piano variations in B major
1786
K.501
Andante and Variations for Two Pianos in G Major
1786
K.502
Piano Trio in B flat Major
1786
K.503
Piano Concerto No. 25 in C Major
1786
K.504
Symphony No. 38 in D major ("Prague")
1786
K.505
Soprano solo aria
1786
Work No
Title
Creation time
K.506
Art song "Song of Freedom"
1785
K.507
F Major Trio Canon
1786
K.508
F Major Trio Canon
1786
K.509
6 German dances
1787
K.511
Rondo for piano in a minor
1787
K.512
"Non so d'onde viene"
1787
K.513
Bass Solo
1788
K.515
String Quintet No. 3 in C Major
1787
K.516
String Quintet No. 4 in G minor
1787
K.517
Art song "The Old Man"
1787
K.518
Art song "Conceal"
1787
K.519
Art song "Song of Departure"
1787
K.520
Art song Lewis' Letter
1787
K.521
Sonata for Two Pianos in C Major
1787
K.522
Divertimento in F major (for two horns and string music)
1787
K.523
Artistic song Thoughts of Coming Late
1787
K.524
Art song "To Crowe"
1787
K.525
String Serenade No. 13 in G Major
1787
K.526
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 35 in A Major
1787
K.527
Opera Don Juan
1787
K.528
Soprano solo aria "Bella mia fiama"
1787
K.529
Art song "Little Friedrich's Birthday"
1787
K.530
Artistic song Dreamland
1787
K.531
Art song Little Textile Girl
1787
K.533
Piano Sonata in F Major
1788
K.534
Country Dance "Storm" in D Major
1788
K.535
Country Dance in C Major "La Bataile"
1788
K.535a
Three square dances
1788
K.536
6 German dances
1788
K.537
Piano Concerto No. 26 in D major
1788
K.538
Soprano solo aria "Ah se in ciel, benigne stelle"
1788
K.539
A German war song
1788
K.540
Allegro in b minor
1788
K.541
Bass Lyrics
1788
K.542
Trio for piano, violin and cello in E major
1788
K.543
Symphony No. 39 in E flat major
1788
K.544
D major minor march
K.545
Piano Sonata in C Major
1788
K.546
Adagio and fugue in c minor
1788
K.547
Sonata for Piano and Violin No. 36 in F Major
1788
K.547a
Piano Sonata in F Major
1788
K.548
Piano Trio in C Major
1788
K.549
Little Cantona
1788
K.550
Symphony No. 40 in G minor
1788
K.551
Symphony No. 11 in C major "Jupiter"
1788
K.552
Art song "Picnic Tour"
1788
K.553
C Major Trio Canon
1788
K.554
Canon, a quartet in F major
1788
K.555
A minor quartet Canon
1788
K.556
Canon, quartet in G major
1788
K.557
F minor quartet Canon
1788
K.558
B Major Quartet Canon
1788
K.559
F Major Trio Canon
1788
K.560a
Canon, a quartet in F major
1788
K.560b
Canon, a quartet in F major
1788
K.561
A Major Quartet Canon
1788
K.562
A Major Trio Canon
1788
K.562a
B Major Quartet Canon
1780
K.562c
Canon, a quartet in C major
1780
K.563
Trio in E flat major (for violin, viola and cello)
1788
K.564
Piano Trio in G Major
1788
K.566
Instrumental music adapted from Handel's oratorio "Assis and Canadia"
1789
K.567
6 German dances
1788
K.568
12 minuets
1788
K.569
Aria "Ohne Zwang aus eignem Triebe"
1789
K.570
Piano Sonata in B flat Major
1789
K.571
6 German band dances
1789
K.572
Instrumental music adapted from Handel's oratorio Messiah
1789
K.573
9 piano variations in D major
1789
K.574
Jig in G minor
1789
K.575
String Quartet No. 21 in D Major
1789
K.576
Piano Sonata in D Major
1789
K.577
Soprano song
1789
K.578
Soprano solo aria "Alma grande e nobil core"
1789
K.579
Soprano Solo
1789
K.580
Soprano solo aria "Schon lacht der holder Fruhling"
1789
K.581
Clarinet and String Quintet in A Major
1789
K.582
The soprano aria "Chi sa,chi sa，qual sia”
1789
K.583
The soprano aria "Vado,ma dove？oh Dei！”
1789
K.584
The episode of the opera Women's Heart
1789
K.585
12 minuets
1789
K.586
12 German dances
1789
K.587
Square dance in C major "Victory of Hero Coburg"
1789
K.588
Opera Woman's Heart
1789
K.589
String Quartet No. 22 in B flat major
1790
K.590
String Quartet No. 23 in F Major
1790
K.591
Instrumental music adapted from Handel's Grand Concerto The Feast of Alexander
1789
K.592
Instrumental music adapted from Handel's oratorio "Ode to Saint Cecilia"
1789
K.593
String Quintet No. 5 in D Major
1790
K.594
F Adagio and Allegro for minor organ
1790
K.595
Piano Concerto No. 27 in B flat major
1791
K.596
Art song (solo) "Late Spring" (Come on, lovely May)
1791
K.597
Art song "Early Spring"
1791
K.598
Art song Children's Games
1791
K.599
6 minuets
1791
K.600
6 German dances
1791
K.601
4 minuets
1791
K.602
4 German dance music
1791
K.603
2 square dances
1791
Work No
Title
Creation time
K.604
2 minuets
1791
K.605
3 German dances
1791
K.606
6 country dances
1791
K.607
Square dance in E flat major
1791
K.608
Fantasia for organ in f minor
1791
K.609
5 square dances
1791
K.610
Square dance in G major
1791
K.611
German Dance in C Major
1791
K.612
Bass solo art song "Perquestabellamano"
1791
K.613
8 piano variations in F major
1791
K.614
String Quintet No. 6 in E-flat Major
1791
K.616
F major pipe organ andante
1791
K.617
Adagio and Rondo for glass instruments, flute, oboe, viola, and cello
1791
K.618
D major hymn "Ave verum corpus"
1791
K.619
Chorus "The vast well-off tower of the universe"
1791
K.620
Opera Magic Flute
1791
K.621
Opera Tito's Mercy
1791
K.622
Clarinet Concerto in A Major
1791
K.623
Chorus "Free Masonry well-off tower"
1791
K.624
Colorful passages written for piano concerto
K.625
Comedy duet Ah, Lovely Woman
1790
K.626
Memorial in D minor (Requiem Mass) (completed by Sismer)
1791
Lost works
Chorus for Holzbauer in "Pray for mercy song"
Reference sources for the above main works[10]
Publishing books
Announce
edit
Figaro's Wedding
Author nameWolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Work time2016-4-1
Composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, the pictures in the original "The Wedding of Figaro (with CD)" by Garon de Bomasher use the painting skills of the Dutch painter Jan Van Eyck.Jan Van Eyck can observe the painting objects in detail, and even some details can be described very accurately.In addition, he has always tried to show the effect of light and shadow truthfully, and even tried to show the color and texture of objects.This book has also been paying attention to
Symphony No. 40
Author nameWolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Work time1986-12
This is one of Mozart's last three symphonies, and is the most well-known work of his symphonies.Completed in 1788, the whole symphony is full of enthusiasm and emotion.Although this symphony can still hear the traces of baroque music, it still promoted the absolute music at that time to take a step forward. When it was played in Leipzig at the beginning of the 19th century, it was commented by the words "trembling" or "slow".This work can be said to be a
Creative characteristics
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General characteristics
First of all, Mozart clearly reflects a kind of firm and optimistic class consciousness that a class has in the rising period.Therefore, the hardship of life, poverty, disease and indifference of the upper class society could not make him depressed, depressed, submissive and wavering.This is the reason why Mozart's music can still retain brilliant and bright and lively emotions even in the difficult years of life.For example, he wrote the Thirty ninth Symphony in E flat Major in 1788 and the opera Magic Flute in 1791《Clarinet Concerto in A Major》Clarinet Quintet in A Major is a typical example.In fact, this feature runs through his creation, the only difference is that it is not deeply reflected in his early creation, and it is often combined with the noble's gorgeous, slim, and entertainment oriented characteristics;However, what he reflected in his later works is more and more affectionate and sincere, and more and more combined with the humanitarian thoughts of the enlighteners[11]。
It is worth noting that another new quality appeared in his late creation - tragic and dramatic factors.This is inseparable from his understanding of the darkness and oppression of the feudal society in the late period, and his increasingly deeper understanding of the problems that must change the reality;Through these works, he reflected a rational understanding that "to obtain freedom and happiness, one must go through a difficult process".However, Mozart could not dialectically unify these two opposite qualities like Beethoven, but often existed in the same work or in different works side by side or contradictory[11]。
Program List of "Hougong Inducement and Escape"
Secondly, Mozart, like the progressive German intellectuals, loved his country and people.The second year after he arrived in Vienna, he accepted the commission of the National Opera House to create《The harem lures away》, this is a film based onSinging dramaBased on the reform opera.Since then, he has made further development in the creation of Magic Flute, drawing on many German traditional folk songs, Protestant chants, and also creatively drawing on the pastOrthodox operaAs well as the factors of Italian opera to enrich this genre of singing drama, which laid the foundation for the development of German national grand opera genre.In Mozart's creation, the enhancement of national consciousness is not only limited to the use and absorption of folk tones, but also reflected in the inheritance of traditional national music.Especially in his late worksJohann Sebastian Bach 、George Friedrich Handel、Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach 、Joseph Haydn People approaching;Especially in polyphony technique and instrumental music creation method, he even goes further than Haydn.In his later creation, he also paid attention to folk genres. He wrote a lot of German dance music and country dance music;This is seldom seen in his early works.Mozart's works, like Haydn's, are often combined with other ethnic factors, especially those of Italy and Slav[11]。
Finally, Mozart's music language is approachable, the form structure is clear and rigorous, and the thoughts and feelings contained in his works are deep and broad.He skillfully balanced and combined the three.Although this is inseparable from his familiarity with and love of folk music, it is also inseparable from the democratic tendency of his creative thinking.In his creation, he always pays attention to the effect on the audience and tries to master the psychology of the audience.Of course, the music audience in Mozart's era was mainly the aristocratic class and the citizen class rather than the working masses.However, this tendency of Mozart gradually liberated the music art from the shackles of feudalism, opened it to the majority of listeners, and gradually became a concrete reflection of the civic art with open social significance[11][16]。
Opera Creation
The program for the premiere of Figaro's Wedding on May 1, 1786
Opera is one of Mozart's favorite and highest creative achievements.Its characteristics are roughly as follows: First, more than 20 of his operas covered the major opera genres at that time, such as German singing dramas《Bastien Und Bastienne 》《The harem lures away》The Magic Flute, the Italian opera Lucio Silla, King Idomenius of Crete (with French opera elements) and《Tito's Kindness》, Italian opera《Figaro's Wedding》Don Juan, Women's Heart.On the basis of the singing drama, Magic Flute integrates the factors of other opera genres: in the first act, Papajano's folk song style of "I am a happy bird catcher";The aria after the night is introduced from the recitative, and has the common coloratura skills of opera aria;At the end of the opera, Papajano and Papajana repeated humorous and vivid quick sentences, with the style of Italian comic opera.Mozart successfully integrated them into a whole, which directly affected Beethoven's《Federico》And Weber's Free Shooter played an important role in the formation of German Austrian Romantic National Opera.Second, the selected genre content reflects various ideological trends on the eve of the French Revolution.For example, Idomenius the King of Crete and Tito's Kindness are intended to praise "enlightened despotism".The Wedding of Figaro exposes the shamelessness of feudal lords and appreciates the wisdom of the lower class.The Magic Flute is a metaphor for the ideal of a secret society, a masonic society, which advocates mutual aid and fraternity.Third, vivid characterization.Whether it is a positive hero and heroine, a comedy servant role, a maid and a bookboy, they are all lifelike.Fourth, duet has become an important means of drama.Not only is the number more than before, for example, "The Wedding of Figaro" has 12 duets, but it also endows the duet with functions that are not available in ordinary lyric arias.He used duets to portray the characters' psychology, participate in the plot development, and promote the drama process.For example, at the end of the second act of the "Marriage of Figaro", from the duet, the characters gradually increase, forming a pair of contradictory relationships. With the change of the situation of the two sides, the tone is constantly changing.Finally, a septet was formed to reach the high point of contradiction.In addition, the structural principles of classical instrumental music were also introduced. For example, the trio (No. 14-15) at the beginning of the second act of Don Juan was considered to adopt the structural principles of sonata style[3]。
Keyboard solo music
Mozart's Piano in Salzburg
Among Mozart's keyboard solo music, sonatas and variations are more important.The keyboard sonata should be used for teaching and amateur performance, and his solo in the concert was mainly variations.Among the 19 keyboard sonatas, 5 (K. 279-283) written in Salzburg are all short three movement forms, emphasizing the first movement, belonging to the pre classical style.Several songs in the second half of the 1870s are bright, vivid and exquisite.As a group, "Sonata in C Minor" and "Fantasia in C Minor", like his minor concertos, have deep feelings and strong drama[3]。
Mozart's variations are usually improvised for concerts and then written down.He has written a total of 17 keyboard variations, all of which are written in the way of decorative variations. The overall design has many similarities: the first few variations are more related to the theme, and the presentation of the theme is quite distinct.Then keep the harmony structure, and the theme tone can be changed.Two thirds of the time, there is a variation of tonal color contrast (the same name of major and minor).The penultimate variation often has a small ending or colorful paragraph.The final epilogue echoes the theme[3]。
chamber music
Mozart family, painted by Croce in the winter of 1780-1781
Mozart's chamber music includes trios, quartets and quintets of various types of instrument combinations.The six string quartets inscribed by Haydn in the 1880s not only learned that Haydn gave each instrument an independent meaning to participate in "conversation", but also Mozart himself made the instrumental melody singing, which has the characteristics of vocal charm.He wrote string quintet (string quartet plus a viola), such as C major (K.515), g minor (K.516) and so on.Their inner voice is solid and active, the outer voice is smooth and beautiful, the form structure is balanced, and the sound structure is rich. They are Mozart's creative works.In addition, his piano and wind quintet (K.452, piano, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn) and clarinet quintet (K.581, clarinet and string quartet) are representative works of chamber music[3]。
Orchestral music
symphony
Mozart learned to compose music by adapting and imitating other people's works.He began to write symphonies at the age of 8, and accepted the influence of many former classical symphonists and Haydn. Only the last six symphonies (the 35th "Hafner", the 36th "Linz", the 38th "Prague", the 39th, the 40th, and the 41st "Jupiter") formed their own unique style characteristics.The last three symphonies were completed in the summer of 1778 in only six weeks.They have completely different musical personalities, showing different aspects of Mozart's musical style.Symphony No. 39 in E-flat Major is bright, optimistic, vivid and elegant;The first and last movements of Symphony No. 40 in G minor are based on the dim minor style, and the intensity of emotion and depth of connotation are much more than before.Symphony No. 41 in C Major is named as "Jupiter" because of its grand structure and scale. The music is bright, vivid and powerful. The final movement combines complex contrapuntal writing with classical sonata form, which has strong expressive force[3]。
Looking at Mozart's symphonies, we can see that he did not have a significant innovation in the form of symphonies, but a synthesis of the style and achievements of his time.In his mature symphonies, the depth of emotion, the internal drama, the complex structure and the rich expressive force are far more than those of his contemporaries[3]。
concerto
Concerto plays an important role in all Mozart's works.Through his practice, the structural principle of classical concerto was finalized.Mozart's concertos are all written for himself and specific performers, with clear technical goals. The selected solo instruments include violin, flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn, which have developed the performance of these instruments;The concerto of two instruments (flute and harp, violin and viola) and the orchestra appropriately combines the movement combination style of the Baroque Grand Concerto with the structural principles of the classical concerto[3]。
Among them, Mozart wrote 17 piano concertos in Vienna for himself or his students to perform in concerts. Although Mozart has a clear social function of pleasing the audience, Mozart endows music with unique connotation and rich imagination.Most of these concertos are in major, and the music is glorious and powerful. The Piano Concerto in A Major (K.488), which was written at the same time as the Marriage of Figaro, is full of comedy humor and joy.Two concertos written in minor (K.466 and K.491) are sad and deep.These concertos are rich in creativity and ingenious in design, and are the model of classical concertos[3]。
Character evaluation
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Characters of Mozart
Beethoven is a giant, he often gives you a blow in the chest, but Mozart is always worthy of worship[12]。(Italian composerGioacchino Rossini Comment)
We can no longer write such wonderful music as Mozart.All we can do is try to create like him[12]。(German composerJohannes BrahmsComment)
In Mozart's symphony, I seem to hear that the cups and plates on the banquet of princes and nobles are interlaced into music from those fixed and repeated loud endings[12]。(German composerRichard WagnerComment)
He is the most perfect incarnation of musical genius.The pure musician looked up to him happily and helplessly.His short life and the prolificacy of his works make him a unique image. The glittering and translucent beauty in his works is dazzling, and his sense of form is almost superhuman.(Italian composerFerruccio Busoni Comment)
During his short stay in the world, he applied the expression of that era to the utmost, playing the most exquisite, bitter, deep, and lofty music that can be heard by human ears with deep, sweet, and beautiful orchestral movements, extremely delicate muscle movements of string players, the perfect choir, and loud and victorious drums and trumpetsThe lightest and heaviest rhythm[12]。(German composerHans Werner Henze Comment)
I can't judge Mozart correctly.As long as I vividly remember his most beautiful works, I will feel that I am just a sentimental and hysterical fool to anyone else[12]。(British dramatistBernard ShawComment)
The more you love Mozart, the more you want to know him, the more mysterious his image is.Those who want to know about Mozart through his famous biography will be most curious when they read it and want to find an explanation. The incomprehensible image turns back to an unfixed form. Mozart seems to live, love and suffer as a deformed self. Then we will feel that he has never lived at all,Every real inspiration and call of this eternal spirit immediately turned into music[12]。(Swiss writerHermann Hesse Comment)
Later influence
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Salzburger Festspiele
In 1920,Salzburger Festspiele Founded from July to early September every year.Its predecessor was Mozart Music Festival. At first, it was set up to perform Mozart's works. Later, due to the reform and innovation of some musicians, the festival had new significance[13]。
Europe Mozart Prague Music Festival
Commemorative coins issued in Austria
In 1991, to commemorate the 200th anniversary of Mozart's death,Czechoslovakia、Italy、France、Austria、Switzerland、Germany、polandAnd the European cities Mozart had lived in before his death, jointly held the "Europe Mozart Prague" Music Festival from September 25 to 29 of the same year[14]。
Mozart's Birthday Commemorative Coin
In 1991, Austria issued a set of gold and silver commemorative coins about Mozart.Among them, the gold coin has a face value of 1000 shillings, with Mozart's head on the front and scenes from his opera "Magic Flute" on the back[15]。
In 2006, the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth, Germany issued a set of three commemorative silver coins with a face value of 10 euros.The ingenious design of the staff is that it seems to be produced by the eagle's wings flapping[15]。
