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automobile engine

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A device that powers a car
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The automobile engine is the device that provides power for the automobile, is the heart of the automobile, and determines the Power 、 Economy , stability and environmental protection. According to different power sources, automobile engines can be divided into Diesel engine 、 gasoline engine 、 Electric vehicle motor as well as Hybrid Etc. [1]
Common gasoline engines and diesel engines belong to Reciprocating piston internal combustion engine , is to transfer the fuel chemical energy Convert to Piston movement Of mechanical energy And output power externally. gasoline engine High speed Low quality, low noise, easy starting and low manufacturing cost; Diesel engine Compression ratio Large, thermal efficiency High, economic performance and emission performance are better than gasoline engines.
Chinese name
automobile engine
Foreign name
automobile engine
Alias
The Heart of a Car
Mainstream type
Diesel engine, gasoline engine, motor
Role
Powering the car
Origin
1876

catalog

  1. one Historical development
  2. two internal-combustion engine
  3. ▪ classification
  4. ▪ principle
  1. ▪ structure
  2. ▪ performance index
  3. ▪ Engine technology
  4. three matters needing attention
  5. ▪ Maintenance
  1. ▪ Hot car in winter
  2. ▪ Water flameout treatment
  3. ▪ Engine overheating

Historical development

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The engine is a car Power source 。 Most automobile engines are Thermal power plant , referred to as thermal engine. A thermodynamic engine converts the heat energy generated by fuel combustion into mechanical energy by virtue of the state change of working medium.
In 1876, Nicolaus A. Otto, a German, invented the reciprocating piston IV based on the atmospheric pressure engine stroke gasoline engine 。 Due to the use of air intake, compression Work And exhaust four strokes thermal efficiency From 11% of atmospheric pressure engines to 14%, the quality of engines has been reduced by 70%.
In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel invented Compression ignition engine (i.e Diesel engine ）And achieved the second major breakthrough in the history of internal combustion engines. Due to the high Compression ratio and Expansion ratio , the thermal efficiency was twice as high as that of other engines at that time.
In 1926, the Swiss A. Buchi proposed Exhaust gas turbocharging Theoretically, it is driven by exhaust gas energy from the engine compressor , boost the engine. After the 1950s, exhaust gas Turbocharging technology It began to be gradually applied in vehicle internal combustion engines engine performance It has greatly improved and become the third major breakthrough in the history of internal combustion engine development. [1]
automobile engine
In 1956, German Wankel invented Rotary engine , make engine speed It has been greatly improved. 1964, Germany NSU For the first time, the company installed the rotary engine on the car.
1967 Germany Bosch (Bosch) first launched the computer Controlled Gasoline injection System (Electronic Fuel Injection, EFI ）, creating the history of the application of electronic control technology in automobile engines. After 30 years of development Engine management system （Engine Management System， EMS ）Has gradually become a car (especially Car engine ）On Standard configuration 。 Due to the application of electronic control technology, the pollutant emissions, noise and fuel consumption of the engine have been greatly reduced, and the power performance has been improved, making it the fourth major breakthrough in the development history of internal combustion engines. [2]
In 1967, the United States conducted a Hydrogen vehicle In the public performance of driving, the hydrogen car can run 121 kilometers at 80 kilometers per hour with 10 minutes of hydrogen charging each time. The car has 19 seats and is manufactured by Billings Company of the United States. In 1971, the first one was equipped with Stirling engine (Strling) bus starts to run. 1972, Japan Honda The technology research industry sold the Civic sedan equipped with the engine of CVCC (Compound Vertex Controlled Combustion) in the market, which made it rare Gas combustion The first shot of the engine.
Fatigue test method of automobile engine crankshaft
In 1977 Chicago, USA Held the first international conference electric vehicle meeting. During the conference, more than 100 electric vehicles of various kinds were exhibited. In 1978, Japanese research was successful Hybrid electric vehicle 。 In August 1979, Brazil To make a car that uses alcohol as fuel. Brazil is used in the world Alcohol car Most countries.
In 1980, it was successfully developed in Japan Liquid hydrogen Air vehicle. A special storage tank is installed at the rear to maintain the low temperature and certain pressure of liquid hydrogen. The car uses 85 liters liquid hydrogen , drove 400 kilometers and reached 135 kilometers per hour.
In 1980, the United States successfully trial produced a zinc chloride battery electric vehicle.
In 1980, Spain Successful trial development of one Solar cars 。
In 1980, West Germany hamburger An engineer in Itzehoe, northwest of the city, invented a method of using calcium carbide Gas（ acetylene A car powered by gas. First turn calcium carbide into gas, and then use this gas to burn and push Jet engine To drive a car, its speed and safety are no less than that of a gasoline car. A 20kg carbide can drive a car for at least 300km.
In 1980, University of California John Cooper and Elvin Beren of electric vehicle 。
automobile engine
In 1983, the first vehicle equipped with diesel in the world Ceramic engine The running test of the vehicle was successful. The installed engine is Kyoto, Japan It is developed by a ceramic company, and its main parts are made of ceramics, which eliminates the need for Cooling system It is light in weight and has remarkable energy-saving effect. Under the same conditions, it can travel 30% more distance than conventional engines.
1984, before Soviet Union A dual fuel vehicle has been developed. When the car starts, first use gasoline, then special natural gas.
In 1984, Mobil's Amo Kirby Chemical Company has developed a kind of synthetic material The company successfully produced the world's first all plastic automobile engine with this plastic, which weighs only 84 kg. The American Lola T-616GT car uses this full plastic engine.
In 1984, Australia Engineer Saresh has successfully developed a OCP engine 。
In 1985, Pilantin, Australia, developed a safe, reliable, flexible, high-speed and smoke-free steam engine Automobile.
In 1986, the Japanese Sanyo The first vehicle successfully developed by the electric company Solar cell vehicle 。
In 1994, David Bowen of Britain invented another Wind-driven vehicle , and has been put into mass production.

internal-combustion engine

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classification

principle

Due to the different characteristics of gasoline and diesel, the working principle and structure of gasoline engine and diesel engine are different.
gasoline engine （ gasoline engine ）Operating principle of
automobile engine
four stroke The gasoline engine is a good mixture of air and gasoline in a certain proportion Mixture , on Suction stroke The gas is sucked into the cylinder, and the mixture is compressed, ignited and burned to generate heat energy. High temperature and high pressure gas acts on the top of the piston to push the piston to reciprocate Rectilinear motion , via connecting rod 、 crankshaft The flywheel mechanism outputs mechanical energy externally. Four stroke Gasoline engine in Intake stroke 、 compression stroke 、 power stroke and Exhaust stroke Complete one within Duty cycle 。 [3]
(1) Intake stroke（ intake stroke）
Driven by the crankshaft, the piston Top dead center move to Bottom dead center 。 here Intake valve Open, Exhaust valve Close, and the crankshaft rotates 180 °. During the piston movement, the cylinder volume gradually increases gas pressure From pr to pa, a certain amount of vacuum degree The mixture of air and gasoline is sucked into the cylinder through the inlet valve and further mixed in the cylinder to form combustible mixture. because Air intake system When there is resistance, the gas pressure in the cylinder is less than atmospheric pressure p at the end of intake zero , i.e. pa=(0.80 ～ 0.90) p zero 。 The temperature of the combustible mixture entering the cylinder due to Intake pipe , cylinder wall Piston crown , Valves and combustion chamber Heating of high temperature parts such as walls and Residual exhaust gas And rise to 340-400K.
(2) Compression stroke
During the compression stroke, the inlet and exhaust valves are closed at the same time. The piston moves from bottom dead center to top dead center, crankshaft Turn 180 °. When the piston moves up, Working volume The pressure and temperature of the mixed gas in the cylinder after compression increase gradually. When it reaches the compression end point, its pressure pc can reach 800~2000kPa and the temperature can reach 600~750K.
(3) Power stroke
automobile engine
When the piston is close to TDC spark plug Ignite the combustible mixture, and the combustion of the mixture will release a lot of heat energy, which will rapidly increase the pressure and temperature of the gas in the cylinder. Maximum combustion pressure p Z Up to 3000 ～ 6000 kPa, temperature T Z Up to 2200 ～ 2800K. High temperature and high pressure gas pushes the piston from top dead center to bottom dead center and passes through Crank connecting rod mechanism External mechanical energy output. As the piston moves down, the cylinder volume increases, and the gas pressure and temperature gradually decrease. When it reaches point b, the pressure drops to 300~500kPa, and the temperature drops to 1200~1500K. During the power stroke, the inlet valve and exhaust valve are closed, and the crankshaft rotates 180 °.
(4) Exhaust stroke
During the exhaust stroke, the exhaust valve opens, the inlet valve is still closed, the piston moves from BDC to TDC, and the crankshaft rotates 180 °. When the exhaust valve is opened, the exhaust gas after combustion is discharged out of the cylinder under the pressure difference between inside and outside the cylinder on the one hand, and discharged out of the cylinder through the displacement of the piston on the other hand. because exhaust system The pressure at the exhaust terminal point r is slightly higher than the atmospheric pressure, i.e. pr=(1.05-1.20) p0. Exhaust terminal temperature Tr=900 ～ 1100K. Piston movement At top dead center, combustion chamber There is still a certain volume of waste gas that cannot be discharged. This part of waste gas is called residual waste gas. [4]
Four stroke diesel engine Operating principle of
Four stroke diesel engine Working principle Like gasoline engine, each working cycle is also composed of intake stroke, compression stroke, power stroke and exhaust stroke. As diesel is compared with gasoline, Autoignition temperature Low viscosity, not easy to evaporate, so diesel engine adopts compression end point Compression ignition Ignition (compression ignition), while gasoline engine is spark plug light. [3]
⑴ Intake stroke
automobile engine
The working medium entering the cylinder is pure air. As the resistance of the intake system of the diesel engine is small, the intake end pressure pa=(0.85~0.95) p0, which is higher than that of the gasoline engine. The terminal temperature of intake air Ta=300 ～ 340K, lower than that of gasoline engine.
(2) Compression stroke
Since the compressed working medium is pure air Compression ratio It is higher than gasoline engine (generally ε=16~22). The pressure at the end of compression is 3000 ～ 5000 kPa, and the temperature at the end of compression is 750 ～ 1000 K, which is much higher than the autoignition temperature of diesel (about 520 K).
⑶ Power stroke
When the compression stroke is near the end High pressure oil pump Under the action, diesel oil passes through Fuel injector Injection Cylinder combustion In the chamber, it ignites spontaneously immediately after mixing with air in a short time. The pressure of the gas in the cylinder rises rapidly, up to 5000 ～ 9000 kPa, maximum temperature Up to 1800~2000K. The diesel engine is called as Compression ignition engine 。
⑷ Exhaust stroke
Diesel engine The exhaust of is basically the same as that of gasoline engine, except that Exhaust temperature Lower than gasoline engines. Generally, Tr=700 ～ 900K. about Single cylinder engine For example, its speed is uneven, the engine is unstable, and the vibration is large. This is because four stroke Only one stroke is Work The other three strokes consume power to prepare for work. To solve this problem, the flywheel must be large enough Moment of inertia , which will lead to the whole Engine quality And size increase. use Multi cylinder engine It can make up for the above shortcomings. Hyundai Motor Four cylinder, six cylinder and eight cylinder engines are commonly used. [4]

structure

Valve train and crank linkage [5]
The engine is powered by Crank connecting rod mechanism and Valve train Two mechanisms, as well as cooling, lubrication, ignition Fuel supply 、 Starting the system Wait for the top five system composition 。 The main components are Cylinder block 、 The cylinder cover , piston piston pin , connecting rod, crankshaft, flywheel, etc. Reciprocating piston internal combustion engine Of Working chamber Called cylinder Internal surface It is cylindrical. The piston that reciprocates in the cylinder is hinged with one end of the connecting rod through the piston pin, and the other end of the connecting rod is connected with the crankshaft. The crankshaft is supported by the bearing on the cylinder block and can rotate in the bearing to form a crank connecting rod mechanism. When the piston reciprocates in the cylinder, the connecting rod drives the crankshaft to rotate. On the contrary, when the crankshaft rotates, the connecting rod journal Crankcase Internal work Circular motion And drive the piston to move up and down in the cylinder through the connecting rod. Every time the crankshaft rotates, the piston moves up and down, and the cylinder volume is constantly increasing from small to small, then from large to small, and so on. For the top of cylinder The cylinder cover Closed. The cylinder head is equipped with inlet valve and exhaust valve. Inflate into the cylinder and exhaust out of the cylinder by opening and closing the inlet and exhaust valves. The opening and closing of inlet and exhaust valves are controlled by Camshaft Drive. The camshaft is driven by the crankshaft through a toothed belt or gear. [3]
automobile engine
Single cylinder engine Basic structure
1 - Oil pan
8 - Piston
15 - Exhaust valve
22 - Ignition switch
2 - Oil
9 - Water jacket
16 - Camshaft
23— Ignition coil
3 - Crankshaft
10 - Cylinder
17 - High voltage line
24— spark plug
4 - Crankshaft Synchronous belt round
11 - Cylinder head
18 - Distributor
25 - Intake valve
5 - Timing belt
12— exhaust pipe
19— Air filter
26 - Battery
6 - Crankcase
13 - Camshaft timing pulley
20 - Carburetor
27 - Flywheel
7 - Connecting rod
14 - Rocker arm
21 - Intake pipe
28 - Starter
Crank connecting rod mechanism
During the power stroke, the crank connecting rod mechanism converts the gas pressure generated after fuel combustion into the rotating torque of the crankshaft through the piston and connecting rod; Then, use the inertia of the flywheel to complete the three auxiliary strokes of intake, compression and exhaust. The crank linkage is composed of Cylinder block Crankcase Group Piston connecting rod set and Crankshaft flywheel set 3 parts. [3]
1、 Cylinder block crankcase group
Cast cylinder block
The cylinder block and crankcase are usually cast into one body, collectively referred to as the cylinder block, which is the engine shell and assembly foundation, and generally adopts high-quality Alloy cast iron or aluminium alloy make. The cylindrical space in the cylinder block is called the cylinder, and the cylinder surface is called the cylinder wall. The cylinder is gas exchange The place of combustion is also the track of piston movement. In order to ensure the sealing between piston and cylinder and reduce wear, the cylinder wall should have an effective Machining accuracy And lower Surface roughness 。 In order to dissipate the heat of the cylinder during operation Cylinder liner The machine body can accommodate Coolant Sandwich cavity, called Water jacket 。
At the lower part of the cylinder block are Main bearing seat For installing the crankshaft flywheel set. The side of the cylinder block is provided with a tappet chamber for installing the valve transmission parts. The cylinder head is installed on the upper plane of the cylinder block, the oil pan is installed on the lower plane, and the timing is installed on the front face gear Cover, all equipped with Gasket Tighten the seal with bolts. Install the flywheel housing on the rear face of the cylinder block.
In order to strengthen the Abrasion resistance , prolong the service life of the cylinder block, which is mostly lined with air Cylinder liner 。 Cylinder liner It is divided into dry type and wet type. Dry cylinder liner It is not in contact with the coolant. To prevent the cylinder liner from moving downward, it can be moved up/down Seam stop Limit. Wet cylinder liner Outer surface Direct contact with coolant. In order to prevent coolant leakage, 1~3 cylinders are installed at the lower lip of the cylinder liner Rubber sealing ring 。
The oil pan is used to store lubricating oil, so it is commonly known as Oil pan 。 It is generally made of thin-walled steel plate by stamping, and is internally equipped with oil stabilizing baffle to prevent excessive surge of lubricating oil Oil plug In order to change the lubricating oil.
The cylinder cover Its main function is to close the upper part of the cylinder and form a combustion chamber with the piston crown. There are combustion chamber, water jacket and spark plug seat holes on the cylinder head（ Diesel engine With fuel injector Mounting hole ）, advance Exhaust passage 、 Valve seat 、 Valve guide Seat hole, etc. The upper part is equipped with Rocker shaft Assembly, with Cylinder head cover Closed, Junction surface A sealing point gasket is installed between. The cylinder head of gasoline engine is generally integrated, but there are exceptions, for example, EQ6100-1 engine has two cylinder heads. Cylinder diameter Larger diesel engines use one cylinder with one cover or two cylinders with one cover, and no more than three cylinders with one cover at most, to prevent cylinder head deformation.
Cylinder gasket Commonly known as the cylinder bed, it is installed between the cylinder head and the cylinder block. Its function is to seal the joint plane between the cylinder block and the cylinder head to prevent air leakage, coolant leakage and oil leakage. Cylinder gasket is mostly used Asbestos board Made of material, some of which are made of asbestos board bread Copper sheet Or iron sheet, some with middle Steel sheet Stick on both sides Suitable for latex asbestos board with good stress. The combustion chamber hole is made of double or single metal Hemming To prevent burning gas from damaging the asbestos layer. [4]
2、 Piston connecting rod set
3、 Crankshaft flywheel set
Valve train
The function of the valve mechanism is to open and close the intake and exhaust valves in time according to the working order of the engine and the requirements of the working cycle of each cylinder, so that the combustible mixture (gasoline engine) or fresh air (diesel engine) into the cylinder and Discharge to atmosphere 。 [3]
Four stroke engine Widely used valves Cam Type valve train, which is composed of Valve block And valve transmission group. According to different transmission modes, it can be divided into Timing gear Drive type and chain drive type; Press Camshaft It can be divided into lower camshaft type, middle camshaft type and upper camshaft type. When the lower camshaft valve mechanism works, the crankshaft drives the camshaft to rotate through a pair of meshing timing gears. When the cam tip rises to the highest position, the valve opening is the largest. When the lobe of the cam moves downward Valve spring The valve and its transmission parts return to their original positions and close the air passage under the elastic force of. Compared with the lower camshaft valve mechanism, the middle and upper camshaft valve mechanisms are mostly Timing chain Or timing Belt drive 。 The central camshaft type eliminates the push rod; The upper camshaft type is omitted Tappet And push rod.
1、 Valve block
The valve group is generally composed of valve, valve seat Valve guide 、 Valve oil seal 、 Valve spring And valve Lock sheet Etc. [4]
valve It is divided into inlet valve and exhaust valve, which are used to close the inlet and exhaust passages respectively. The valve is composed of a head and a stem. The head is made into a cone, which is connected with the cone coordination. head Cone angle , generally 45 °. The inlet valve head diameter of the same engine is larger than the exhaust valve head diameter to improve the engine's Inflation volume 。 The valve stem is cylindrical and is connected with the valve guide Inner hole The end of the rod is provided with a ring groove to install the valve Spring seat Lock sheet.
Valve seat It is used to ensure valve sealing and transfer heat from valve head to cylinder head. The valve seat is generally made of a special alloy ring, which is closely embedded on the cylinder head.
Valve guide It is used to guide the valve to make reciprocating linear movement and ensure the correct closed position of the valve and valve seat. In order to prevent the lubricating oil on the cylinder head from entering the combustion chamber from the gap between the valve and the valve guide, the upper end of the valve guide is equipped with Valve oil seal 。
Valve spring yes Cylindrical coil spring It can make the valve close quickly, and make the valve head and valve seat press each other to ensure sealing.
2、 Valve drive set
The function of the valve transmission group is to timely open and close the valve according to the working order of the engine, and ensure that the valve has sufficient opening. [3]
Camshaft It is used to control the opening and closing of valves and drive Gasoline pump 、 oil pump and Distributor And other parts. The camshaft is equipped with inlet cam Exhaust cam 、 Journal , driving oil pump and distributor gear . Push the gasoline pump rocker arm Of Eccentric wheel The intake and exhaust cams are an important part of the camshaft, and their arrangement order on the camshaft is determined by the arrangement of the intake and exhaust passages.
Timing gear and Timing chain or Timing belt The transmission between crankshaft and camshaft is realized. For example, CA6102 and BJ492Q engines are driven by timing gears; Beijing Cherokee The automobile engine is driven by timing chain; Shanghai Santana The automobile engine is driven by timing belt. The crankshaft of the four stroke engine rotates for two cycles, and the camshaft should rotate for one cycle to make the inlet and exhaust valves open and close once respectively, and the timing of valve opening and closing must meet the needs of the working cycle of each cylinder. Therefore, both gear drive and chain drive must be assembled according to the specified marks, which are generally Gear tooth Positional Pit 。
Valve tappet Its function is to transmit the thrust of the cam to the push rod or valve. The types of tappets include mushroom type, cylindrical non hydraulic type, cylindrical hydraulic type, cylindrical hydraulic type, etc., and cylindrical hydraulic tappet has no Valve clearance It can reduce the noise of the engine, but has strict precision requirements and high cost, and is mostly used for advanced Car engine 。
automobile engine
Valve pushrod Its function is to transmit the thrust of tappet to rocker arm and drive the valve to open. The upper and lower ends of the push rod are subject to heat treatment and polishing to improve wear resistance; shaft There are solid and hollow.
rocker arm The rocker arm shaft assembly is used to change the thrust direction of the push rod (lower camshaft type), tappet (middle camshaft type) or cam (upper camshaft type) to open the valve. The rocker arm shaft assembly is fixed on the upper part of the cylinder head and is mainly composed of rocker arm and rocker arm shaft Support The rocker arm is made of two arms with unequal length, so that the tappet and push rod Lift You can get Opening 。 One end of the long arm of the rocker arm corresponds to the valve stem, Short arm One end is equipped with adjustment screw And nuts are used to adjust the valve foot clearance. The rocker arm shaft is Hollow shaft There is a lubricating oil passage through the rocker arm shaft support and rocker arm to lubricate the Friction surface 。
Supply system
The function of gasoline engine fuel system is to prepare a proper proportion of combustible mixture of pure air and gasoline according to the needs of different working conditions of the engine, which is sent to each cylinder for combustion, and the exhaust gas generated after combustion is discharged into the atmosphere. [3]
ignition system
automobile engine
In gasoline engines, the combustible mixture in the cylinder is electric spark The spark plug is installed on the cylinder head of the gasoline engine, and the head of the spark plug extends into the combustion chamber. All equipment that can generate electric spark between spark plug electrodes on time is called ignition system. Conventional ignition system from Battery , generator Ignition coil , distributor spark plug Etc. The ordinary ignition system is similar to the traditional ignition system, but only uses electronic component Replaced the distributor. Electronic ignition is all Electronic ignition system , mechanical device is completely eliminated System control Ignition time, including battery, generator, ignition coil, spark plug, electronic control system, etc.
Cooling system
The cooling system emits part of the heat absorbed by the heated parts in time to ensure that the engine works at the most appropriate temperature. The water-cooled cooling system consists of water jacket, water pump, radiator, fan thermostat Etc. Air cooled type consists of fan and Heat sink Etc.
lubrication system
The function of the lubrication system is to relative motion Deliver a certain amount of clean lubricating oil on the surface of the parts to achieve Liquid friction , decrease Frictional resistance To reduce the wear of parts. Clean and cool the surface of parts. The lubrication system consists of oil pump Filter collector 、 Pressure limiting valve , oil passage Oil filter Etc.
Starting system
To make the engine Quiescent state carry out the transition to working condition The crankshaft of the engine must be rotated with external force to make the piston reciprocate. The combustible mixture in the cylinder burns and expands to work, pushing the piston downward to make the crankshaft rotate. The engine can run by itself and the working cycle can be carried out automatically. Therefore, the crankshaft External force action The whole process from when the engine starts to idle automatically is called Engine starting 。 The device needed to complete the starting process is called the starting system of the engine. It is composed of Starter And its accessories. [4]

performance index

Engine performance index It is used to characterize the performance characteristics of the engine and evaluate various types of engine performance Basis of advantages and disadvantages. The performance indicators of the engine mainly include: Power Indicators Economy Indicators Environmental indicators 、 reliability index and Durability Indicators. [3]
  • Dynamic index: The power performance index is an index that represents the power capacity of the engine. Generally, the effective torque Effective power 、 engine speed As evaluation indicators.
  • Economic indicators: Engine economy index is generally used Effective fuel consumption rate express. The amount of fuel consumed by the engine for every 1kW · h of effective work output (in g) is called the effective fuel consumption rate
  • Environmental indicators: Vehicle emission standard and Automobile noise Horizontal. China Motor vehicle noise standard (GB/T 18697-2002), the noise of the car shall not be greater than 79dB (A).
  • Reliability index and durability index: Reliability index is an index that indicates the normal continuous working capacity of the engine under the specified service conditions and within the specified time. There are many evaluation methods for reliability, such as first failure mileage, average distance between failures, etc. Durability index refers to the limit time when the main parts of the engine are worn to the point where they cannot continue to work normally.
  • engine Versatility ： Automotive engine working condition It can vary in a wide range. When the working conditions (i.e. power and speed) of the engine change, its performance (including power, economy, emissions and noise) also changes. The relationship between engine performance indicators and operating conditions is called engine Versatility 。

Engine technology

  • Intelligent variable valve timing system（ VVT-i ）Yes Toyota The unique engine technology can obtain the best valve timing by adjusting the camshaft angle.
  • Continuously variable valve timing system（ CVVT ）It is developed by South Korea on the basis of VVT-i and i-VTEC, and can make fuel burn more fully by controlling the opening and closing of valves.
  • Electronic control system of variable valve timing and valve lift（ VTEC ）VTEC developed by Honda has now evolved into i-VTEC 。 Two sets of different valves will be used to drive the cam at medium low speed and high speed, which can also be controlled valve The opening time and lifting degree of, that is, to change the air intake and exhaust volume.
  • In cylinder direct injection stratified combustion (FSI) directly injects fuel into the combustion chamber at the most appropriate time. Through the design of the shape of the combustion chamber, there will be a thicker mixture around the spark plug and a thinner mixture in other areas, which ensures that lean combustion can be achieved as far as possible under the condition of smooth ignition.
  • The variable displacement engine (MDS) can automatically switch between 4-cylinder and 8-cylinder modes. [6]

matters needing attention

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Maintenance

The car engine needs regular maintenance. When driving through some extremely humid or dusty areas, check and maintain the relevant parts of the engine.
  1. one
    Regular replacement engine oil and Oil filter 。 When the engine oil passes through the pores of the engine oil filter element, the solid particles and viscous substances in the oil will accumulate in the filter. If the filter is blocked, the oil will not pass through the filter element smoothly, which will burst the filter element or open the safety valve, pass through the bypass valve, and bring the dirt back to the lubrication part, which will accelerate the engine wear and aggravate the internal pollution.
  2. two
    Keep the crankcase well ventilated Pollutants in the air will deposit around the PCV valve, which may block the valve. If the PCV valve is blocked, the polluted gas flows in the opposite direction Air filter The polluted filter element reduces the filtering capacity, and the mixed gas inhaled is too dirty, which further pollutes the crankcase, leading to increased fuel consumption, increased engine wear, and even engine damage. Therefore, the PCV must be maintained regularly to remove pollutants around the PCV valve.
  3. three
    Clean the crankcase regularly When the engine is running, the high-pressure unburned gas, acid, water, sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the combustion chamber pass through Piston ring The clearance between the cylinder wall and the crankcase is mixed with the metal powder produced by the wear of parts to form sludge. Suspend in the oil when the amount is small, and separate out from the oil when the amount is large, blocking the filter and oil hole, causing difficulty in engine lubrication and wear. In addition, when the engine oil is oxidized at high temperature, it will generate paint film and carbon deposit and stick to the piston, which will increase the engine oil consumption and reduce the power, and in serious cases, it will cause the piston ring to jam Cylinder 。 Therefore, regularly use BGl05 (efficient and fast cleaning agent for lubrication system) to clean the crankcase and keep the inside of the engine clean.
  4. four
    Regular cleaning fuel system In the process of fuel being supplied to the combustion chamber through the oil circuit for combustion, gum and carbon deposit will inevitably form, which will deposit in the oil passage, carburetor, fuel injection nozzle and combustion chamber, interfere with fuel flow, destroy the normal air-fuel ratio, cause poor fuel atomization, and cause performance problems such as engine chattering, detonation, unstable idle speed, and poor acceleration. Use BG208 (powerful and efficient cleaner for fuel system) to clean the fuel system, and use BG202 regularly to control the generation of carbon deposits, which can always keep the engine in the best state. The traditional disassembly and cleaning method will affect the stability of the engine due to the assembly error. It can not only remove the sludge and carbon deposits in the fuel tank, oil duct, fuel injection nozzle, combustion chamber and exhaust gas system without disassembly, but also repair the friction and wear caused by the operation of the machine.
  5. five
    Regular maintenance water tank Rust and scaling of engine water tank are the most common problems. Rust and scale will restrict the flow of coolant in the cooling system, reduce the heat dissipation, cause the engine to overheat, and even cause engine damage. The oxidation of coolant will also form acidic substances, which will corrode the metal parts of the water tank, causing damage and leakage of the water tank. Regularly use BG540 (powerful and efficient water tank cleaner) to clean the water tank to remove rust and scale, which can not only ensure the normal operation of the engine, but also extend the overall life of the water tank and the engine.
  6. six
    Maintenance and cleaning of fuel system Due to the precision of the automobile fuel distribution system, it cannot be disassembled at will. When cleaning the engine fuel system, use the engine disassembly free cleaning agent, because it does not need to disassemble the fuel system. On the one hand, it can start to thoroughly clean the fuel system, and on the other hand, it is conducive to protecting the engine fuel system. Operating process of cleaning oil circuit and oil tank with disassembly free cleaning agent:
    1. one
      Open the fuel tank cap, take out the filter cartridge, use the hose to extract most of the fuel in the fuel tank, leave the fuel about 10-15cm deep, add 80ml * brand ethanol gasoline to replace the cleaning agent, install the filter cartridge and cover the fuel tank cap.
    2. two
      Disassemble the oil inlet and return pipes of the engine, connect the oil inlet and return pipes of the engine with the oil inlet and return pipes of the cleaning free machine, and connect the oil inlet and return pipes with a special interface to form a loop.
    3. three
      Add gasoline into the detergent storage tank according to the scale of the oil tank or the number of engine cylinders of the non removable washer, and add 100ml * brand ethanol gasoline to replace the detergent.
    4. four
      Adjust the pressure according to the model, adjust the appropriate pressure for the carburetor car, and adjust 2-3 pressures for the EFI car.
    5. five
      Start the engine, check the oil inlet and return pipes for oil leakage, clean them for 15-20 minutes at idle speed, and increase the throttle every 3-5 minutes to drain the cleaned carbon and water from the exhaust pipe.
    6. six
      Dismantle the dismount free cleaning machine and the oil inlet and return pipes of the engine, restore the oil circuit of the car, and start the car to check whether the oil pipe leaks.
    7. seven
      Open the oil tank cap and take out the filter cartridge; Connect the air pump with a soft air pipe, insert the hose into the bottom of the oil tank from the opening of the oil tank, and purge it with 3kg/cm air pressure, so that all impurities accumulated at the bottom of the oil tank can be cleaned by the billowing gasoline. When cleaning, it is better to block the oil tank mouth with a clean cloth, and constantly move the hose purging position.
    8. eight
      When it is confirmed that the impurities at the bottom of the oil tank are purged, all oil products in the oil tank shall be discharged immediately. It is specially reminded that the oil discharged from the original oil tank must be filtered and precipitated before being added to the oil tank.
    9. nine
      Replace the fuel filter.
    10. ten
      Add ethanol gasoline or ordinary gasoline, start the engine, and conduct road test.

Hot car in winter

automobile engine
The main reason for the hot car is that after the car has been parked for a long time, the oil in the engine flows back to the oil in the lower part of the engine Bottom shell So it is necessary to warm up the car. The correct way to warm up the car is to go on the road 30 seconds to one minute after starting, but do not drive at a high speed at this time, and keep at a low speed. The engine speed should not exceed 3000~3500 revolutions, and generally keep at 2000 revolutions, otherwise the severe wear on the engine and transmission can not be recovered. Wait until the engine temperature rises to normal working temperature After that (it takes about 3 to 5 minutes), you can resume normal driving.

Water flameout treatment

When the car stalls in the water, it must not be restarted, or it will cause irreparable damage to the car engine. Under the condition of ensuring the safety of personnel, the vehicle should be immediately pushed out of the deep water area to ensure the engine Air inlet No more water will be inhaled, and stop at a safe place. Remove the distributor cover, dry the cover with a paper towel and reinstall it. If it is Air inlet If there is water ingress, it must be replaced Air filter Remove the spark plug and drain the water in the combustion chamber.
The specific method should be: Open Engine cover , unplug Cylinder dividing line Remove the spark plug, and then start the engine. The water in the engine cylinder will be discharged from the engine through the hole of the spark plug. Hold the key at the start position for 5 seconds, and then release it. Wait 10 seconds, and then start the engine for 5 seconds. For three times, basically all the water can be discharged from the engine. However, if the engine does not rotate when starting after removing the spark plug, it means that the engine has been stuck and can only be handled in the maintenance station.

Engine overheating

Overheating of the engine will cause some damage to the engine. If the temperature of the car engine is too high, the owner can carry out some checks:
  1. one
    The fan motor does not move or the fan clutch fails, and the temperature cannot be reduced normally.
  2. two
    The three-way catalytic converter is blocked or the pipe is broken, resulting in blocked exhaust and engine overheating.
  3. three
    The pipe of the cooling system is broken, causing the loss of coolant and the abnormal operation of heat dissipation.
  4. four
    The parts of water pump used for a long time will wear off after high wear.
  5. five
    If the pressure of the radiator cap is different, the spring will be loose and the cap mouth cannot be closed tightly.
  6. six
    The thermostat cannot be opened and closed normally, which is usually caused by mechanical failure or incomplete filling of the cooling system. It may also be that the updated thermostat has a different temperature coefficient from the original one.
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