synonymJiangmen(Prefecture level cities under the jurisdiction of Guangdong Province) generally refer to Jiangmen
Jiangmen City, another nameWuyi, Siyi,Guangdong ProvinceIt governs prefecture level cities,Guangdong Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay AreaAn important node city, in the Guangdong Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area, is "connecting the east and opening the west". It is the gateway of the Greater Bay Area to the west of Guangdong and the southwest of China[90]"The New Growth Pole on the West Bank of the Pearl River and the Gateway to Rivers and Seas on the Coastal Economic Belt"[90]In 2023the third-class cities[132], Jiangmen City is located inZhujiang deltaWest Bank City Center[88], 21 º 27 ′ - 22 º 51 ′ N, 111 ° 59 ′ - 113 ° 15 ′ E, adjacent to the eastZhongshan、Zhuhai, XilianYangjiang, northFoshan、Floating clouds, on the southSouth China SeaDomain;Low in the north and high in the west, dominated by low mountains and hills;The city has a land area of 9535 square kilometers and a sea area of 4880.47 square kilometers;It has jurisdiction over 3 municipal districts and 4 county-level cities;By the end of 2023, the city's permanent population will be 4.8224 million.[88][137]
From the late Yuan Dynasty to the early Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty (about 1360-1370)（Xijiang River）The area on the west coast of Jiangmen Sea is exported to form a trade fair, called Jiangmen Fair.On November 26, the 14th year of the Republic of China (1925), it was a provincial city.In 1970, it was downgraded to a county-level city, under the leadership of Foshan.In November 1975, it was renamed as a prefecture level city under the jurisdiction of the province.Jiangmen has a long history and profound cultural heritage,Wuyi CultureandOverseas Chinese cultureUnique charm[86-87]；More than 5.3 million overseas Chinese at home and abroad and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan overseas Chinese are distributed in 145 countries and regions, known as the "Capital of Overseas Chinese in China".[88][93]Jiangmen is importantGuangfu peopleOne of the gathering places,[5]AlsoGuangfu CultureOne of the representative cities of[1-4]Jiangmen has rich tourism resources and world cultural heritageKaiping Diaolou and Ancient Villages, which made Mr. Ba Jin, a great writer, intoxicatedbird paradise , National Forest ParkGuifeng Mountain, selected as one of the "Top Ten Beautiful Islands" in Guangdong ProvinceShangxiachuan Island, "Famous Historical and Cultural Town of China"Chikan Ancient TownIt is rare to see in Lingnan and even the whole countryGulao WatertownEtc.[88]
In 2023, Jiangmen's GDP will be 402.225 billion yuan, up 5.5% year on year.[158][161]
The place name of Jiangmen was first found in the preface to the Farewell Map of Jiangmen, which was written by Zhu Eryin in the early Ming Dynasty in the fifth volume of Shu Po Collection.
Yuan and Ming Dynasties.From the late Yuan Dynasty to the early Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty (about 1360~1370), a collection of trade fairs was formed on the west bank of the Jiangmen Sea, which is the outlet of Zhishui (Xijiang), and is called Jiangmen Ruins.
brightDuring the Wanli period, it was under the jurisdiction of Dedu, Longxi Township, Xinhui County.
Qing Dynasty。It was made in the Ming Dynasty.During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Jiangmen Ruins was still under the jurisdiction of the Fifteen Map of Guidedu, Longxi Township, Xinhui County.
In the 23rd year of Guangxu's reign (1897), according to the Sino British West River Trade Treaty, it was established as a docking station for foreign ships and goods.In the 28th year of Guangxu's reign (1902), it was agreed in the Sino British Treaty on Trade and Shipping that Jiangmen was a port for foreign trade and a customs office was established.It was called Jiangmen Port.
Republic of China。On November 26, the 14th year of the Republic of China (1925), it was established as a provincial city.In February of the 20th year of the Republic of China (1931), the establishment of a city under the jurisdiction of a province was revoked and changed to a town under the jurisdiction of the 12th District of Xinhui County.In March of the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937), it was under the jurisdiction of the second joint township of Xinhui County.From September of the 34th year of the Republic of China (1945) to the liberation of Jiangmen, it was a town under the jurisdiction of the second district of Xinhui County.
The People's Republic of China。On October 23, 1949, Jiangmen was liberated;On October 25, the Military Control Committee of Jianghui District of the Chinese People's Liberation Army exercised military control over Jiangmen and Xinhui.
On May 1, 1950, Jiangmen Office of Jianghui District Military Control Commission was established, which is a county-level organization and is responsible for the administrative affairs of Jiangmen.
On January 12, 1951, it was changed into a prefecture level city under provincial jurisdiction, under the jurisdiction of Guangdong Technical Secondary School;On April 1, Jiangmen Municipal People's Government was established, and the Jiangmen Office of Jianghui District Military Control Committee was canceled to end military control.
In May 1952, he became the leader of the West Guangdong Office;In November, it was under the jurisdiction of the Central Guangdong Administration.
On April 11, 1958, Jiangmen City was changed into a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Foshan Special District;In December, it belonged to Jiangmen District.
On April 2, 1961, it was changed to Zhaoqing District.
In June 1963, it was again under the jurisdiction of Foshan Special District.
Map of Jiangmen City
In early 1966, it was upgraded to a prefecture level city under the jurisdiction of a province.
On March 31, 1967, military control was implemented due to the "Cultural Revolution", and Jiangmen Military Control Committee was established to replace the functions and powers of the Municipal People's Committee.
On April 12, 1968, Jiangmen Revolutionary Committee was established.
In 1970, Jiangmen was downgraded to a county-level city, under the leadership of Foshan.
In November 1975, with the approval of the State Council, Jiangmen was renamed a prefecture level city under the jurisdiction of Guangdong Province and Foshan.
On November 24, 1979, the Jiangmen Municipal Revolutionary Committee was abolished and the Jiangmen Municipal People's Government was re established.
On June 1, 1983, the city led the county system. Jiangmen City has five counties, namely Xinhui, Taishan, Kaiping, Enping and Heshan;On September 1, it added jurisdiction over Yangjiang and Yangchun counties.
In July 1984, Jiangmen City was divided into two county-level districts, urban and suburban.
In January 1988, Yangjiang County and Yangchun County were divided from Jiangmen City.
From April 1992 to February 1994, the five counties under the jurisdiction of Taishan, Xinhui, Kaiping, Heshan, and Enping were successively removed from the county and set up as cities, and were organized as county-level cities under the jurisdiction of the province. Jiangmen City was entrusted by the People's Government of Guangdong Province.
On September 1, 2002, Xinhui City under the jurisdiction of Jiangmen City was removed from the city and divided into districts.[7]
administrative division
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As of December 2022, Jiangmen City has jurisdiction over three districts, Pengjiang District, Jianghai District and Xinhui District, and is entrusted with four county-level cities, namely Taishan City, Kaiping City, Heshan City and Enping City.[8][88]Jiangmen Municipal People's Government is located at No. 1, Baisha Avenue West, Pengjiang District.
Jiangmen City has a total area of 9506.92 square kilometers.Among them, the sea area within the territorial sea baseline is 2886 square kilometers;The mainland coastline is 414.8 kilometers long, accounting for about 1/10 of the province;The island coastline is about 400 kilometers long, accounting for about 1/6 of the province.The range is 21 º 27 ′ - 22 º 51 ′ north latitude and 111 ° 59 ′ - 113 ° 15 ′ east longitude.East fromNew meeting areaDaaowei, westenping Hekengwei, Naji Town, 130.68 kilometers away;NanziTaishan CityWeijia Island, Xiachuan Town, north toHeshan CityLishui, Gulao Town, 142.2 kilometers away.
Jiangmen City has a total of 561 islands, the second largest in the province, with a total area of 249.971 square kilometers.Among them, there are 6 inhabited islands and 555 uninhabited islands;There are 130 islands with an area of more than 500 square meters and 9 islands with an area of more than 1 square kilometer.[7]
The geomorphic characteristics of Jiangmen City are low in the north and high in the west, mainly low mountains and hills;The southwest and southeast are relatively low, dominated by river valley alluvial plains and a few hills, and the ground elevation is between 5 and 40 meters.The mountainous and hilly area of Jiangmen City is more than 4400 square kilometers, accounting for 46.8% of the total land area.Mountainous areas with an altitude of more than 500 meters account for 1.77% of the total area.There are 9 mountains above 800 meters, mostly northeast southwest.The highest mountain in Jiangmen is in the northwestTianlu Mount, 1250m above sea level.Poji top in the northZaomu Mountain, the eastern end of the wok and the southern endRimao Mountain, Liangmao top, all steep mountains, rugged rocks, "V" shaped valley development.Southeast coastalGudou MountainThe main peak is 986 meters above sea level. Overlooking the South China Sea, it is magnificent.The river alluvial plain and delta plain in Jiangmen City cover an area of more than 4880 square kilometers, accounting for 51.90% of the total area. Most of them are fertile fields.[9]
Jiangmen MunicipalSubtropical monsoon climate。Winter prevailsNortheast monsoon, summer isSouthwest monsoonSpring and autumn are the conversion seasons.The winter is short and the summer is long, the climate is pleasant, the rainfall is abundant, and the light is sufficient.The frost free period is more than 360 days, and there is no snow all year round.The regional climate is divided into three grades: warm and cool mountainous area, warm hilly area and warm and tropical coastal area.
Jiangmen City is regulated by the ocean monsoon. The climate is mild and rainy, with distinct winter and summer.The solar radiation is strong and there are rich thermal resources.The accumulated temperature of more than 10 ℃ every year is more than 8000 ℃, and the accumulated temperature of more than 15 ℃ is more than 6000 ℃.In the first ten days of March every year, the daily average temperature can be stabilized at 12 ℃.The interannual temperature changes little.The annual average temperature is around 22 ℃, slightly higher in Shangchuan Island.The temperature has obvious seasonal change, and the difference between the coldest month (January) and the hottest month (July) is 14 ℃ - 15 ℃.From the end of March to the beginning of April every year, the warm and humid air flow in the south strengthens and moves northward, and the temperature rises significantly, reaching the highest value in July.Since November, the cold and dry cold air in the north has been invading southward, and the local temperature has dropped significantly due to the control of the cold high pressure ridge.[10]
hydrologic condition
Jiangmen RiversPearl River systemThere are 26 rivers with a catchment area of more than 100 square kilometers in Jiangmen City.Rivers crisscross in the territory, except for transit riversXijiang RiverIn addition, 4 of them directly enter the sea.Xijiang is inXihai WaterwayThe average annual sediment discharge through the section is 41.8 million tons.Tanjiang RiverThe annual average sediment concentration is 0.11kg/m3.The annual average sediment concentration of other rivers ranges from 0.10 kg to 0.25 kg per cubic meter.Most of them are rivers with little sand.The coastal zone within the territory is affected by the ocean tide.In the waters where rivers flow into the sea, rivers and sea water support each other.In rainy season, flood tide is mixed and water level is changeable.When a typhoon sweeps the territory, it often produces a surge.[11]
natural resources
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water resource
The surface water resources, groundwater resources and total water resources in Jiangmen are higher than the provincial and national average. The average annual rainfall is 2078mm, 118.07% of the provincial average and 320.68% of the national average;The annual average river runoff is 11.9 billion cubic meters, accounting for 6.62% of the province and 0.44% of the country.The recharge of groundwater mainly comes from atmospheric precipitation. The total amount of groundwater resources in Jiangmen City is 2.593 billion cubic meters, accounting for 5.56% of the province and 0.31% of the country.The main body of the total water resources is the river runoff. The total water resources in Jiangmen are 12 billion cubic meters, accounting for 6.2% of the province and 0.43% of the country.
By the end of 2016, there were 2349 water storage projects in Jiangmen, including 4 large type II reservoirs, 29 medium-sized reservoirs, 157 small type I reservoirs, and 414 small type II reservoirs, with a total storage capacity of 2.462 billion cubic meters and irrigation capacity of 1.592 billion cubic meters.The theoretical reserve of water resources in Jiangmen City is 423700kW, and the exploitable capacity is 155600kW.There are 255 small hydropower stations built and put into operation in Jiangmen City, with a total installed capacity of 131800 kilowatts, and the developed amount accounts for 84.7% of the exploitable amount.Among them, there are 26 cases with a single station installed capacity of more than 1000 kilowatts, totaling 62400 kilowatts.The average annual power generation of small hydropower in Jiangmen City is about 300 million kilowatt hours.Jiangmen has 33 large and medium-sized reservoirs with an installed capacity of 3.74 kilowatts.[12]
land resource
The soil in Jiangmen City is mostlyLateritic red soil。River valley and delta alluvial plain have fertile soil and a long history of cultivation.At the end of 2016, the total land area was 950500 hectares, including 115100 hectares of construction land, accounting for 12.11% of the total land area;771200 hectares of agricultural land, accounting for 81.14%;The unused land is 64200 hectares, accounting for 6.75%.[12]
plant resources
There are 1184 species of vascular plants belonging to 618 genera and 183 families in Jiangmen, including the national key protected plantsRedbud、White osmanthus, South China firLeather cone、Dunnia sinensis 、Rattan locustEtc.Gudou MountainThere are 924 species of wild plants belonging to 494 genera and 161 families in EnpingQixingkeng Nature ReserveThere are 735 plant species, including 12 species of national and provincial rare and endangered plants, such as spinulosa spinulosa.The forestry land area of Jiangmen City is 442372.0 hectares, accounting for 47.56% of the land area, including 388678.7 hectares of forest land;The volume of standing trees is 22741794 million cubic meters, of which the forest volume is 22.155 million cubic meters;The forest area is 430492.8 hectares, the forest coverage rate is 46.29%, and the greening rate of forest land is 93.75%.[12]
Animal resources
There are more than 100 kinds of wild animals, more than 400 kinds of birds, more than 100 kinds of snakes, and more than 200 kinds of insects in Jiangmen, including wild boars, small civet cats, mountain clams, turtles, partridges, turtles, snakesPangolinIt is common in the northwest mountains.There are 24 species of animals under national key protection, accounting for 25.8% of the national key protected animals in Guangdong Province.National first-class key protected animals includePythonThe national second level key protected animals include pangolinKitten、Mandarin Duck、Goshawk、Black winged Kite、Kestrel.、Three Cyclemys trifasciatas（Small water turtle）、Tiger Frog23 kinds.There are 11 groups and 72 species of zooplankton in spring and autumn,BenthosAbout 140 families and 364 species, including 52 families and 129 species of molluscs and 28 families and 139 species of crustaceansMolluscsandCrustaceaIs one of the main distribution areas;There are about 98 species of nekton, mainly economic fish, belonging to 10 orders, 41 families and 71 genera respectively.[12]
population
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population
According to the data of the seventh population census, as of 0:00 on November 1, 2020, the permanent population of Jiangmen City is 4798090.[61]
By the end of 2023, the city's permanent population will be 4.8224 million, including 3.3113 million urban permanent population, accounting for 68.66% of the permanent population (urbanization rate of permanent population), 0.81 percentage points higher than that at the end of last year.At the end of the year, the registered public security population was 4.0348 million.There were 28600 births and 34700 deaths throughout the year.
Reference source:[79][133-137]
overseas Chinese
Jiangmen isCapital of Overseas Chinese。There are nearly 4 million overseas Chinese, Chinese and compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan whose ancestral home is Jiangmen, covering 107 countries and regions around the world.
Jiangmen has successively cooperated with Riverside, Mesa, MilburyAucklandAustraliaAraratandSolomon IslandsSix overseas cities including Honiara, the capital, were concluded asSister cityThere are more than 10 cities developing friendly exchanges.[82]
Economics
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overview
In 2023, Jiangmen's GDP will be 402.225 billion yuan, up 5.5% year on year.Among them, the added value of the primary industry was 34.701 billion yuan, up 5.9% year on year;The added value of the secondary industry was 185.514 billion yuan, up 7.3% year on year;The added value of the tertiary industry was 182.10 billion yuan, up 3.6% year on year。[79][91-92][158]
primary industry
In 2023, the total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery will be 63.263 billion yuan, an increase of 6.4% over the previous year.In terms of industries, agriculture (planting) grew by 5.6%, forestry by 10.2%, animal husbandry by 7.6%, fishery by 5.4%, and agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and auxiliary activities by 15.8%.
In 2023, the annual sown area of grain crops will be 2.811 million mu, an increase of 0.1% over the previous year;Sugar cane planting area was 11000 mu, down 9.2%;The oil planting area was 196000 mu, up 4.8%;The vegetable planting area was 1.153 million mu, down 0.2%.
In 2023, the annual grain output will be 989000 tons, down 0.2% over the previous year.Sugar cane output was 69000 tons, down 9.1%;Oil production was 38000 tons, up 10.5%;Vegetable output was 2.021 million tons, up 2.4%;The output of garden fruits was 463000 tons, up 14.8%.
In 2023, the total annual meat output will be 370000 tons, an increase of 7.4% over the previous year.Among them, the output of pork was 188000 tons, up 7.0%;The output of poultry meat was 175000 tons, up 6.5%.The annual output of aquatic products was 884000 tons, up 4.3% over the previous year.
By the end of 2023, the total power of agricultural machinery will be 1.89 million kilowatts, an increase of 1.61% over the previous year.
the secondary industry
In 2023, the total industrial added value will increase by 6.4% over the previous year.At the end of the year, there were 3516 industrial enterprises above designated size, and the annual added value increased by 6.8%, of which state-owned and state-controlled enterprises increased by 4.1%, foreign enterprises and enterprises invested by Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan increased by 4.2%, and joint-stock enterprises increased by 9.1%.In light and heavy industries, light industry grew by 3.7% and heavy industry by 8.9%.In terms of enterprise size, large enterprises increased by 9.4%, medium-sized enterprises by 0.7%, and small and micro enterprises by 9.7%.[79]
In 2023, the added value of advanced manufacturing industries above designated size will increase by 7.7% over the previous year, accounting for 42% of the added value of industries above designated size, an increase of 0.1 percentage points over the previous year.Among them, new material manufacturing industry grew by 27.9%, advanced light textile manufacturing industry grew by 4.6%, advanced equipment manufacturing industry grew by 2.8%, biological medicine and high-performance medical devices grew by 1.9%, petrochemical industry grew by 1.7%, and high-end electronic information manufacturing industry grew by 0.5%.
In 2023, the added value of high-tech manufacturing above designated size will decline by 0.5% over the previous year, accounting for 11.2% of the added value of industries above designated size.Among them, the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry grew by 3.1%, the medical equipment and instrumentation manufacturing industry grew by 3.0%, the electronic and communication equipment manufacturing industry declined by 0.5%, and the computer and office equipment manufacturing industry declined by 15.8%.
In 2023, the added value of traditional industries above designated size will increase by 0.7% over the previous year.Among them, the food and beverage industry grew 9.8%, the textile and clothing industry grew 4.2%, the building materials industry grew 1.9%, the household electrical appliance manufacturing industry declined 1.1%, the metal products industry declined 12.6%, and the furniture manufacturing industry declined 16.8%.
In 2023, the added value of the six high energy consuming industries will increase by 18.6% over the previous year.Among them, nonferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry increased by 76.1%, ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry increased by 46.2%, power and heat production and supply industry increased by 10.1%, non-metallic mineral products industry increased by 2.5%, chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing industry increased by 1.9%, and oil, coal and other fuel processing industry decreased by 23.1%.
In 2023, the annual profit of industrial enterprises above designated size will be 20.078 billion yuan, up 14.7% year on year, including 57.0% growth in mining industry and 3.6% decline in manufacturing industry.In terms of economic types, the profits of state-owned holding enterprises increased by 80.5%, joint-stock enterprises by 4.3%, and foreign-invested enterprises, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan businessmen by 17.3%.In the whole year, the operating cost of industrial enterprises above designated size per 100 yuan of operating income was 85.57 yuan, 0.54 yuan less than that of the previous year;The operating income profit margin was 3.63%, up 0.42 percentage points over the previous year.At the end of the year, the asset liability ratio of industrial enterprises above designated size was 61.19%, up 1.04 percentage points from the end of the previous year.
By the end of 2023, there were 373 general contracting and professional contracting construction enterprises with qualification levels, an increase of 45 over the previous year;The gross output value of the construction industry was 51.145 billion yuan, up 19.3% over the previous year.
the service sector; the tertiary industry
In 2023, the annual added value of wholesale and retail industry will be 20.582 billion yuan, down 1.9% over the previous year;The added value of accommodation and catering industry was 7.123 billion yuan, up 9.7%;The added value of the financial industry was 31.205 billion yuan, up 7.2%;The added value of the real estate industry was 22.684 billion yuan, down 0.3%;The added value of transportation, warehousing and postal services was 11.279 billion yuan, up 6.9%;The added value of for-profit service industry was 42.627 billion yuan, up 7.1%;The added value of non-profit service industry was 45.03 billion yuan, up 1.0%.The added value of the modern service industry was 106.309 billion yuan, up 5.0%, accounting for 58.4% of the added value of the service industry, up 0.7 percentage points over the previous year.
In 2023, the annual operating revenue of service enterprises above designated size will reach 26.375 billion yuan, an increase of 11.6% over the previous year;The total profit was 2.803 billion yuan, up 45.5%.In terms of industries, the water conservancy, environment and public facilities management industry grew by 81.2%, the leasing and business services industry grew by 12.1%, the information transmission, software and information technology services industry grew by 5.7%, the scientific research and technology services industry grew by 4.2%, the resident services, repair and other services industry revenue fell by 9.2%, and health and social work fell by 13.6%.
In 2023, the total retail sales of social consumer goods in the whole city will be 134.790 billion yuan, an increase of 2.8% over the previous year.According to the statistics of business locations, the retail sales of consumer goods in urban areas reached 104.327 billion yuan, up 2.6%;The retail sales of rural consumer goods reached 30.463 billion yuan, up 4.4%.From the perspective of consumption pattern, retail sales of goods reached 121.311 billion yuan, up 1.7%;Catering revenue was 13.479 billion yuan, up 15.7%.
In 2023, among the retail sales of wholesale and retail commodities above the designated size, electronic publications and audio-visual products will increase by 50.3%, communication equipment by 47.5%, daily necessities by 4.6%, books, newspapers and magazines by 4.0%, oil and products by 0.1%, Chinese and western medicines by 1.7%, automobiles by 7.5%, cereals and oils, food, beverages, tobacco and alcohol by 7.9%, sportsEntertainment products declined by 9.7%, clothing, shoes and hats, knitwear and textiles by 10.9%, gold, silver and jewelry by 12.1%, cultural and office supplies by 12.1%, household appliances and audio-visual equipment by 16.7%, construction and decoration materials by 18.6%, and cosmetics by 66.2%.In the whole year, the retail sales of goods of units above the designated size reached 4.487 billion yuan through public networks, accounting for 10.2% of the retail sales of goods of units above the designated size.
By the end of 2023, the balance of local and foreign currency deposits of domestic and foreign funded financial institutions in the city was 726.147 billion yuan, an increase of 10.5% over the end of the previous year, including 697.465 billion yuan of domestic deposits, an increase of 10.3%, and 474.308 billion yuan of household deposits, an increase of 11.2%;The balance of overseas deposits was 28.682 billion yuan, up 16.3%.At the end of the year, the balance of local and foreign currency loans of domestic and foreign funded financial institutions in the city was 604.175 billion yuan, up 9.9%, including 599.024 billion yuan of domestic loans, up 9.8%, and 246.669 billion yuan of household loans, up 8.8%;The balance of overseas loans was 5.151 billion yuan, up 19.6%.
By the end of 2023, the city has 16 listed companies on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges, with a total market value of 110.31 billion yuan.In the whole year, listed companies raised 2.429 billion yuan through the capital market.There are 16 enterprises listed on the new third board of the national stock transfer system.44 branches of securities companies and 3 branches of futures companies;The total trading volume of the business departments of securities companies in the city is 2.01 trillion yuan.
By the end of 2023, the city has 62 insurance companies and 47 insurance intermediaries.The annual premium income was 19.451 billion yuan, an increase of 7.9% over the previous year, of which the premium income of life insurance companies was 14.468 billion yuan, an increase of 8.2%;The premium income of property insurance companies was 4.982 billion yuan, up 6.9%.All kinds of compensation expenses totaled 6.958 billion yuan, up 52.4%, including 4.08 billion yuan of life insurance compensation expenses, up 87.6%;Expenditures for property insurance claims were 2.878 billion yuan, up 20.4%.
social undertakings
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education
summary
In 2023,Throughout the year, 65200 students were enrolled in higher education (including adult higher education), 152100 students were enrolled and 55800 graduates were graduated.Secondary schools enrolled 107500 students, 307400 students and 95900 graduates.Among them, secondary vocational education schools recruit 12600 students, 34500 students and 9900 graduates;Ordinary high schools enrolled 30400 students, 87700 students and 28400 graduates;There are 56800 junior high school students, 163500 students and 52100 graduates.The primary school enrolled 71200 students, 371200 students and 62900 graduates.There are 44100 children in kindergarten and 143800 children in kindergarten.The enrollment rate of primary school age children is 100%, the enrollment rate of primary school age children is 100%, the enrollment rate of junior high school age children is 100%, the enrollment rate of junior high school age children is 99.13%, and the enrollment rate of senior high school age children is 85.45%.
In 2023, the annual local fiscal expenditure on science and technology will be 1.272 billion yuan.The city has 2805 high-tech enterprises, 511 innovation platforms above the provincial level, 432 provincial engineering technology research centers, and 17 municipal (county) scientific research and development institutions.6960 valid invention patents at the end of the year;15649 patents were granted, including 1540 invention patents, 7924 utility models, and 6185 designs.The city has 251000 professional and technical personnel of all kinds, an increase of 15000 over the previous year, including 28700 people with deputy senior titles or above, an increase of 2050 over the previous year;75400 people with intermediate professional titles, 5411 more than the previous year.[137]
Cultural undertakings
In 2023, the annual local financial expenditure on culture, tourism, sports and media will be 614 million yuan.At the end of the year, the city had 8 cultural centers and 73 cultural stations.There are 8 public libraries, with a collection of 5.051 million books. The library circulates 5.4664 million person times, borrows 2.9893 million books, and has 6304 seats in the library reading room.There are 10 museums with 83200 collections, including 6 first-class collections.It has 6 radio and television stations and 7 radio programs.The comprehensive coverage rate of the radio population is 100%, and the comprehensive coverage rate of the television population is 100%.[137]
By the end of 2023, there will be 1842 medical and health institutions (including various outpatient services, the same below) in the city, including 60 hospitals.Medical and health institutions actually have 27355 beds, including 20366 hospital beds.There are 46523 on-the-job employees in medical and health institutions, including 40137 health technicians.Among the health technicians, there are 14499 licensed (assistant) doctors, 19080 registered nurses, 2424 pharmacists, 2173 technicians and 1961 other health technicians.[137]
Sports
By the end of 2023, the city has 33 stadiums, 50 municipal sports associations (clubs), 37 national level social sports instructors, 362 first level social sports instructors, 2224 second level social sports instructors, and 11497 third level social sports instructors.The sales volume of sports lottery in the city is 1.045 billion yuan.Jiangmen athletes won 3 championships and 5 runners up in international competitions;In domestic competitions, he won 15 championships, 6 runners up and 6 runners up;In provincial events, it won 32 championships, 25 runners up and 42 runners up[137]
People's life
In 2023,The annual per capita disposable income of residents was 40784 yuan, an increase of 5.2% over the previous year, and an actual increase of 5.0% after deducting price factors.
In 2023, the annual per capita disposable income of urban residents will be 47727 yuan, an increase of 5.1% over the previous year.Of which, the wage income was 33647 yuan, accounting for 70.5% of the total disposable income.
In 2023, the annual per capita disposable income of rural residents will be 26130 yuan, an increase of 5.6% over the previous year.Among them, the wage income was 19233 yuan, accounting for 73.6% of the total disposable income.
In 2023, the annual per capita consumption expenditure of residents will be 26063 yuan, an increase of 6.2% over the previous year.In terms of urban and rural areas, the per capita consumption expenditure of urban residents was 29843 yuan, up 5.9%;The per capita consumption expenditure of rural residents was 18086 yuan, up 7.3%.[137]
social security
In 2023, the total income of pension, unemployment and work-related injury insurance funds in the whole city will be 33.774 billion yuan, including 26.687 billion yuan of enterprise pension insurance.Throughout the year, the city's basic medical and maternity insurance pooling fund income was 9.333 billion yuan, including 6.793 billion yuan from the medical insurance fund for urban employees and 2.540 billion yuan from the medical insurance fund for urban and rural residents.There are 1.733 million urban employees and 1.4895 million urban and rural residents participating in the basic endowment insurance.The number of employees covered by basic medical insurance was 1.7012 million, and the number of urban and rural residents covered by basic medical insurance was 2.3442 million.1.0596 million people participated in unemployment insurance, 1.2271 million people participated in industrial injury insurance, and 1.1535 million people participated in maternity insurance.At the end of the year, 463400 retired people received pensions. The total expenditure of pension, unemployment and work-related injury insurance funds was 34.118 billion yuan, and the total expenditure of basic medical and maternity insurance funds was 8.988 billion yuan.
By the end of 2023, it has 6 social welfare homes, 2880 beds and 1355 foster care recipients;There are 35 nursing homes, 3275 beds and 2031 people.It has 2378 community service facilities and 100% coverage of community service centers.In the whole year, 763 million yuan of welfare lottery was sold and 79.05 million yuan of welfare lottery fund was raised.At the end of the year, there were 5.74 social organizations per 10000 people, a total of 806900 registered volunteers, an increase of 83400 over the previous year, and 46.24 hours of volunteer service per registered volunteer.
In 2023, the minimum living security standard of the city's residents will be 950 yuan/person month.At the end of the year, there were 16777 households with 31018 people receiving minimum living allowances.In the whole year, a total of 255 million yuan of minimum living allowances was granted, up 0.3% over the previous year.At the end of the year, 9633 people were supported by special poverty, and the annual support fund was 201 million yuan, up 1.3%.The total expenditure of medical assistance in the whole year was 115 million yuan.Among them, 95.76 million yuan was spent on outpatient and inpatient medical expenses, and 368800 people were rescued;The medical assistance subsidy paid 19.42 million yuan to cover 47828 people.[137]
Transportation
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In 2023, the surface freight volume will be 179.88 million tons, an increase of 1.0% over the previous year;The freight turnover was 15.538 billion ton kilometers, up 5.3%.Water and land passenger transport volume was 11.32 million, up 20.9%;Passenger transport turnover reached 828 million person kilometers, up 30.0%.The port cargo throughput was 103.48 million tons, up 7.5%.
By the end of 2023, the highway mileage open to traffic at the end of 2023 is 10023 kilometers, including 615 kilometers of expressways and 1034 kilometers of first-class highways.The road density is 105 km/100 km2.At the end of the year, the total railway operation mileage was 220km.At the end of the year, the number of civilian cars was 1.1791 million, up 5.3%, including 1.0763 million private cars, up 5.3%.The number of new energy vehicles was 62400, up 61.7%.The number of motorcycles was 1.3321 million, down 2.3%.7890 trailers, up 1.6%.At the end of the year, there were 262 civil transport motor ships.[137]
As of 2016, Jiangmen has 1274 operating buses (including 437 LNG clean energy buses, 159 gas electric hybrid buses, 52 oil electric hybrid buses, and 334 pure electric buses) and 228 bus lines.[18]
Historical culture
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overview
Guangfu Culture
Jiangmen is importantGuangfu peopleOne of the gathering places,[5]yesGuangfu CultureOne of the representative cities of.[1-3]Xinhui District under the jurisdiction of Jiangmen City[19-20]Jianghai District[21]Pengjiang District[22]Taishan City、[23-24]Kaiping City、[25-26]Enping City[27]Heshan City and other county-level cities and districts have profound Guangfu culture.[28-29]
Xinhui isGuangfu DistrictIt is a famous historical and cultural city.[67]Taishan is the first port for Guangfu people to go abroad and one of the birthplaces of Guangfu culture. Taishan has a long tradition of Guangfu culture.[68-70]Kaiping's history and culture are of the same origin as Guangfu culture, which is an important part of Guangfu culture. At the same time, as the most famous hometown of overseas Chinese, Kaiping has a large number of overseas Chinese going abroad from here, becoming an important force for the overseas dissemination of Guangfu culture.Enping is a place where Guangfu people live and has a long history of Guangfu culture.[27][73]Heshan is located in the Pearl River Delta. Most of the original residents belong to the Guangfu people, and have profound Guangfu culture.[71-72]
Guangfu people mainly moved in from the Tang and Song dynastiesPearl River Deltaregionalcentral plainsAndJiangnanFormed by immigrants[98]As early as before the Yashan Naval Battle, the royal branch of the Zhao family in the Southern Song Dynasty had settled and multiplied in the surrounding areas, either as an official or because of migration, so there were royal villages.There is now Gujing Town in Xinhui DistrictXialu VillageAndCixi Village, TaishanFushi Village。[99]
According to historical records, over 200 years during the Song and Yuan Dynasties, 153 residents of Zhuji Lane moved southward, more than 130 times successively.In the first year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty, 37 families and 97 families led by Luo GuiZhuji LaneIt moved to Liangxi Village, Pengjiang District, Jiangmen in the south. Jiangmen Liangxi Ancient Village is the second transfer station after the Central Plains immigrants moved south to Nanxiong Zhuji Lane, and then moved south again to all parts of the Pearl River Delta and overseas countries. It is a veritable "post Zhuji Lane".In September 2008, the village was awarded the first batch of "Ancient Villages in Guangdong Province" by the Guangdong Federation of Literary and Art Circles.In January 2010, Liangxi Village was selected as a famous historical and cultural village in Guangdong Province.
Wok ear room
Wok ear roomIt is a typical representative of Guangfu architecture, and can only be built by families with official positions[111-112]。Xinhui Siqian TownTaiping VillageA total of 12 pot ear houses were built, and now 11 are preserved, which were built in the middle and late Qing Dynasty[113]。Sandui Town, XinhuiDulian VillageDuring the Qing Dynasty, a great scholar named Lin Shaode and Hanlin built the Wooe'er Temple[114]。Magang Town, Kaiping CityGuantang VillageAncestral Hall with Wooer Mountain Wall, built by famous Scholars in the Qing Dynasty[115]。Shahu Town, Enping CityGaoyuan VillageDuring the Ming and Qing Dynasties, 63 people were admitted to the imperial examinations and preserved the blue brick houses with the characteristics of the folk houses of the Guangfu in Wooerfeng.[116-117]
Wok ear room
Four water return hall style building
Shengtang Town, Enping CityXiema VillageIt is a village of Guangfu. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, more than 670 people were cultivated, and more than 430 officials from the ninth to the second level were trained. It is known as the "Juren Village".There are more than 100 green brick houses preserved.The construction of the ancient house is typical“Four Water Return Hall”Pattern.There are many "pile wall houses" in the village. The wall materials are the "three clay" of yellow mud, sand and lime from local sources. The rich people also add eggs and brown sugar to mix them, put them into the formwork groove, and press the piles with a wooden mallet to form a solid wall.[119-120]
Xiema Village
Kaiping Diaolou
Kaiping DiaolouyesGuangfu Folk Houseone of[94]From 1855 to 1867Hakka peopleWhen they moved into Kaiping, a bitter struggle broke out between local people and Hakka people.At that time, Kaiping locals went abroad to do business and work, and accumulated a lot of wealth. They returned home with the wealth they had accumulated from overseas.This wealth has also attractedbanditI even went there to rob.At this time, most of the overseas Chinese who originally wanted to buy land to build houses and honor their ancestors built their houses into "blockhouses" to protect their families.In fact, the prototype of blockhouses appeared in the Ming Dynasty, but it flourished around the 1920s. According to statistics, there were more than 1000 blockhouses in Kaiping at that time, and more than 3000 in the heyday.[95]
Kaiping Diaolou
National Mother's Birthday
National Mother's BirthdayKnown as "the first birthday of Wuyi", the "national mother" admired by all people was the last empress dowager of the Southern Song DynastyYang Shufei。The Song army was defeated in the Yashan Naval Battle. The emperor's soldiers and Empress Dowager Yang threw themselves into the sea to die for their country, and the Southern Song Dynasty died.The loyalty and chastity shown by Empress Dowager Yang has been praised for generations.Every year during the Tomb Sweeping Day and the National Mother's birthday, villagers nearby, descendants of the Yang family, Zhao family relatives and loyal officials and righteous descendants from all over the country will spontaneously organize to come to worship and remember the unyielding empress dowager.[100]
Yuqiao Folk Traditional Art Festival
Yuqiao Folk Traditional Art Festival(formerly known as the birthday of Taiwei)Yuqiao VillageSince the village was opened, it has a long history of more than 700 years.The festival was originally held by villagers to commemorate the founding hero of the Han Dynasty, Tai WeiChen PingThanks to Yuqiao Village, it later became the annual Taiwei Festival.On April 22 of the lunar calendar, the birthday of Captain Chen Ping, the Yi people wish to remember him forever.[154]
Lingnan Guqin
Song Yuan DynastyYamen Naval BattleAt the end of Xinhui, the Qin people, instruments and music scores of the southward migration of the Central Plains were scattered among the people.The ancient zither music scores collected by Song adherents in the Yuan Dynasty are called《A genealogy of ancient hills》。From then on, Lingnan zither learning flourished and many zither players emerged.Great thinker and Xinhui people of the Ming DynastyChen Xianzhang, Yahao Guqin, and he collected and collated the Ancient Gang Heritage Manual, which spread to the Lingnan region.In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, a regional "Lingnan School of Qin" was gradually formed in Guangfu area, becoming a major school of Chinese Guqin art.[101]
Lingnan School of Painting
Lingnan School of PaintingIt has deep connections with Jiangmen Wuyi, and was newly established in the late Ming and early Qing dynastiesGao YanHe is a master of landscape painting in Guangdong. He is noble, erudite, versatile, and good at poetry, calligraphy, and painting. At that time, he was called "three wonders"[147]。Many of the second and third generation descendants of Lingnan Painting School are from Wuyi, Jiangmen. The inheritance and development of Lingnan Painting School are inseparable from the humanistic history of Wuyi, Jiangmen.[148]
Lion dance
Heshan Lion ArtIt was created by Feng Gengchang, who carefully studied the characteristics of Foshan lion art.After returning to Heshan, he summarized the experience of many years of study and brought forth new ideas, and created Heshan Lion Art with complete system and outstanding characteristics.Since then, "Heshan Lion" and "Foshan Lion" have been called the two major factions of South Lion.[102]
piaose
piaose Originating from the Central Plains, the Yingshen Games belong toShehuoAs one of the performing arts, it is still an important art form in the Pearl River Delta and one of the folk arts in Guangfu[103]。Taishan pumice floatsIt has a history of more than 300 years since the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty.[104]
Guangdong opera
Jiangmen Wuyi area has a profound folk art culture, and Taishan, Kaiping and Xinhui North China Quxie awarded "ChinaHometown of Quyi”。From the Qing Dynasty to the early years of the Republic of China, the law of "no opera troupe without Siyi people" was recognized by the Cantonese opera industry, and the Wuyi area was famous for its talented peopleGuangdong, Hong Kong and Macao, such as the originator of the revival of Cantonese operaKuang XinhuaFour famous actors and four famous clowns of Cantonese Opera, the pioneer of "Red School Art"Red Thread Girl, "Fang Qiang"Fragrant fragranceEtc.
Guangdong folk music
Guangdong folk musicIt is a tradition popular in Guangfu dialect area of the Pearl River Deltaensemble of such instrumentsThe "eight tone class" in Taishan is one of the activities of Guangdong music. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the eight tone class mainly played Buddhist music and folk tunes.Later, he combined musical performance with opera singing and gradually became mature.At present, there are more than 120 Guangdong music activity organizations all over the city.[105]
school
Jiangmen School, also known asLingnan School, a famous philosopher in the Ming DynastyChen XianzhangCreatedCardiologyThe ideological sects advocate to focus on the "empty, bright and quiet" mind and establish the subjectivity of the mind to avoid the "favoritism" of Cheng Zhu Neo Confucianism and the "self deception" of Lu Jiuyuan's mind[34]。Chen Xianzhang was the founder of the mind learning in the Ming Dynasty, and the only person in Guangdong who followed the ritualConfucian TempleA great scholar.[118]
Sangji fish pond
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, with the migration of the Central Plains to the Pearl River DeltaSangji fish pondAgricultural model[106], HeshanGulao WatertownThe largest, most centralized and well preserved Sangji fish pond in Lingnan area has been preserved.[107]
Wuyi DistrictDragon BoatThe custom of racing mostly originated from the Ming and Qing dynasties.According to the Research on the Protection and Inheritance of Guangdong Rites and Music Dragon Boats, in the 15th year of Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1676), large-scale dragon boat races began to appear in the Rites and Music.In Gushan Gulao, according to the Heshan County Annals compiled in the 19th year of Qianlong's reign (1754) and other documents, the traditional folk custom activity of "three clip dragon" had already existed in the Qianlong's reign at the latest.[149]
Dragon Dance
HeshanTaoyuan TownAccording to legend, Qiantang colorful dragon has a history of nearly 500 years.It is said that Wang Cheng'an, a villager near Qiantang River in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, moved his family to Taoyuan and brought the dragon dance custom to Taoyuan, so it is called Qiantang dragon dance.It is said that the Qiantang dragon dance is on the Mid Autumn Festival. In addition to being used to ward off evil spirits and suppress evil, it mainly means "celebrating the harvest" and praying that the country will be peaceful and the people will live and work in peace and contentment.Later, every year during the National Day and the Mid Autumn Festival (that is, the 14th, 15th and 16th nights of the eighth lunar month), villagers, relatives and friends of Qiantang Village gathered to dance dragon together.[151]
Lotus pond yarn dragonOriginated in Hetang Town, Pengjiang DistrictHuangwan VillageIn the Ming Dynasty, Li Tangzuo, a famous person in Huangwan, imitated Sichuan colored dragons into yarn lanterns on the basis of local grass weaving dragons, which was continuously improved in the long-term development process and has been passed down to this day.[153]
Hakka culture
HeshanGonghe and Hecheng, some mountainous areas in Xinhui, Chixi and Doushan in Taishan, and Shuijing in the northeast of Kaiping areHakka peopleHakka dialect is used in places where people live together.[75]Heshan Hakka people moved from Huizhou and Chaozhou in eastern Guangdong during the reign of Kangxi.[97]
Folk song
Heshan Hakka Folk SongHakka people are good at fighting songs and duets. For hundreds of years, Hakka people have kept the tradition of singing Hakka folk songs in Hakka dialect in places where Hakka people live. Male and female singers are inspired by the scenery, sing impromptu songs, and answer each other like a stream.However, due to scattered living, folk songs in Heshan have different tones and slightly different singing methods. For example, Sibao folk songs are soft while Hecheng folk songs are rough.[97]
Heshan Hakka people“liu sanjie ( the third sister of the liu family”He was honored as a singer and became a god.It is said that Liu Sanjie taught local villagers to sing folk songs when she lived here.To commemorate Liu Sanjie, they built a Liu Sanjie Temple at the top of Dakun Mountain in Kunlun Mountain in Hecheng, and erected a stone of singing immortals. Every year, starting at 8:00 p.m. on the 18th day of the first month, Hakka people from 16 villages around Chengxi Village will gather here, sing and sing folk songs all night long, offer tribute, and pray in front of Liu Sanjie Temple for peace and prosperity in the coming year,The whole blessing ceremony did not end until 8:00 the next morning.[97]
Hakka Firecracker Festival
Hecheng Hakka Firecracker Festival“Grab fireworks”It includes traditional process ceremonies such as worship, returning artillery, robbing artillery, and receiving artillery, with the meanings of praying, celebrating the year, gathering, and fellowship.On the day of the activity, the whole village, men, women, old and young, and villagers at home and abroad gathered together to talk about their hometown, and pray that the new year will be a good year, with abundant grain, prosperous people, happy families, and long lives.During the fireworks show, Hakka characteristics and folk customs such as carrying baskets, preparing raw and cooked pigs, singing folk songs and so on are everywhere highlighted, with a unique local cultural color.[152]
Dan Family Culture
Da'ao Salt Water SongyesDan FamilyA primitive ballad for self entertainment in XinhuiDa'ao TownWith a history of more than 300 years, it is the daily life and work of water residents, especially in the process of talking about marriage, funeral, etc., to touch the scene, compose and sing along, and describe different emotions in the form of songs.So far, inDa'ao TownThe traditional singing method is still retained.[96]
dialect
Jiangmen dialectSiyi dialect, also known asWuyi dialect, Jiangmen Wuyi dialect, GuangdongCantonese，[31][63]It is a unique part of Jiangmen overseas Chinese hometown culture.In Jiangmen, Wuyi dialect is popular in most places, and Guangzhou dialect is popular in some places.[32]It is commonly used between the urban areas of Jiangmen and in radio, television and other fieldsCantonese speechWith the economic development and the increase of personnel exchanges, Putonghua has become a more common language.Dialects are used in all urban areas, and Jiangmen dialect belongs to ChineseCantoneseSiyi dialect, Siyi dialect andCantonese speechBasically the same.Both belong to Siyi dialect, but there are differences in pronunciation, tone and vocabulary between Taishan, Kaiping, Heshan, Enping, Xinhui and other urban areas.Gonghe and Hecheng in Heshan, some mountainous areas in Xinhui, Chixi and Doushan in Taishan, and Shuijing in the northeast of Kaiping areHakka peopleHabitats, useHakka dialect。[75]
There are many overseas Chinese living in Jiangmen all over the world, and Siyi dialect is also popular in these communities where overseas Chinese live,[32]In particular, Taishan dialect has a great influence overseas.[30]
cultural heritage
According to statistics, Jiangmen has approved and announced 1770 immovable cultural relics, 239 cultural relics protection units at all levels, including 5 at the national level, 50 at the provincial level, and 184 at the municipal (county) level.There are 229 intangible cultural heritage projects, including 8 at the national level, 26 at the provincial level, 92 at the municipal level, and 103 at the county (district) level[84]。
According to statistics, Jiangmen hasIntangible Cultural Heritage List106 projects.Among them, there are 7 national "intangible cultural heritage" projects, 20 provincial "intangible cultural heritage" projects, and the rest are municipal and county level "intangible cultural heritage" projects.Originating from Xinhui District, Jiangmen City, Xinhui Kui Art has a history of more than 1600 years. Because of its superb plastic arts and exquisite knitting skills, it combines knitting, embroidery, painting, printing and other techniques in one furnace.It became famous internationally as early as the early 20th century.In 1915, Xinhui Bamboo Sunflower Fan won the gold medal of Panama Expo.In 2008, Xinhui Kui Art was approved by the State Council to be included in the second batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.[57]
Wuyi cuisine belongs toCantonese cuisineAnd has its own characteristics.Besides, Jiangmen is the hometown of overseas Chinese, and Wuyi cuisine has great influence overseas[125]。Since 2018, Jiangmen has begun to implement the "Master of Cantonese Cuisine" project and the "Wuyi Cuisine" Rainbow Plan.[35]
XinhuiGujing TownOfBraised Goose in GujingIt is a famous dish in Guangfu, with a history of more than 700 years. It is said that it was made with the secret recipe of the Southern Song Dynasty.[126]
Wuyi, Jiangmen, is the hometown of academicians, which has bred 33 academicians with an area of less than one thousandth of the country.These includeChen Yuan、architect and authority on the history of Chinese architecture、a leading archeologist、Liang SiliAnd other famous academicians.The research fields of Wuyi academicians cover humanities and social sciences, physical dynamics, biochemistry, medicine and health, etc.[39]
Jiangmen has the reputation of "the hometown of martial arts", which originated hereCai Lifo, Pianshen Yongchun and other martial arts schools are widely spread overseas, with many disciples.According to the records of Wuyi local county annals, during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, there were 565 people in Jiangmen's Wuju.In the Qing Dynasty alone, there were 533 people in Wuyi, including 76 Wujinshi.[40]
Jiangmen is also a famous "hometown of film and television stars", which has bred more than 120 high-profile acting stars, including "the father of Chinese film" and the first person of Hong Kong filmLi Minwei, China's first film queenbutterfly, the mother of Chinese danceDai Ailian, Master of Cantonese OperaRed Thread Girl, the first Chinese actress in HollywoodYellow willow frost, the first actress in Hong Kong filmLin Chuchu, and internationally acclaimed superstarsZhou Runfa、Lau Andy、Liang Chaowei、Donnie Yenwait.
August 2019《China Customs》Magazine Announces 2018“China's Top 100 Foreign Trade Cities”Ranked 41st.In June 2020, it was selected as one of the first batch of demonstration areas and projects for building a national rule of law government by the Central Commission for Rule of Law.[6]
