A collection of words in Chinese, that isAggregate, including those whose nature and function are equivalent to wordsFixed phrase, such as idioms.chineseA historical dating, aRegional dialectorSocial dialect(e.gprofessional jargon）The term "vocabulary" is also used as a collection of words, such as pre Qin vocabularyCantonese speechVocabulary, sailors' vocabulary;The collection of words of a particular category or a certain work can also be called vocabulary, such as oral vocabulary《The Dream of Red Mansion》Vocabulary.on-lineXinhua DictionaryIt has now included 20959 Chinese characters and 520000 words.[1]
[vocabulary; words and phrases], also known as vocabulary, is the sum of all (or specific range) words and fixed phrases in a language.It also refers to the total number of words used within a certain range.For example, Chinese vocabulary, English vocabulary or general vocabulary, basic vocabulary, classical Chinese vocabulary, dialect vocabulary, etc;It can also refer to the sum of words and fixed phrases used by a person or a work, such as“Lao She"“《Complete Works of Lu Xun》And so on.Vocabulary is a collection of words, and the relationship between vocabulary and words is the relationship between collective and individual, just like the relationship between trees and trees.The online Xinhua dictionary has now included 20959 Chinese characters and 520000Words.[4]
Basic characteristics
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① ChinesemorphemeMost of them are monosyllabic. When used alone, they are words. When not used alone, they are word building elements.For example, "Light" and "Ming" are two morphemes and two words, which together are one word.
②Word formationIt is basically consistent with the syntax, which is mainly due to the lack of morphological changes in Chinese. Root compound is the main method for the generation of new words, so many polysyllabic words are from ancient timesMonosyllabic wordsThe phrases formed are developed, such as wife, fatigue, etc.
③ Most Chinese disyllabic words areCompound words, but there are some double tonesSimplex word, mainly shown asreduplications andDisyllabic words。Reduplicated words are formed by overlapping the same word, such as Guan Guan, Jiao Jiao, Xi Xi, Suo, etc;Most disyllabic words are composed ofDoubletorAlliterationIt is composed of two words of relationship, such as: carefree, wandering, ocean watching, bleak, wandering, casual and romantic.Reduplicated words and disyllabic words have a common feature: the single word in the word does not express any meaning, but only serves to record syllables, and the two syllables after overlapping or combining two words represent the specific meaning of the word.
④ In ChineseLoanwords, such as cigar, combine, gallon, etc., belong to transliteration loan words.There are mainly two kinds of loanwords in Chinese: pure transliteration, as in the above example;Half transliteration, half transliteration, such as eleimatumjeep（jeep）, beer, etc.
⑤ Chinese lexicaldisyllableTrend:MonosyllabicWords are often expanded into two syllables, and polysyllabic words are often compressed into two syllables, such as: car car, bird bird, moon moon, window window, senior high school high school, TV university TV university, foreign trade foreign trade, tapping potential tapping potential, etc.
⑥ There are a lot of four character idioms in ChineseStructural unitSaying is mostly a phrase, which is equivalent to a word in terms of its sentence making function.The vocabulary of any language is always in a state of constant change, and the Chinese vocabulary will follow the Chinese societymaterial civilizationandSpiritual civilizationAnd constantly develop and enrich.
Words consist of wordsmorphemeComposition.The majority of morphemes in Chinese areMonosyllabicOf.They are not only word building elements when used alone, but also words when used alone.Because many monosyllabic morphemes can form words independently and morphemes and morphemes can be combined into words freely, Chinese word formation has great flexibility.The compound words are easy to understand and accept.Therefore, Chinese can easily create new words in the historical development to express the emerging new concepts and meet the social requirements for language.For example, the two morphemes "sheng" and "chan" can form words separately and form each otherCompound words"Production", "production";At the same time, you can also individuallyMonosyllabic morphemeForm a series of compound words, including many new words.For example: life, survival, biology, physiology, ecology, occurrence, breeding, derivation, parasitism, sanitation;Industry, product, output, output value, output, assets, specialty and contract production.
Chinese lacks morphological changes and pronunciation-morphologyThere are only ancient relics in word formation, such as: entering (- p)/inside (- d), standing (- p)/bit (- d), holding (- p)/zhi (- d), connecting (- p)/ji (- d), knot (- t)/knot (- d), wedge (- t)/contract (- d), detaching (- t)/molting (- d), column (- t)/case (- d);Chinese lacks authentic prefixes and suffixes, and affixes do not play an important role in word formation.The most widely used in ChineseWord formationyesRoot compounding, i.e. according toSyntactic relationComposed of rootsCompound wordsThis method of word formation combines words into phrasessyntacticsBasically, they are consistent.For example, the main parts of Chinese phrasesstructure type They are "partial correction", "juxtaposition", "predicate object", "predicate complement" and "subject predicate", and the formation forms of compound words are the same.Therefore, in Chinese, phrases are often transformed into words (such as "country" and "clothes"), and it is sometimes difficult to determine whether a disyllabic combination is a word or a phrase (such as "war" and "quarrel").
The basic component of Chinese vocabulary is monosyllabicmorpheme。This feature is manifested in the writing form of "one word for one meaning", that is, each word represents a morpheme of word or non word, and words that do not represent morphemes are the exception.Just ChineseProper wordThese exceptions are mainly found in "reduplicated words" and“a compound word consisting of two characters”。Both reiterative and disyllabic characters are disyllabicSimplex word, where each word represents only one syllable.Reduplicated words are composed of two identical words, most of which are adjectives andOnomatopoeia, such as Yingying, Chuchu, Zizi, Chattering, Xiongxiong, Xixi, murmuring and chirping.Lianmian characters are mostly composed of two charactersDoublet、AlliterationThe word composition of relation is mostly adjective, but some refer toSpecific thingsNouns such as stagger, hesitation, self-consciousness, aloof, exquisite, smart, hard up, casual, straightforward, like, mandarin duckLarvaeToad, windlass (above two voices), Lingdingchaos, drunkenness, confusion, shyness, vagueness, gurglingrose、mantis、dragonfly、Driving the wheel(Reduplication above).Ancient ChineseThere are many reduplicated words anda compound word consisting of two characters, modern Chinese has continued to use some, but also created some.
Semantic translation of loanwords
Like many other languages, Chinese vocabulary takes national inherent words as the main body, and also properly absorbs foreign words to enrich itself.But most of the Chinese words are transliterations of words with different meaningsLoanwordsIt is difficult for Chinese speakers to accept psychologically, so it is pureTransliterated wordThe proportion in Chinese vocabulary is very small, and the number of common words is even less.Some transliterated words that were once popular in one place at a time are gradually replaced by words created by oneself.For example: plug, steamMicrophone（microphone，Loudspeaker）、Penicillin（penicillin，penicillin）。The common way to absorb foreign words in Chinese is:
① Translation plus class name, such as: truckBeer（beer）、Ballet（ballet）、Golf（golf）；
② Half transliteration, half transliteration, such as neon lamp, motorcycle（motor-cycle）；
③ Imitate translation, that is, use ChinesemorphemeTranslate the components of the original word, such as basketballhorsepower（horse-Power), steamboat（steamboat）、Machine gun（machine gun）。The last semantic translation is especially common.
Disyllabic trend
The development of Chinese vocabulary tends to expand monosyllabic intodisyllable, compress polysyllabic into disyllabic.The way to expand a single syllable into a double syllable is to add a component before or after the single syllable, such as hair/hair, lips/lips, and birds/sparrow, Que/Magpie、carp/Carp, leek/Leek, nose/nose, fingers/fingers, or combine two monosyllables with similar or related meanings, such as skin, teeth, walls, windows, clouds, and the moon.
Abbreviations that compress more than four syllables into two syllables are often found in some phrases, such as junior high school/junior high schoolChemical fertilizer/Fertilizer, overseas Chinese affairs/overseas Chinese affairs, foreign trade/foreign tradecultural education/Culture and education, political law/political law, color TV/Color TVScience and Technology Commission/Science and Technology Commission, College Entrance Examination/College Entrance Examination, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics/Soviet Union。
Four character idiom
Chinese vocabulary contains a large number of idioms.The characteristic of Chinese idioms is that most of them are four characters, just like ChineseCompound wordsMore than twomorphemeThe internal components of four character idioms are mostly in parallel.This is a manifestation of Chinese parallelism.Four character idioms are compact in structure,grammatical functionEquivalent to oneNotional word。They have special rhetorical functions and are widely used.For example: iron walls, few things, carelessness, falling flowers and flowing water, context, glibness, scale, gobbling, understatement, wishful thinking, inside and outside, half a dozen, clean up, all sorts of ways, do everything possible, start with a clear idea, stand up to the sky, make waves, put oneself in the position, issue orders, catch the wind, bite the teethChange your face, be soul stirring, be frank, be innovative, be familiar with everything, aim high, avoid the important, be careless about everything, be calm, have a broad sea and sky, be in deep trouble in times of war, be calm, be exhausted, be dizzy, be dumbfounded, be disjointed, be disgraced, be in disgrace, be highly respected, have little words, have a long dream at night, be unlucky, be treacherous.
Historical development
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Stalin《Marxism and Linguistic Issues》Li pointed out that "language comes into being and develops with the emergence and development of society." "The vocabulary of language is most sensitive to various changes, and it is in a state of almost constant change." "The continuous development of industry and agriculture, commerce andtransportationThe continuous development of technology and science requires language to enrich its vocabulary with new words and phrases needed by work. "Chinese vocabulary is just like thisChinese societyAfter a long process, it has reached a very rich situation.The main trend is that new words continue to emerge,Word formationGradually complete, disyllabic tendency is more and more obvious.The following is a summary of four periods.
Pre Qin
The earliest literature that can be seen to reflect the situation of Chinese vocabulary is the Yin Dynastyoracular inscriptions on tortoise shells and bones。From which we have knownOracleThere are about 1000 characters.It can be seen from these words that many belong toBasic vocabularyThe list of words had already appeared at that time.In terms of parts of speech, most of them are notional words, of which nouns are the most, followed by verbs, and adjectives are few.In terms of semantic content, they cover a wide range, involvingnatural phenomena、productive labor、material culture, social relations, daily lifeideologyAnd so on.
Take some nouns as examples, such as the names of nature: sky, sun, moon, star, wind, cloud, rain, snow, fog, hail, rainbow, mountain, Fu, hill, mausoleum, land, rock, yue, river, river, spring, state, river, valley, earth, stone, water, fire;
Name of season and time: year, year, spring, autumn, hour, ten day, present, past, next, morning, day, morning, day, morning, night, dusk, evening;
Name of bearing: up, down, right, center, left, inside, outside, east, west, south, north;
The names of the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches are: A, B, C, D, Wu, Ji, Geng, Xin, Ren, Gui, Zi, Chou, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, You, Xu, Hai.
oracular inscriptions on tortoise shells and bonesThere are few double tone combinations in Li, but they have been handed down from generation to generation《Shangshu》Of《Commercial book》However, there are a lot of Li, and the composition format is mainlyMore formalAnd parallel.Such as: Tianming, Tianshi, Wangting, Shaoshi, Chongren, common people, teachersBumber, common people, slanders, gods, traitors, legacies, confidants, farmland, Jinya, mature, loyal, successive, far and near, stability, vibration, crossing, fighting against theft, and waste.Some of them can already be seen asCompound words。
Zhou and Qin Dynasties
Especially during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, social changes were relatively rapid, such as the improvement of productivityeconomic baseChanges inpolitical systemThe evolution of Chinese and the progress of academic culture have promoted the rapid development of Chinese vocabulary, which is mainly manifested in the emergence of a large number of new words and the increasingly obvious tendency of disyllabic words.The basic scale of ancient Chinese vocabulary took shape in this period.
This periodNotional wordThe number of nouns, verbs and adjectives in.Take some words that reflect material culture as examples, such as the names of crops: grain, stalk, cotton, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, etc;
Names of farm tools: Nu, Yao, Qian, Bo, and Bang;
The names of fields and farming: Quan, Ting, Qi, Bian, Zhe, Wan, Mei, She, Keng, Tilling, Cropping, Planting, Harvesting, Ju, Yun, Ju;
The names of metals and smelting and casting: gold, iron, lead, Liu, forging, smelting, smelting, casting;
Name of clothes: clothes, gun, Yi, Zr, Ru, robe, loop, brown, swaddling cloth, lapel, lapel, sleeve, crown, crown, sandal, Xi;
The name of the instrument: Qin, Se, Sheng, Yu, Xiao, Guan, Huang, Xun, Chi, Zhong, Yong, Hu, Yu, Yu.On reflectionSuperstructureOn the one hand, there are many words about politics, officials, etiquette, military and criminal law;
aboutEthicsWords such as filial piety, brotherhood, virtue, loyalty, faith, benevolence, righteousness, knowledge (wisdom), courage, honesty, and shame have increased.
During this period, many double tones appearedSimplex word(Reduplicated wordsa compound word consisting of two characters）And a large number ofCompound words。The former is more common in《The Book of Songs》、《Poetry of the South》And other verse works, such as: Yaoyao, Jingjing, Ranran, Ciao, Jiejie, Kankan, Xiaoxiao, Sassou, Gaimian, Encounter, Li Lie, Liyuan, Dancing, Colorful, Intimate, Pangtuo;The latter is commonly seen in various ancient books, such as Jiaogong, Jinlei, LambMegalobrama amblycephala, sunrise, bedclothes, eyebrows, ladders, lovers, red children, black birdsWhite fescue, Ermao, Sanxing, Sihai, Wugu, Jiuyou, Wanwu, Chushi, Zhengfu, Zhijie, Caochuang, Yanju, Standing, Palace, Road, Hill, Voice, Friends, Guests, Minions, Gange, Community, PrisonNobilityMarriage, running, expedition, support, education, modification, restraint, fear, parting, change, vision, purity, distance, travailWithered and withered, respectfully.The extensive application of compound word formation in the Zhou and Qin dynasties opened up a broad way for Chinese to create new words to meet the needs of social life.
Han and Tang Dynasties
In this long period, with the progress of social economy, the development of culture and academia, and the prosperity of Chinese and foreign transportation, Chinese vocabulary has changed accordingly.The main situation is that new words continue to emerge,written languageandColloquial vocabularyThe difference between,Disyllabic wordsThe composition format of is diversified.
There are many new words in this periodMonosyllabic wordsTake the examples that appeared after the Wei and Jin dynasties, such as: shop, beach, find, take advantage of, through, suddenly, hard, stall, 㧐, 噇, fear, make, post, leave, lazy, blind, father, mother, brother, nong, this.But there are more disyllabic words, especiallyabstract conceptionWords such as situation, meaning, conduct, demeanor, mood, nature, prestige, power, ability, manner, similarities and differences, boundaries, metaphor, test, speculation, consultation, accommodation, awakening, difference, equality, disorder, prosperity, stability, glory, agility, indifference, simplicity, fairness, elegance, carefulness, and thoroughness have greatly increased.
Simultaneous diphthongFunction wordIt also increases gradually, such as: often, often, often, gradually, repeatedly, always, always, immediately, on the spot, at any time, after all, eventually, never, yuan ben, together, very, extremely, openly, sure, sure, not necessarily, tens of millions, each other (the above adverbs), if, if or, as, if, if, if, assuming, making, though, regardless, don't ask, unlessBecause, therefore, therefore, not only, not only, rather (the above conjunction).This is an obvious sign of the further enrichment of Chinese vocabulary.
JustWord formationLook, this period producedDisyllabic wordswithMore formalAnd paratacticCompound wordsMainly, but the predicate object type and the predicate complement type have also appeared, such as: hard work, attention, intimate, desperate, start, block mud, next door, temporary, hardship, correction, uniform, reconciliation.
In addition, some kinds ofaffixElements, such as "A" and "Lao" added before, and "Zi", "Er" and "Tou" added after, form a batch of additional disyllabic words.For example: Ah Da, Ah Wu, Ah Mu, Ah Who, mouse, crow, brother, sister, slave, old bum,rabbitChildkiteSwallow, ant, fruit, bamboo, knife, pavilion, boat, bagTowel, crown, hat, shoeseyelet, Face, Hezi, Brush, Tote, Pony, Pig, Dog, Cat, Que, Fish, Flower, Shirt, Step, Head, Knee, Tongue, Bone, Hand, Heart, Land, Sun, East, Front.
After Han and Wei Dynasties
Some documents of the Six Dynasties have more or less disclosed this information.In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, Zen quotations (such as the Six Ancestors' Tanjing《Ancestral Hall Collection》）AndPopular literatureWorks (e.gDunhuang Bianwen）It fully reflects the appearance of the spoken language at that time, in which there are a large number of words that are not found in "orthodox classical Chinese"Modern Chineseearly stageLexical developmentImportant information.
After the Western Han Dynastyinternational intercourseThe frequency of, Chinese fromancient IndiaThe language absorbs foreign words related to Buddhism, such as prajnaBodhi, Nan Wu, Jia Tuokarma , monks, etc.Some of them are widely used and have entered the Chinese languagegeneral terms。Some disyllabic words are shortened toMonophony, such as: sa 凚 gha/monkMorro(m ╣ ra)/DevilTapo(th μ pa)/towerkalpa(kalpa)/kalpa, kama, and theseMonosyllabic wordsCan also be used asmorphemeCreate manyCompound words, such as: eminent monk, monk, devil, devil, pagoda, catastrophe, doomAlms bowl.
Song Zhiqing
After the Song Dynasty, China's social and economic progress continuedhandicraft industry, commerce and trade have developed greatly, and academic and literary (including natural science and popular literature) are also quite developed.In line with the development of economy and culture, many changes and innovations have taken place in Chinese vocabulary.The main manifestations are: the number of new words reflecting production, life and learning is increasing;More abundant and abundant spoken wordsvernacular literatureWorks;In the newly generated wordsDisyllabic wordsHave a clear advantage,TrisyllabicWords have also increased.
Another example is aboutSericultureIn the Song and Yuan dynasties, the words "mulberry table", "mulberry cage", "mulberry net", "silkworm house", "silkworm house"Silkworm foil, silkworm mallet, silkworm rafterSilkworm rack, cocoon urn, cocoon cage, fire bin, furnace lift, hot kettle, cold basin, silk drum, cotton torque, winding car, static car, wadding car, weft carWarp stand. Twist the cotton shaft.
Natural Science andapplied technology(such as celestial calendar, legal calendar, civil architectureFarmland water conservancy）Great progress, manyInventionIn the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, some scientific and technological knowledge and observation instruments were introduced from the Islamic world in the Near East.Accordingly, a number of new words appeared in Chinese.here we areLate Ming and Early Qing, Europe came to ChinaJesuitandChinese intellectualsCooperated and translated many western science and technology books (including mathematics, astronomy, calendarMusical rhythm, geography, water conservancy, machinery manufacturing, etc.), thus adding a number of modern ChineseTechnical terminology, such as:zenith, heliosphereMoonEarth, longitude, latitude, instrument, telescope, measurement, arithmetic, geometrydefinition, inference, proportionlogarithm、quadrant, cut circle, right angle, ellipse, plane, area, volume, volume, equilateral, multilateral, triangular, eight line, machine, ray, perspective.
From the Song Dynasty to the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, due to the development of foreign trade, there were some changes fromArabic、MalayEquilingualLoanwordsMost of them are the names of special products outside the region, such as Zu Wa（giraffe）Hua Fulu (Zebra), Maha Beast（eland）, Jinyan incense, Tu Nuo incense, Dama'er incense, emeraldFire does not think, Sharou, Kaoli (Haixuan), Chaozuo.But only a small part of it has passed through.
This period is the period when the spoken Chinese vocabulary develops greatly and comes into the style of literature.fromSouthern Song DynastyBy the Qing Dynasty, vernacular works of various genres (such asSouthern Opera、Zhugong Tune, ZajuPinghua, novels) are increasing day by day, which fully shows thatDevelopment stageThe vocabulary of.fromSong Yuan scriptandNovels of Ming and Qing DynastiesThe present situation of spoken Chinese can clearly see the historical process of Chinese vocabulary approaching its current situation step by step.
Since the Opium War
Since the Opium War in 1840, Chinese society has undergone dramatic changes, including political, economic and culturalnew thingsNew concepts emerge in endlessly.The great and profound changes in social life and people's thoughts have promoted the rapid development and innovation of Chinese vocabulary.
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the social and political situation has changed more rapidly than ever before in history, such associalist systemThe establishment of Marxism Leninism, the spread of economic development, the popularization of culture and education, the progress of science and technology, frequent international exchanges, the peopleliving standardThe improvement of Chinese vocabulary and the change of its spiritual outlook have all led to various changes in Chinese vocabulary.These changes are manifested in various aspects, such as:
① Political and philosophical terms have become popular, and some have become common words.Such as: policy, strategy, guideline, slogan, class, composition, party, democracy, consultation, negotiation, position, viewpoint, thought, consciousness, theory, practice, phenomenon, essence, abstract, specific, subjective, objective, relative, absolute, quantitative, qualitative, perceptual, rational, opposite.
② Science, technology and health terms have developed greatly, and some have enteredgeneral terms。Such as: macro, micro, plastic, tape, computer, software, channel, laser, scanning, remote control, microfilm, copying, video recording, semiconductorKinescope、ulcerThrombosis, inflammation, shock, antibody, vaccine, microscopy, infusion, angiography, immunity, Qigongphysiotherapy、antibiotics、electrocardiogram。
③ The meaning or usage of many words has been expanded.For example, "revolution" can refer to any beneficial activity under the leadership of the Communist PartyPeople of the countryWork;"Struggle" can mean solving problems or overcoming difficulties with physical or mental strength;"Comrade" can meanmassesAny member of;"The masses" can refer to everyone in the people, who is also the symmetry of "leaders" or "Party and League members";"Collective" can refer to the sum of several people where each person is, which is also the symmetry of "the whole people" or "individuals";"Unit" may refer to an organ, an organization, or various departments belonging to an organ or an organization;"Uncle" can mean any man of the same generation as his parents;"Attitude" can refer to a person's views and actions on anything;"Spirit" can refer to important documents or the main points of senior leaders' speeches.
There are also some new trends in word formation:
①Compound wordsStill withMore formalAnd parallel type, such as construction site, workshop, energy, overseas ChineseNational dignity, rookie, census, expansion, credit sale, air drop, screening, project, link, benefit, struggle, leave.However, the predicate object type, predicate complement type and subject predicate type have also developed, especially the predicate object type, such as power supply, flood diversionclosureThreshing, feeding, unemployment, winning, bidding, joint venture, foreign exchange earning, linking, leading, health care, leisure and hard work.
② Some word formation elementsaffixThe additional formula formed byDisyllabic wordsGradually increase.Take the words "sex", "culture", "member" and "family" added after them as examples, such as planning, technology, interest, knowledge, popularity, comprehensiveness, feasibilitySubjective initiative, greening, aging, popularization, absolutization, unification, youth, specialization, institutionalization, cooks, keepers, postmen, salesmen, drivers, theorists, doers, reformers, gourmetsSocial activists。
Now?globalizationThe rapid development of informatization has completely changed people's lifestyleCommunication mode、Mode of thinkingAnd language style, the most typical of which is that of teenagers“New New Humans”, "Generation e".ifNetwork communicationThe rapidity of Internet has accelerated the development of new words, which means that the concealment of Internet interaction has bred new wordsgerm。In the worldCultural convergence In order to highlight their unique personality, the "new and new human" who are unwilling to be mediocre seek to be different or to attract others' attention, so they make great use of our standardized words and spread them on the Internet.The other kind of people, for the sake of protecting their privacy, improvised a symbol to identify each other, such as a symbol for chatting between classmates.Another kind of people use these new words that have been known and recognized by everyone for simple and convenient purposes in the process of chatting."This kind of language is not easy to be pure because of the historical accumulation of language, the influence of language contact, the impulse of language element innovation, and the differences between language users and language use occasionsLanguage lifeIt should be healthy and may be healthy. "This is a multicultural phenomenon, so the multicultural trend of thought may provide a new perspective for us to treat this problem scientifically and properly.
New words "invade" the traditional media.“PK”（English wordsOr abbreviation of a phrase, currently commonly referred to as Player Kill,Internet languageOne of the words, meaning "duel between two people", would have appeared five years agomass mediaAll audiences will feel that the clouds cover the sky and don't know what to say.However, in 2005Hunan Satellite TV"Super Girl" program is popular all over the country. One of the links is called "PK", which makes the word "PK"mass mediaThe word "shang" appears frequently and gradually evolves into a new word with multiple extended meanings, including single fight, settlement, and elimination of the last place.If you add such things as "show" and "pause"“fans”"Remarkable" and other online languages emerge in endlesslySocial newsClassified and refined“be said to have found jobs”"Oral donation"“Fishing law enforcement”It can be said that the new word "invasion"News reportIt has become an indisputable fact.This is for the general publicjournalistA difficult problem arises: how to make rational choices with an objective and scientific attitude.
These are based on dynamiclanguage systemThe State Language Commission and the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Common Language of the People's Republic of China have not specifically stipulated the screening and scope of application of new words based on the Internet.But as aobjective existenceMany experts and scholars have made in-depth discussion and research on this phenomenon.At present, people in the news industry have not yet reached a conclusion on the right or wrong of using new vocabulary in news reports, but the majority opinion is that those withtypical, convenienceImagery, humor, irreplaceability, relatively consistentlanguage development Regularity, specification and complianceSocial needsThe new vocabulary ofLanguage systemOnly in the middle can it be used for news report screening. On the contrary, it can only be spread in a small range in a short time and will also be abandoned by the mass media.Discard bad new words.
This is how new words followsocial developmentThe requirements ofLanguage lifeMedium.It is precisely because of this life rhythm of vocabulary that our language develops in response to society.
Since written records, Chinese vocabulary has developed into a brand new and abundant one after more than 3000 years of historical process.With ChinaSocialist material civilizationWith the development of spiritual civilization, Chinese vocabulary will become more and more abundant.
Buddhism derived words
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These words in Chinese all come from Buddhism
Zen does not stand on words, but uses the heart to express the heart (data map)
During the Han Dynasty, Buddhism was introduced into ChinaBuddhist classicsIt has also been translated into Chinese.To your surprise, today, many catchy words in our daily life also come from Buddhism.
instant
SanskritTransliteration of "Ksana".In the Buddhist scripture, "moment" refers to "the extreme of time", that is, a very short time.“Instantaneous impermanence”, "instant birth and death", "instant three generations" are also Buddhist terms.Now people still use“In a flash”, "in an instant", etc.
make a personal example as an effective means of convincing others
Buddhism claims that Sakyamuni can show all kinds of images and speak Buddhism to different people.Later, it refers to explaining or persuading people with personal experience as an example.The meaning of appearing has changed from showing one's body to experiencing oneself.
Energize
It is hard to imagine that this word was originally another name for dhata.The so-called invigoration is a kind of ascetic practice of monks.A monk who practices asceticism can stop worrying about food, clothing, and accommodation, just like removing dust from clothes.
have no cares
Worrying is worrying.Originally a Buddhist term, it means that there is no concern in the heart.In the Prajnaparamita Heart Sutra translated by Xuanzang, there is a saying: "The mind is not worried: there is no worry, there is no fear, and we should stay away from the inverted dream."
demons and monsters danced like mad
It is said that when Sakyamuni Buddha sat under the bodhi tree to meditate, the Devil Kingpapiyas He led the demons to make trouble and harass by all means.The Buddha was unmoved and surrendered to the demons, so the Devil King had to lead the demons back.In fact, the struggle with the devil is the struggle with "self" and "heart".To defeat oneself is the hardest thing in the world, and Buddha did it.
greatly discerning and apprehending
Thorough awareness, reaching the point of "no birth, no death", belongs to the realm of great Bodhisattva.Now even we mortals can use this word.
as boundless as the sea and sky
During the Dali period of the Tang Dynasty, the Buddhist monk Yuanlan wrote a poem on the bamboo: "The sea flows fromFish leapingAnd let birds fly in the sky. "It expresses Zen's free and broad mind and lively Zen opportunities.Later, it changed to "The sea is wide with fish leaping, and the sky is free for birds to fly."
in a cocoon around oneself
Self causeSelf fruiting.Bitter fruits and adversity are all your ownevil karmaDo not blame others for what has happened.
Know today and repent
Today's fruit is the continuation of the original cause.All living beings "repent" after tasting the bitter fruit, and Bodhisattva knows the truth of "cause and effect", and will never regret.Therefore, it is said: "All living beings fear fruit, and Bodhisattva fears cause."
Pointing to color, sound, fragrance, taste, touch and methodSix dusts。Because six dust is heartAffinity, which can stain the mind and nature, so it is called worldly affairs.
a kind and compassionate heart
The strategy of "wife's heart" originates from Zen.Some Zen masters are tireless and garrulous, just like an old woman gossiping. They are called "Wife Heart" and "Wife Zen" in the jungle.Today's performance is "painstakingly worded".
a flick of the finger
We now describe time as short“in a flash”This metaphor."Tanzhi" is a time quantifier in Buddhism, which comes from Indian Sanskrit.The Monk's Law explains: "Twenty chants are an instant, twenty instant names are a snap of fingers, twenty snap names are a snap of fingers, twenty snap names are a snap of fingers, twenty snap names are a snap of fingers, twenty snap names are a snap of seconds, and thirty seconds are a day and a night." In addition, "snap fingers" is also the action of twisting fingers to make sounds. It was originally an Indian custom to express joy, admiration, warning, promise, awareness, calling, salute, curse, etc.
I can't see my fingers
We now use it to describe dark light.In fact, it was originally a Buddhist term, which comes from Volume 7 of the Record of Continuing Lights: "You can't see the palm when you reach out." This Zen phrase means that a person who understands the Tao sees everything without subjectivenessFalse distinctionAnd hate, because all things are equal in nature.[2]
Exporting Chinese vocabulary
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“TuhaoTuhao "is expected to join hands with" Dama "in the form of words《Oxford English Dictionary》, this news has attracted extensive discussion and attention.According to relevantdata statistics, currently《Oxford English Dictionary》There are more than 200 words with Chinese origins.In fact, in daily life, many ChineseloanAlready in EnglishLexical systemChina has occupied a place and become an indispensable part of it.[1]
In fact, all kinds of Chinese in EnglishloanIt keeps emerging.representativeChinese historyCultural words, such as:Confucius（Confucius）、Laozi（Laozi）Tao, Tao Te Ching（《The Scripture of Ethics》）, feng shui, Mandarin... these words have entered the English languageEveryday vocabularyMedium.Sports and entertainment: "kongfu（Kungfu Online）The words "Tai Chi" and "Tai Chi" are more widely known with the spread of Chinese kungfu movies.Political and economic aspects:“lianghuiThe term "(NPC and CPPCC)" was coined byCNN(CNN) was the first to take the lead in using the word. Gradually, it gradually became the most popular word in international mediagenerally used words；ChineseMonetary unitJiao and Yuan have also been receivedEnglish dictionaryInterestingly, yuan has gone through the process of expanding its meaning in English. Now, yuan can also be used to refer to money in general.
In fact, the entry of Chinese words into the English vocabulary system requires more or less certain transformation.Transformation methods include transliteration, free translation, combination of transliteration and free translation, and transliteration plusaffix。For example,Chinese Pinyin"Taikong" and the Greek word "naute s" (voyager)English wordstaikonaut(astronaut), mainly used to refer toChinese astronaut, now includedOxford DictionaryMedium.It was first created by overseas ChineseChinglish“long time no see”(Haven't seen you for a long time). Literal translation is adopted, and now this word has become a common greeting for many people in Britain and America.
At the same time, the entry of Chinese words into the authoritative English dictionary also requires some review."When all words are included in the dictionary, their universality andFrequency of use。”Oxford University Press Bilingual dictionaryJulie Kliman, the project manager, said in an interview that she wouldLoanwordsWhen you join a dictionary, you usually need to consider a variety of factors."Figuratively speaking, it depends on whether native English speakers can use these words naturally‘Loanwords’Whether the feeling of is gradually weakening.If a word is widely used by the media, rather than just appearing in a report, we will certainly consider including it.In addition, when incorporating Chinese words into English dictionaries, we also need to consider the degree of intuition of these words. Words like 'guanxi' and 'hukou' are quite intuitive to us. "
Nowadays, more and more popular Chinese words are expected to be included in English dictionaries.Like maotai, Peking opera（Beijing opera）... These words have considerable influence in the native Chinese speaking group. Can they have such influence in English after being "exported"?This needs further observation.
The Largest Source of Chinese English Neologisms
Headquartered in the United StatesTexasAccording to a report released by the Global Language Monitor, "Chinese loanwords" have taken the lead in the new vocabulary of English since 1994, surpassing any other language source by 5% - 20%."Surprisingly, due to the impact of China's economic growth, Chinese hasInternational EnglishThe impact is greater than that of English speaking countries. "
Language and Language Education Research Center of Central China Normal UniversityYao ShuangyunThe professor believes that there are three main reasons for this phenomenon.First, the openness of English is high,InclusionStrong,loanComplex;Second, the rapid development of science and technology and the increasingly frequent cultural exchanges will inevitably promote the use of words in various languages;Third, Chineseinternational statusIt is also the most important point that the influence on English is increasing day by day.In the final analysis, the deep reason for the massive "export" of Chinese vocabulary is the rise of China's global influence andAttentionImprovement.
At present, domesticchineseThe linguists are concerned aboutloanThere are many studies, but few on the output of Chinese vocabulary.In recent years, Chinese people's awareness of their mother tongue has improved, sweeping the world“Chinese fever”All kinds of news hotspots from China on the Internet remind us that we should start to pay more attention to and discuss the issue of Chinese vocabulary outputCultural phenomenonHas.
