Hans Bate entered in 1924Goethe University Frankfurt After learning chemistry and changing to physics, he entered in 1926University of Munich；In 1928, he obtained a doctor's degree;From 1930 to 1931University of CambridgeCavendish Laboratory andUniversity of RomeAdvanced study in Fermilab;In 1931, he returned to Munich University as a lecturer;Served in 1932University of Tuebingen Associate professor;In 1933, he moved to Britain to avoid Nazi rule;In 1935, he came to Cornell University to teach;He became a member of the United States in 1941 and later“Manhattan Project ”Was appointed asLos Alamos National LaboratoryDirector of Theory Department;In 1944, he was elected as an academician of the National Academy of Sciences;Elected in 1954American Physical Societypresident;Elected in 1957Royal SocietyForeign academician;In 1962, he was elected as an academician of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences;In 1967, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics;In 1975, he retired from Cornell University and was awardedNational Medal of Science ；In 1978, he was elected as an academician of the German National Academy of Sciences;He died on March 6, 2005 at the age of 98[3-4][7]。
1944 Member of the National Academy of Sciences Won the Planck Medal in 1955 In 1957, he was elected as a foreign academician of the Royal Society In 1962, he was elected as an academician of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967open
Key achievements
1944 Member of the National Academy of Sciences Won the Planck Medal in 1955 In 1957, he was elected as a foreign academician of the Royal Society In 1962, he was elected as an academician of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967 In 1975, he was awarded the National Medal of Science In 1978, he was elected as an academician of the German National Academy of Sciences
In 1911, he moved with his family to live in Kiel, the Baltic region, and entered a small local primary school.Because of the cold environment, Hans Bate caught cold for many times and also caught itpulmonary tuberculosis[7]。
In 1915, he moved to Frankfurt with his family to study at Goethe Gymnasium[7]。
In 1916, due to the outbreak of tuberculosis, he had to stop his studies and was sent to the small German city of Bartkroeznach for recuperation.
After rehabilitation in 1917, he entered a local hospitalPractical schoolIn the second year, he was sent to Odenwaldschule, a private boarding school.
In 1919, due to the instability of German currency, Hans Bate, who had shown mathematical talent since childhood, began to participate in family financial management[7]。
In 1922, he returned to Goethe High School and graduated from it in 1924.
In 1924, he published his first paper under the joint name of his father and his colleagues.In the same year, he entered Frankfurt University to study chemistry, and then changed to physics[7]。
In 1926, under the advice of Karl Meissner, a teacher, he transferred to Munich University and becameArnold Sommerfeld Of students[7]。
In 1928, he received a doctor's degree in theoretical physics from Munich University[3]。After graduationuni stuttgart Lecturer[4][7]。
In May 1930, he became an extra lecturer of Munich University[3]；In the same year, passedRockefeller FoundationScholarship to study in Cavendish Laboratory of Cambridge University[4][7]。
In 1931, he went to Rome University Fermi Laboratory for further study;In the same year, he returned to Munich University as a lecturer in physics[4]。
Acting Assistant Professor of Tubingen University in 1932[3]。
After the Nazis came to power in 1933, they lost their jobs due to their Jewish origin;In October, he went to the University of Manchester, UK to serve as a temporary lecturer[3]。
In 1934, ready to enterUniversity of BristolHe also got a one-year scholarship from the university;In the summer of the same year, he received a job invitation from Cornell University in the United States, so he went to the university the next year and spent the rest of his life here[7]。
In 1935, he served as assistant professor of Cornell University[4]。
In 1937, he was promoted to John Wendell Anderson, professor of physics at Cornell University[4]。
ID photo during Manhattan Plan
In February 1941, he became a citizen of the United States[7]；In December, obtain the permission to engage in confidential military projects[7]。
From 1943 to 1946, he served as the director of the theory department of Los Alamos National Laboratory in the "Manhattan Project" and was engaged in the assembly of the first atomic bomb[3-4]。
In 1944, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences[4]。
In 1946, he joined IsraelEinsteinThe Emergency Committee of Atomic Energy Scientists (ECAS), headed by the Chinese Communist Party, launched a campaign against nuclear testing and the nuclear arms race.He participated in lobbying the White HouseKennedy andNixonThe government signed the《Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty》And 1972《anti-ballistic missile treaty》[25-26]。
In 1957, he was electedRoyal SocietyForeign academician[7]。
From 1958 to 1959, as a member of the United States delegation, he went to Geneva to participate in the discussion on the cessation of nuclear weapon tests[4]。
In 1962, he was elected as an academician of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences[5]。
In 1967, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his "contribution to the theory of nuclear reaction, especially the discovery of research on the generation of energy in stars"[3]。
In 1975, he retired from Cornell University and was awarded the title of John W. Anderson Professor Emeritus of Physics;In the same year, awardedNational Medal of Science [4]。
In 1978, he was elected as an academician of the German National Academy of Sciences[6]。
In 1928, Hans Bate completed his doctoral thesis "Diffraction of Crystal to Electron".In 1929, he studied the splitting of energy levels in crystals and pointed out the influence of the symmetric electric field in crystals on their energy levels.In the early 1930s, he continued to extend his work from his doctoral dissertation.He paid special attention to the study of the similarity between the interaction between electrons and matter and the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter.In the autumn of 1930, when Bate visited Cambridge, he obtained some relevant experimental data.In 1931, he extended the radiation theory to accommodateSpecial relativityThe domain of.In 1933, in Britain andHeitlerWe jointly study the radiation energy of a single particle passing through the vicinity of the atomic nucleus in a meson.In 1934, he and Heitler jointly published a paper entitled "On the Stopping of Fast Particles and the Production of Positrons" in the Journal of the Royal Society.In this paper, he applied quantum electrodynamics to the interaction between cosmic rays and media, and proposed the bethe heitler formula for bremsstrahlung.
However, Bate found that his formula described the radiation characteristics of low-speed cosmic rays in the medium more comprehensively, but there was an obvious deviation for high-speed cosmic rays.In 1938, he studied in detail the cosmic ray experts Stanley Livingston andErnest O. Lawrence A group of cosmic rays obtained in the cloud chamber are convinced that there must be another kind of particle, namely muon, in addition to electrons and protons.After the Second World War, Bate played a key role in measuring the precise mass of muons. He also found that there was a close correlation between muons and pions, which made him the central figure in creating a new field of high-energy particle physics.[1]
nuclear physics
From 1934 to 1935, Hans Bate and Rudolf Peierls cooperated to put forward the simplest deuteron structure model, that is, deuteron is composed of a proton and a neutron.They studied the deflection suffered by proton red when bombarding neutrons, made an accurate mathematical description of the nuclear force, and obtainedBette Sapet equationTherefore, in 1949, Bate put forward the concept of "effective range" to be used in the calculation of scattering.From 1936 to 1937, Bate, Robert Bacher and Stanley Livingston published three long articles summarizing nuclear physics in the American Review of Modern Physics: Nuclear Stationary State, Theoretical Nuclear Dynamics and Experimental Nuclear Dynamics.These three long articles became the standard literature that people kept referring to and quoting later, called the "Bethe Bible".In these papers, Hans Bate clarified the nuclear force theory, nuclear structure theory and nuclear reaction theory at that time, which laid a good theoretical foundation for his future research on star energy generation.[1]
Beite Bible
In the "Manhattan Project", Hans Bate led the theoretical physics research team at Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico.The laboratory is the headquarters of Manhattan's plan to develop the world's first atomic bomb[2]。One of their main tasks at that time was to calculateUranium 235The critical mass that maintains the fission reaction to drive the explosive force of the atomic bomb.During his stay at Los Alamos, he was promotedRichard FeynmanAnd put forward the formula named after them for calculating the efficiency of nuclear weapons, the Bethe Feynman formula.In the 1950s, Hans Bate returned to Los Alamos Laboratory and participated inHydrogen bombDevelopment of[25]。
Astrophysics
In 1938, Hans Bate learned about the temperature, density, element composition and other information of the sun at the seminar on "How star energy is generated".He proposed two nuclear reaction processes to explain the energy source of the sun: one is that two hydrogen nuclei become a deuteron, and the deuteron further captures the proton to becomefourHe emits energy;The other is that four hydrogen nuclei becomefourHe and release energy.They are called hydrogen hydrogen chain (p-p chain) and carbon nitrogen oxygen cycle (CNO cycle) respectively.According to the calculation of Beite, near the solar temperature, the proportion of these two processes is roughly the same. When the temperature is lower, the former dominates, while the latter dominates.The above nuclear reaction process proposed by Beite successfully explains the source of star energy[8]。
Hydrogen hydrogen chain (a) and carbon nitrogen oxygen cycle (b) in stars
quantum mechanics
After the end of the Second World War, Hans Bate turned to the study of quantum mechanics, made outstanding work on the hydrogen spectrum, and also proposed the Bethe ansatz for the parameterization of the eigenstates of quantum multi-body systems.In 1947, Hans Bate successfully completed theLamb shiftThe first Renormalization calculation of.He found a technique to get rid of the infinite puzzle in quantum electrodynamics, leaving only a small and finite interaction quantity corresponding to the Lamb shift.In the first round of solving this problem, he did not consider the relativistic effect, but only made a non relativistic calculation of the Lamb shift, which was still a big step in the right direction[1][8]。
personnel training
Cultivate students
According to the data of the website of the mathematical pedigree project in January 2024, Hans Bate has successively guidedDavid Solis(2016 Nobel Prize laureates in physics), as follows:[12]
Hans Bate's father, Albrecht Julius Bethe (1872 – 1954), was a physiologist and a Protestant, who once taught at Strasbourg University, Kiel University and Frankfurt University;Mother Anna (1876 – 1966) is a Jewish musician and children's story writer, and the daughter of a medical professor at Strasbourg University[1][7]。
Emotional life
In September 1939, Hans Bate married Rose Ewald, who was ten years younger than himself. She was the daughter of the German physicist Paul Peter Ewald.Ross once joined Los Alamos National Laboratory in the Manhattan Project and became Hans Bate's assistant[11]。They have two children: Henry and Monica[3]。
hobby
Hans Bate is a mountaineer who spends at least two or three weeks hiking in the American Rocky Mountains or the Swiss Alps every summer.He is also a stamp collector[10]。This hobby also influenced his son Henry, both of whom are members of the German Philatelic Association[23]。
Character influence
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Asteroid naming
In 1990,NASATo revolve around the sunAsteroid 30828Named "30828 Bethe"[21]。
Award Naming
In 1998, the American Physical Society founded the annual award "Hans A. Bethe Prize" to award scientists who have made outstanding contributions in astrophysics, nuclear physics, nuclear astrophysics or closely related fields[22]。
Character evaluation
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Hans Bate
Hans Beite is one of the greatest physicists in the 20th century and a giant among giants. His legacy will affect the future physics and the wider scientific community for many years.He is widely admired for his scientific achievements, integrity, impartiality and deep concern for science and human progress, which makes him a "conscience of science"[7]。（Royal SocietyComment)
Hans Bate is a great pioneer of physics in the 20th century, and also a respected teacher, mentor and friend of Cornell University.Hans Bate, with his breadth of insight, seriousness of research, depth of social conscience and firm commitment to Cornell University, has set a standard for citizens who actively participate in science and become a beacon for future generations[10]。(The 11th President of Cornell UniversityJeffrey Lehman Comment)
Hans Bate is a great scientist in the 20th century. He has always been respected by his colleagues at Cornell University.He left a deep and lasting impression of thought leadership in Cornell University, the United States and the whole world[10]。(Nobel laureate in physicsRobert Coleman RichardsonComment)
People Memorial
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Naming
In 2005, the Council for a Livable World renamed its resident building The Hans Bethe Center.[20]
In 2007, Cornell University named a boarding college Hans Bethe House.[18]
In 2008, the University of Bonn in Germany established the "The Bethe Center".[19]
