Yongle CeremonyShimingYongleDuring the reign of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming DynastyZhu DiOrder successivelyJiejin、Yao GuangxiaoA collection of ancient Chinese classics compiled by Yu DachengCategory book。Initial name《Literature achievements》, rearEmperor Chengzu of the Ming DynastyWrite the preface in person and give it the name of Yongle Grand Ceremony.22877 volumes of the whole book (60 volumes of contents, 22937 volumes in total), 11095 volumes,[1]About 370 million words, including 7000 or 8000 ancient and modern books.
YongleIn the first year (1403 AD), Zhu Di decided to build a great work to show his national prestige and benefit all generations.The purpose is "to collect a hundred books of classics and history since the book title, and to compile the words of astronomy, geography, yin and yang, medical divination, monks and taoists, and skills into one book".Initial orderJiejinHe presided over the compilation (147 people in size) and completed the "Literature Mastery" a year later, but Zhu Di was very dissatisfied after reading it personally and orderedYao GuangxiaoAs a supervisor, the compilation team was expanded to 2196 people (more than 3000 people in total), and was finalized in the fifth year of Yongle (1407 AD),Zhu DiWrite the preface in person and give the name "Yongle Grand Ceremony".The whole book was copied in the sixth year of Yongle (1408 AD).
The original of Yongle Ceremony has not been determined whether it existsYonglingHowever, the copies of the ceremony were destroyed by fire and war, and a considerable part of them were stolen by later generations in the name of repairing books. Today, there are only more than 800 volumes left and scattered around the world.The Yongle Canon includes classics, history, children and collections, involving astronomical geography, yin and yang medicine, divination, Taoist scripture interpretation, drama, craft and agronomy, and covering the knowledge wealth of the Chinese nation for thousands of years.《Encyclopedia Britannica 》On“encyclopedia”In the entry, Yongle Dadian, a kind of book of the Ming Dynasty in China, is called "the largest encyclopedia in the history of the world" and has become an important symbol of Chinese culture.
Title
Yongle Grand Ceremony
Alias
Literature achievements
Author
Jiejin、Yao Guangxiao, etc
Category
Category book
Binding
Handwritten jacket
Number of volumes
22877 volumes(Contents 60 volumes, 22937 volumes in total)
Emperor Taizu of the Ming DynastyTwenty first year of Hongwu (A.D1388），JiejinHe advised Zhu Yuanzhang that a new high-quality book should be compiled.Zhu YuanzhangI appreciated Xie Jin's suggestion, but soon after Xie Jin left the imperial court, the matter ended.
The 31st year of Hongwu (A.D1398）Zhu Yuanzhang recalled the past and called for people to collect "the words of a hundred schools of classics and history" to compile a "summary".In June of the same year, Zhu Yuanzhang died. No one mentioned it again.[30]
Revised by Yongle
Zhu Di, Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty
Emperor Chengzu of the Ming DynastyAfter he ascended the throne, he ordered Xie Jin and others to repair books in order to sort out knowledge, andHe explained the compilation purpose: "The world's ancient and modern things are scattered in numerous books, which are huge and difficult to review. I want to know that the things contained in various books are grouped together, and unified with rhyme. It is easy for people to explore, just like picking things from the bag. Try" Yun House "（《Yunfu Group Jade》）The two books "Hui Xi" ("Hui Xi Shi Yun") are not widely picked, although they are unified, and the records are too sketchy.You are like me: since the book contract, there have been hundreds of books collected by the scholars of history. As for astronomy, geography, yin and yang, medical divination, monks and taoists, and skills, we will never tire of compiling a book. "[32]The first book was written in the second year of Yongle (1404 AD), and was initially named "Literature Dacheng";Emperor Chengzu of the Ming DynastyAfter reading, I think that "there is still much to be compiled", and I am not very satisfied.
Taoist Monk Yao Guangxiao in charge of editing
YongleIn the third year (A.D. 1405), Zhu Di ordered the prince to be a junior teacher againYao Guangxiao, Xie JinMinister of RitesZheng CiRepair supervision andLiu JichiThey were rebuilt by 2169 people from all over the country.The organization has the posts of supervisor, president, vice president, and president, who are responsible for all aspects of work.Jiang YongwenZhao Tongyou is the president and vice president respectively,Chen JiPresident Weidu[2], refer to all the books in Nanjing Wenyuan Pavilion.
The final draft was submitted in the fifth year of Yongle (1407 AD),Emperor Chengzu of the Ming DynastyI was very satisfied with it. I personally prefaced it and named it Yongle Dadian,It was copied to November of the fifth year of Yongle and officially completed[31]。According to the Grand Ceremony Table of Entering Yongle,The whole book was written into 22877 volumes, 60 volumes of contents, 11095 volumes, about 370 million words, and collected nearly 8000 ancient and modern books, with the scale and content exceeding all the books of the previous generation.[31]After the Yongle Grand Ceremony was completed, the Ming court recruited a large number of calligraphers to do the work of tracing, copying, drawing and punctuation. Due to the excessive number of people, it was impossible to count them.
After the compilation of Yongle Grand Canon in the Yongle era, only one copy was copied, called "Yongle Original";In the Jiajing Dynasty, fearing that the ceremony would be damaged, another copy was recorded, called "Jiajing Copy".Because the two ceremonies were hidden in the imperial palace, not printed, and rarely circulated, they were stolen, robbed, and burned in the change of dynasties, internal and external troubles. The "original" disappeared, and only more than 400 copies remained.
In the 600 years from compilation to destruction, Yongle Dadian has left many legends and eternal mysteries.After Yongle Dadian was compiled, it was placed in the East Pavilion of Wenyuan Pavilion in Nanjing.
The 19th year of Yongle (1421 AD)Emperor Chengzu of the Ming DynastyWhen he moved to Beijing, he selected some books and brought them to Xindu. Yongle Dadian was officially placed in the Wenlou during the orthodox years.In the years of Yongle and Wanli, although some people had proposed to publish, they failed to achieve due to the "huge labor costs".
orthodoxIn the 14th year (AD 1449), the original manuscript of Yongle Grand Ceremony was burned down in the fire at Wenyuan Pavilion in Nanjing.
JiajingIn April of the 36th year (1557 AD), there was a fire in the palace,Fengtian GateandThree hallsThe original of Yongle Grand Ceremony collected in Nanjing Wenyuan Pavilion was almost destroyed by fire.
In the 41st year of Jiajing (1562 AD),Ming ShizongappointmentHigh arch、Qu Jingchun、Zhang JuzhengThey were responsible for re recording the Yongle Ceremony.The Ministry of Officials and the Ministry of Rites presided over the "obscure examination", and 109 good scholars were selected.The internal government allocated painters, calenders, paper makers, etc.Xizhisi, Guanglu Temple and Hanlin Academy are also responsible for the supply of charcoal, wine and rice and "moon rice" respectively.Re recording officially started.[3-4]
LongqingCompleted at the beginning of the year, it was originally returned to Nanjing.[5]The original is storedWenyuan Pavilion, copy is stored separatelyHuang Shicheng。[6]
This set of books goes toQianlongThere were 8000 copies during the year, so some people suspected that they had not finished copying at that time.The whereabouts of the original book has always been an inextricable mystery, and there are many guesses in the history circle.Gu Yanwu's Rizhilu concluded that the ceremony was "all lost".Another guess is that the original book has been given to Emperor Jiajingbe buried alive with the dead。After Jiajing died, he did not go to the grave immediately, but waited for a long time,[7]At that time, the transcription was in progress, and some people thought it was waiting for the completion of the transcription work.In the end, there were only 8000 copies of Jiajing's manuscripts, which made people suspect that they were eager to be buried and did not finish copying.[8]
Collection of Lost Books in the Qing Dynasty
Yongle Dadian was lost in the Ming Dynasty.[9]Quan ZuwangandLi FuThey are all college students in the Qing Dynasty.During the reign of Yongzheng, the Three Rites Hall was opened, and Quan and Li served in the Imperial Academy, so they were able to contact the Yongle Ceremony.They saw many books that were not seen in the world in the Yongle Classic, and they exclaimed that they were "the great treasure of the universe".After discussion, they thought that they should first compile the books they wanted but could not get.Quan ZuwangHe wrote the Record of Copying Yongle Grand Ceremony and believed that there were five categories of books that needed to be compiled most, namely, classics, historygazetteer, ClanArts and culture。From then on, the two people read 20 volumes every day, signed out the names of the books they wanted to compile, and then four other people copied them.In this way, I combed every day and sorted out Wang Anshi《New Meaning of Zhou Guan》, Gao's Spring and Autumn Yizong and more than ten other books.But how can two people read the voluminous Yongle Classic once.The long-term collection of lost works made them feel exhausted physically and mentally.Second yearQuan ZuwangWhen he returned home after being dismissed from office, he had to give up collecting the lost.However, the results of Quan and Li's collection have aroused widespread concern among scholars, laying the foundation for the systematic collection of Yongle Dadian by the officials of Sikuquanshu.
Emperor Qianlong, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty
Kangxi、YongzhengA large-scale book was compiled in the Dynasty《Integration of ancient and modern books》The Emperor Qianlong didn't think much of the style of this kind of books. He believed that although the books could be both included and included, they could make great decisions, but the method of "selecting books according to categories" made it impossible for people to see the full picture of books, trace their origins and identify their origins.He wants to do something that has not been done before and compile a large series of books《Complete Library of Four Branches of Books》To make up for the lack of books.He also named the pavilion with the names of Yuan, Yuan, Jin and Tracing, highlighting that only his book can really "trace its origin".At this time, Anhui learned politicsZhu JunAnd Siku PresidentYu MinzhongIt was suggested that the Emperor Qianlong should collect a large number of ancient books in Yongle Dadian, which attracted the attention of the Emperor Qianlong.At the beginning of the opening of the Siku Library, he issued two decrees, ordering the collection and compilation of rare ancient books in Yongle Grand Ceremony.
QianlongIn the 38th year (1772 AD), the Qing government repaired《Complete Library of Four Branches of Books》It was found that 2422 volumes of Yongle Grand Ceremony had been lost and missing, about 1000 volumes.The officials of Siku Library compiled a large number of lost books from Yongle Dadian, of which 385 kinds were collected from Siku Quanshu.In the 38th year of Qianlong's reign,Siku LibraryCollate Yongle Classic, and famous scholars at that time participated in the compilationDai Zhen、Shao Jinhan、Zhou Yongnian39 people in total.Among them, Zhou Yongnian was the most diligent in poetry collections of Song and Yuan people.Edited by Shao Jinhan《History of the Old Five Dynasties》《Chronicles of Nine Nations》Dai Zhen compiled the Suanjing, which also achieved some success.
By the 46th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong (1781 AD), 4946 volumes of 385 kinds of books had been compiled, including scriptures, histories, books and collections.Famous works include the History of the Old Five Dynasties, which was later listed in the Twenty fourth History, and important works recording historical facts in the early Southern Song Dynasty《Annual records since Jianyan》, Inquiring into the lineage of Tang people《Yuanhe surname compilation》, Bibliography Masterpieces《Zhizhai's Book Record Solution》And Du Yu of the Western Jin Dynasty《Explanation of Spring and Autumn Period》Etc.As for the poetry and prose collections of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there were more than 175 kinds, and many important lost books were restored to their original appearance through this collection.
qianlong emperor So I insist on collectingconfucianThe orthodox concept holds that "the essence has been exhausted, and the dross can be discarded". All Buddhism, Taoism, dramas, novels, etc. are not collected, and the words involving obstacles are deleted without mercy.Some scientific and technological works, such asDeng YufuOf《lunar calendar》200 volumes more detailed than《Qi People's Essential Skills》Some military inventions were also discarded and not recorded for fear of being learned by foreigners.Even the loose pieces that have been compiled and lost, such as "Jianjin Hebi", "Jin Shi Weichen", or the signed ancient books《Unified Annals of the Yuan Dynasty》Etclocal recordsSuch books are abandoned.
After the systematic compilation of Yongle Grand Ceremony by Sikuguan, Jiaqing compiled Quantang Wen and《Unified Annals of the Qing Dynasty》At that time, they had used the historical materials in "Da Dian".But the biggest contribution isXu SongHis compilation work《Song Huiyao》500 volumes, The Book of Rites for the Revival of the Song Dynasty, The Book of Rites for the Revival of the Song Dynasty, The Book of Rites for the Revival of the Yuan Dynasty, Henan Annals, etc. are all large books with more than 100 volumes.in the futureWenting styleHe has compiled Records of the Yuan Dynasty, Song Zhuangyuan and the Picture, etc,leading bibliographic scholar who founded several librariesHe has compiled the Annals of Luzhou in the Ming Dynasty and the Annals of Yongle Shuntian Mansion in the Ming Dynasty,Dong KangIt has compiled the "Tongji of Xiantai".
Modern Outflow
XianfengTen years (AD 1860),Anglo French Allied ForcesWhen Beijing was invaded, the Imperial Academy was looted and a large number of "Da Dian" were lost.[10]
Guangxu reign periodIn the first year (AD 1875), when the Imperial Academy was repaired, less than 5000 copies of the "Grand Ceremony" were checked. The rapid loss of the "Yongle Grand Ceremony" was mainly due to the staff's self theft,[11]allegedlyWenting styleOne person stole more than 100 copies of Yongle Grand Ceremony.[12]
June of the 20th year of Guangxu (1894 AD)Weng-tung-ho There were only 800 books left when they were checked in the Imperial Academy. Today, there are about 400 books, 810 volumes, less than 4% of the original books.[13]
In the 26th year of Guangxu (1900 AD), the Imperial Academy wasBoxersMore than 300 copies of Yongle Grand Ceremony were damaged.[14]
On June 11, the 27th year of Guangxu's reign (1901 AD), the British Embassy returned 330 volumes of the Grand Ceremony.[15]It was soon divided up by the guards.In 1912, the Imperial Academy handed over the collection of "Da Dian"Capital Library At that time, there were only 64 volumes left.
Collection of the Republic of China
Yongle Ceremony of the National Library
Due to the loss of Yongle Dadian in modern times, only 400 copies can be used, but good results have been achieved.National Library of ChinaAt the beginning of its birth, it took on the responsibility of the National Library to preserve and collect such precious documents as Yongle Dadian.At the beginning of the preparation for the establishment of the Beijing Normal University Library, the University Department proposed to transfer the remaining Yongle Ceremony of the Imperial Academy to the Beijing Normal University Library for collection.
In 1912, the government of the Republic of China was established, and the head of the first section of the Social Education Department of the Ministry of Educationwriter better known as Lu XunWith suggestions and efforts, the Ministry of Education, in consultation with the State Council, sent 64 copies of the remains of the Yongle Grand Ceremony stored in the Imperial Academy to the Ministry of Education, 60 of which were stored by the Beijing Normal University Library, which was the first batch of Yongle Grand Ceremony collected by the National Library.Beijing Normal University Library was renamedNational Peiping LibraryLater, he spared no effort in collecting Yongle Dadian.Deputy CuratorYuan TongliAnd the head of the examination teamZhao WanliEveryone has made great efforts.By 1934, the collection of Da Dian had reached 93 volumes.
Especially from the National Peiping LibraryZhao WanliAfter working in the National Peiping Library in 1928, he began to compile the Yongle Dadian, the Annals of Chen Liaoweng. With years of skill, he searched for the lost from various books and compiled《Collate and edit the Ci of Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasty》73 volumes, many of which use the lost articles of Yongle Dadian.Zhao Wanli, Chen Enhui and others insisted on compiling under very difficult conditions during the Japanese occupation period. They found that several editions of Yongle Dadian in Siku Quanshu were different from the original text of the existing Yongle Dadian. According to Chen Enhui's suggestion at that time, they included the compilation of Yongle Dadian in their work plan.
1931“September 18”After the incident, the situation in North China was turbulent.In case of accidents,National GovernmentThe antiquities were ordered to move south.
In May 1933, the Ministry of Education cabled the Beiping Library to move ancient books such as the Song and Yuan Dynasty classics, Yongle Grand Ceremony, and Ming Dynasty records to the south in case of danger.After receiving the power, Beiping Library will transport rare books and records such as Yongle Dadian to Shanghai and store them in the warehouse of the public concession.
After the August 13 Incident in 1937, Shanghai was occupied, the situation further deteriorated, and the security of storing Shanghai's atlases was threatened.Acting CuratorYuan TongliAnd Shanghai OfficeQian CunxunContact the United States through the embassy in the United States, and decide toA good bookAfter selection, it is shipped to the United States for deposit.Among the 3000 books selected, 60 are Yongle Dadian.toPacific WarArrived in the United States beforeLibrary of CongressKeep it for you.
In 1965, these rare books were transferred to Taiwan for temporary storageTaipei Palace Museum。The other 25 volumes of Yongle Grand Ceremony in Shanghai were later shipped back to Peiping (today's Beijing).
After New China
Photocopy publishing
About 400 copies of the "Yongle Grand Ceremony" were scattered in 30 units in 8 countries and regions.Since the beginning of the twentieth century, it has been copied and copied by book collectors.Such collectors and libraries as Fu Zengxiang and Jiayetang who have collected Yongle Grand Ceremony have copied Yongle Grand Ceremony.Some libraries also use the copied Yongle Grand Ceremony to exchange the film of Yongle Grand Ceremony preserved in China, which can be said to be a great deal of effort.
In 1959, Beijing Library provided the original and film of Yongle Grand Ceremony collected over the years toZhong Hua Book Company, andZhong Hua Book CompanyThe copies of Yongle Grand Ceremony collected by myself will be photocopied and published together.After several supplementary publications, the officially published Yongle Dadian has reached 797 volumes, accounting for 99% of the existing total.Taiwan and Japan also published a photocopy of Yongle Grand Ceremony.
In 2002National Library of ChinaAt the "600 year International Seminar on Yongle Grand Ceremony" held by Beijing Library Press, the former grand simulation photocopy of Yongle Grand Ceremony was officially launched, and it is planned to complete all the existing Yongle Grand Ceremony in the world within a few years.
HD image
In February 2023, the "Yongle Ceremony HD Image Database" will be launched innational libraryOfficially released.Readers can intuitively perceive Yongle Dadian in the "cloud".[24]
Reunion experience
Presented by famous artists
In 1949,The People's Republic of ChinaEstablishment.In 1951Soviet UnionholdLeningrad UniversityThe 11 volumes of the Grand Ceremony collected by the Oriental Department were returned to the Chinese government.Ministry of CultureTransfer upon acceptanceBeijing LibraryCollection, and jointly held an exhibition with Beitu to publicize the value of the "Grand Ceremony" and its looting experience.The exhibition has greatly stimulated the patriotic enthusiasm of people from all walks of life.Some patriots and book collectors have donated their collections of Yongle Ceremony to the country.
On August 20, 1951, a famous bibliophileZhou ShutaoHe took the lead in donating a copy of Yongle Grand Ceremony collected by his family to the country for free and sent a letter to the north map: "The Pearl River returns to Hepu, turning private into public, which is also the bounden duty of the Chinese people." Later, Zhao Yuanfang also donated a copy of Yongle Grand Ceremony collected by his family.What is more touching is thatZhang YuanjiAt the initiative of the Commercial Press, the Board of Directors unanimously agreed to present 21 volumes of the Yongle Ceremony collected by the Oriental Library of the Commercial Press to the North Map.thereafter,Peking UniversityGuangdong Cultural Administration Commission, Zhang JixiangJinliang、Xu BojiaoChen Li Airu and others donated 11 volumes of Yongle Ceremony collected by themselves.
It is worth mentioning that under the circumstances of national economic difficulties in the 1950s and 1960s, Premier Zhou Enlai paid close attention to the collection of cultural relics and specially approved special funds from Hong Kong collectorsChen QinghuaWe bought back a batch of precious ancient books, including 4 volumes of Yongle Grand Ceremony.
Foreign restitution
Since the founding of the People's Republic of ChinaSocialist countryThe Soviet Union negotiated the return of the Yongle Ceremony, and obtainedSoviet UnionGovernment support.In 1951, the Soviet UnionLeningrad UniversityThe 11 volumes of the Grand Ceremony collected by the Oriental Department were returned to the Chinese government.Upon acceptance by the Ministry of Culture, it will be allocated to Beijing Library for collection.This was a big event at that time, because these "Yongle Ceremony" used to be transported from Dalian's Manchurian Railway Library to the Soviet Union as booty.Today, the Soviet government returns these precious cultural relics free of charge, which is a very exciting thing for the Chinese people who have suffered from foreign aggression and war for a hundred years, and also sets a model for equal exchanges between countries.Newspapers in China and the Soviet Union reported a lot on this matter.
After this donation of Yongle Grand Ceremony, the collection institutions of other socialist countries have also donated books;In addition,German Democratic RepublicGive back 3 volumes, Soviet stateLenin Library 52 volumes were returned, and the Soviet Academy of Sciences also passedLibrary of Chinese Academy of SciencesOne copy will be transferred.In this way, 67 volumes of Yongle Grand Ceremony far away from home finally returned to the embrace of the motherland.
During the invasion of China by the Eight Power Allied Forces in 1900, German soldiers stole three volumes of Yongle Grand Ceremony from the Imperial Academy in Beijing, which were later collected in the library of Leipzig University in Germany.
On December 11, 1955, the former GDR Prime Minister Grotiwood returned these three volumes of Yongle Ceremony to China.[16]
Donation by Lu Min
There is also a legendary story in the collection of Yongle Dadian.Shandong, 1983Ye CountyWhen Sun Honglin, a farmer, happened to look at a picture of a precious ancient book printed on a wall calendar, he found that there was a book in his home that was very similar to the Yongle Ceremony in the past. Because he did not know the title of the book, his family used it to clip shoe patterns and paper-cut, and cut out the part of the book that had no words on the top and bottom.Because of the inheritance from ancestorsRespect and cherish the calligraphy paperThe tradition of Chinese characters has been preserved wherever there are words.Sun Honglin told the Yexian Culture Center about this situation and asked the Beijing Library to send someone to identify it.After expert appraisal, this book is undoubtedly the "door" rhyme of Yongle Dadian.The Sun family donated this lucky "Yongle Ceremony" to the country.After receiving this book, Beitu was restored by professional restoration personnel.This book, which has been in exile for many years, finally converges with other "Da Dian".
nowadaysNational Library of ChinaThere are 224 collections in total (62 of which are temporarily stored in the Palace Museum in Taipei), andLibrary of CongressIt also has 40 volumes, includingBritish Library, UKOxfordLibrary, UKUniversity of LondonOriental Language School, UKUniversity of CambridgeThere are 51 volumes in the waiting list,University of Hamburg Library, GermanyUniversity of CologneThere are 5 volumes in the library, Berlin Museum of Ethnicity in Germany, the Library of the Japanese Congress, Japan Toyo Library, JapanKyoto UniversityIt is also collected by the Humanities Research Institute, the Library affiliated to Kyoto University in Japan, the Sanli Library in Japan, the Library of Jingpeitang in Japan, the Storytelling in Japan, the Osaka Prefectural Library in Japan, Takeda Nagasaki in Japan, Ishiguro in Japan, Hiroshi Ogawa in Japan, and the Library of Lee Wangzhi in Japan.[17][21]
Database publishing
On February 8, 2023, the high-definition image database of Yongle Grand Ceremony and the knowledge database of National Precious Ancient Books developed by the National Library in conjunction with Peking University Digital Humanities Research Center and other units were officially released online in the National Library.[22]
A complete single volume of Yongle Grand Ceremony, 50.3 cm high and 30 cm wide, measured with a Ming Dynasty operating ruler, is one foot five inch six fen high and nine inch three fen wide.It is grand in size and has royal dignity and boldness.
Each volume of "Da Dian" has about 50 leaves (pages), mainly consisting of two volumes, one volume or three volumes.The leaves of the book are made of snow white and thick bark paper. The book is opened with a light fragrance, which is very exquisite and beautiful.
The bookclothes of ancient books are the covers of modern books. Because they are wrapped outside the books like clothes worn by people, they have the image of "bookclothes".Multi layers for the bookclothes of Yongle DadianXuan paperIt is hard mounted. There is a layer of yellow silk on the outside, which is very solemn.This binding form, which is very similar to modern books, is called“Backpack”, which was widely used in the Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty.Bagged books should be vertically inserted on the shelf, unlike later onesThread bound bookIt's lying on the shelf.It can be imagined that more than 10000 volumes of the grand Yongle Grand Ceremony are on the shelf, like a small library, which can be described as a magnificent masterpiece.
There is a rectangular bookmark on the upper left side of the front of the bookcase, with four words "Yongle Grand Ceremony" in the box. There are two lines of small characters below the words, indicating the number of volumes of this book.There is also a box on the upper right side of the front of the bookcase, in which the rhyme of this volume is inscribed with ink pen, and the number of the rhyme of this volume is indicated with a low word.If you have a current one《Hong Wu Zhengyun》If we follow the map, we can easily retrieve the content we need from more than 10000 copies of Da Dian.
Line grid
The whole ceremony was written in ink.The vermilion pen is mainly used to draw the boundary line of the sidebar, and write the author and title of the quoted books;Ink pen is used to write title, volume number, rhyme, book body and draw pictures;Dots are dipped in reed, bamboo, bone or jade pen tubes with inner space and outer circleCinnabarIt's stamped with inkpad.The overall appearance is dignified and beautiful, with bright red ink.
The boundary lines of each vermilion leaf in Yongle Grand Ceremony are drawn by hand rather than printed.The sidebar of the ceremony is drawn on two sides“Vermilion fence”Divide each half leaf into eight lines. There is a thick "elephant trunk" at the top and bottom of the center of the edition, and a "fish tail" in the middle. The book name and volume number are recorded above the "fish tail", and the number of leaves is recorded below.
The 370 million words in Yongle Grand Ceremony are all regular script used by the calligraphers by officials of the Ming Dynasty:Pavilion styleIt was copied out one stroke at a time.All the mountain and river artifacts painted in the ceremony are also usedLine drawingManipulation.These 300 million words should have been copied at least once when compiling, and more than 2000 people have copied them with tapes for five years;It took less than two years to finish the cleaning and copying after finalization, with an average of 500000 words copied every day.There are many famous calligraphers in the hands of clean copied books.Since the existing Yongle Grand Ceremony was re recorded in the Jiajing period, the original calligraphy in the Yongle period is unknown.When Xu Jie, who was in charge of re recording during the Jiajing period, saw the Yongle edition, he once praised that the old edition was so well written that it was hard to find such a writer again.From the Jiajing rerecord, the calligraphy of "Dadian" is relatively thin and long, similar to European calligraphy, and looks smooth and pretty. Compared with the pavilion style of the Qing Dynasty, it is more mellow.Of course, the calligraphy of "Da Dian" also has strong craftsmanship, which cannot be generalized or too picky.
Yongle Grand Ceremony
From the fragments of Yongle Dadian, you can also see the illustrations. These pictures all use the line drawing technique. They depict the mountains and rivers, famous objects, people, cities, and other forms of lifelike, very delicate, and are the best illustrations in ancient books.
When the Yongle Grand Ceremony was complete, there must be a lot of patterns and types of illustrations. If you compile an illustration collection of Yongle Grand Ceremony separately, it would be a great display of ancient civilization.Academicians in the Qing DynastyJi XiaolanIn his《Jottings from the Thatched Abode of Close Observations》He once said that he compiled《Complete Library of Four Branches of Books》On one occasion, the weapon of the Song Dynasty appeared in the Yongle Ceremony“Divine Arm Bow”I was surprised at the picture.According to the records in the Yongle Ceremony, the "magic arm bow" can stand on the ground, pull the trigger, and the arrow can penetrate the iron armor 300 steps away. The Song army used the "magic arm bow" to deal with the golden soldiers effectively.The Song army has strict military law requirements for the use of this weapon, and must not lose it or be taken by the golden soldiers."Divine Arm Bow"Emperor Shizu of the Yuan DynastyIt was lost at that time.As a result, the "Divine Arm Bow" finally disappeared with the Yongle Ceremony.
layout
One《Encyclopedia Britannica》Its words are arranged in the order of 26 letters in English. In ancient China, how to organize the large-scale Yongle Ceremony into a whole so that people can quickly retrieve the content they want.The compilers of Yongle Dadian solved this problem by adopting the method of "using rhyme to unify words and using words to tie things".In this picture of Yongle Grand Ceremony, "Siji" below the first line at the end of the volume is the order and name of rhymes, and "Ji" in the second line is a rhyme word belonging to Jiyun.Although there are only three words, they are very useful.
When contemporary experts and scholars want to compile an encyclopedia, they often first determine the entries, and then write them one by one according to a large amount of data.Like Encyclopedia Britannica and《Encyclopedia of China 》It's all the same.The compilers of Yongle Dadian also need to determine the entries according to the words in the literature, but they do not write any words. Instead, they transcribe a paragraph of records of this entry in various ancient books, or even the whole book. They also point out what articles, books, and who wrote them, so that people can understand the source for reference.This kind of practice is somewhat similar to what Confucius said "saying without doing".
The general rule of the content recorded in Yongle Dadian is to use one line of large characters and ink to record the words, use double lines of small characters and red ink to record the author and book name, and use ink to record the title and content of the book, just like this picture.
There are also articles under the rhyme words: the selected classics or articles in Yongle Dadian are generally listed under the headings.However, depending on the specific situation, some are also listed below the heading words.For example, under the heading word "Zhao" in the plate, all the records about the section of Duke Lu Zhao in Zuo Zhuan are listed below, and the list is several volumes.
Ancient sounds and ancient words are collected in the book: The Yongle Dadian should first indicate the phonology of the word in the Hongwu Zhengyun, the earliest source and explanation of the word, as well as various styles and variant characters such as seal script, clerical script, line, cursive script and regular script, which are very rich in content.You can see that under the heading word "Ji", there are various ways to write "Ji", which is really like a calligraphy dictionary.
Yongle Dadian was compiled twice before and after. The first compilation started in the first year of Yongle (1403 AD) of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming DynastyJiejin、Hu Guang、Hu Yan、Yang ShiqiThey called 147 people and completed the compilation in the next year.First Name《Literature achievements》Zhu Di, the Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty at that time, was very dissatisfied after reading it and ordered to recompile it.
Circulation
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Original destiny
After the Yongle Grand Ceremony was re recorded in the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, there were few records about the grand ceremony, especially the whereabouts of the original Yongle ceremony.Some people think that the original of the grand ceremony was destroyed by war or fire, and it has already disappeared.How can anyone believe that the ceremony should have been buried and there is hope of reappearing in the world? Otherwise, there will be no news of it all of a sudden.China, famous for its detailed historical records, is really fantastic.What fate has the original suffered?How did it disappear?Today is still a big unsettled case in history.
The Ming Dynasty Palace Fire
according toTalking about moving《National debate》According to the records, the Yongle Grand Ceremony was no longer in the Wanli period, and Tan Qian speculated that it might have been destroyed by the palace fire.[26]
Fang YizhiOn《Elegant》It is said that the Yongle Ceremony was destroyed in the 25th year of Wanli (A.D1597）The palace fire.[27]
Some scholars have suggested that this statement is suspicious.The fire in the Forbidden City in the 25th year of Wanli caused heavy losses, and there are many related records.If the original was burned because of the fire, it would be a major event. Why didn't the official history mention it in a few words?According to the eunuchs who were familiar with court affairs during the Wanli periodLiu RuoyuAuthored《Discretionary chronicle》In the book, he said that he did not know where the original of the "Grand Ceremony" was put, and did not mention that it was destroyed in the palace fire.The great scholar who experienced the fireShen TongyiIn describing the fire, it was also not mentioned that Yongle Dadian was burned.[28]
The theory of destruction at the end of the Ming Dynasty
Yongle Grand Ceremony
According to historical records, Yongle considered publishing the newly compiled Yongle Ceremony in Yongle's reign, but stopped because of the huge labor cost.Thirty years after the Jiajing copy was recorded again, there was Nanjing Guozi offering wineLu KejiaoZeng wrote a proposal to publish a grand ceremony, but it was not adopted for the same reason.MoreTaishilingLi WeizhenCriticism of the "Dadian", which is "tedious but not enough", shows that Yongle Dadian still exists during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty.But in the late Ming Dynasty, scholars talked about harmonyGu YanwuBut he thought that the ceremony was destroyed by fire at the end of Wanli.Eunuchs familiar with the past events of the palace in the late Ming DynastyLiu RuoyuWritten《Discretionary chronicle》He also said, "Where are the two parts of the old Yongle Classic stored today?" There is really no clue.So《General Contents of Siku Quanshu》He made a conclusion, saying that "Ming Zuo was inclined, and Nanjing originally andHuang ShichengThe copies were destroyed at the same time. "It was also said that when Jiajing recorded the copies, he actually copied the first and second copies. After recording the copies, Yongle originally returned them to Nanjing, which was destroyed in the war at the end of the Ming Dynasty.These statements seem to have no clear historical basis.
The fire destroyed in the Qianqing Palace in Jiaqing
During the reign of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, scholarsXu QianxueandGao ShiqiWaiting for someoneHuang ShichengA copy of Yongle Classic was found in, which is incomplete.During Yongzheng's reign, this copy was transported to the Imperial Academy for preservation.scholarQuan ZuwangIt is speculated that the original of Yongle should still be in the Palace of Heavenly Purity, hoping to use the original to supplement the lost copy.Late Qingleading bibliographic scholar who founded several librariesHe also held the same view, and made it clear that the original was burned down in the fire at the Palace of Heavenly Purity during the Jiaqing period.But it was compiled during the reign of Emperor Qianlong《Tianlu Linlang Bibliography》The existence of the original was not recorded.In addition, Emperor Qianlong searched for the missing copy when compiling the Complete Book of Four Treasury, and the officials responsible for compiling the Yongle Grand Ceremony had not seen the original.Therefore, it is doubtful that the original was destroyed by the fire in the Palace of Heavenly Purity.
Theory of martyrdom
In the 1960s, located in BeijingMing TombsOfMing Shenzong（emperor wanli ）Mausoleum ofDingling TombThe door was slowly opened.The excavation of the Dingling Tomb was a major event in the archaeological and historical circles at that time, which was reported by newspapers one after another.However, the excavation of the Dingling Tomb has another unknown background, that isGuo MoruoSome leading historians demonstrated that the original of Yongle Dadian was buried in the Dingling Tomb, and the result was certainly disappointing.
However, the theory of martyrdom in Yongle Dadian has been adopted by many scholarsMing ShizongBy comparing the burial time of the "Yongle Grand Ceremony" with the progress of the transcript of the "Yongle Grand Ceremony", and judging from the sudden disappearance of the original of the "Yongle Grand Ceremony", it is speculated that the original of the "Yongle Grand Ceremony" is most likely buried in the tomb of Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty -YonglingIt's a hit.
scholarLuan GuimingIt is pointed out that Emperor Jiajing died in December 1566 and was buried in Yongling in March 1567.In other words, it is three months before Emperor Jiajing dies and is buried.On April 15, Emperor Longqing, who succeeded to the throne, rewarded the re recording personnel of Yongle Grand Ceremony.When was the re recording completed? History does not know.And that's the puzzle.If modern people want to transport all the Yongle Ceremony, they need to transport 4 trucks.In the Ming Dynasty, they could only be pulled by carriage.Why was Emperor Jiajing buried in Yongling three months after his death?It is a bold inference that during this period, Emperor Longqing was busy putting the original of Yongle Grand Ceremony in Yongling Tomb to fulfill the wishes of Emperor Jiajing. Until Emperor Jiajing was buried in peace, Emperor Longqing had time to deal with the copy of Yongle Grand Ceremony."Even the re recording work may not be completed, but it is deceptively completed, resulting in the congenital lack of copies, which is not impossible.[29]
The theory of martyrdom does not mean that we can still find the intact original of Yongle Dadian, but the fate of this highly valuable and suffering classified book has once again touched people's nerves, and has been widely concerned and reported.The fate of "Yongle Ceremony" has become an inextricable knot in people's hearts, which makes every Chinese people tense their nerves. This mood is like a mother losing her child, hoping that her child can return to her side.
Replica Destiny
The copy spread to the Qing Dynasty and was not valued.During Yongzheng's reign, Dadian was transferred from the Imperial History Archive to the Imperial Academy, and some scholars and editors had the chance to borrow it.Scholars of the Qing Dynasty in the early years of QianlongQuan ZuwangAfter the entrance examination, he was assigned to Shuchang Hall to study. He had the opportunity to see this book and praise it. He copied several kinds of domestic orphan books, such as the Song and Yuan Dynasties Book of Illustrations, and wrote a copy of the Yongle Canon to record it in detail.Compiled by the Qing government in the 38th year of Qianlong (1773 AD)《Complete Library of Four Branches of Books》At that time, more than 2000 volumes of "Dadian" had been lost, but more than 500 kinds of lost books were still collected from them, which can be seen from its great value in preserving literature materials.
After Daoguang, the Qing Dynasty was in decline, officials took the opportunity to steal, and the "Da Dian" was gradually lost and damaged.However, the greatest misfortune of Yongle Ceremony is still after that.In the tenth year of Xianfeng (AD 1860), the British French Allied Forces and the twenty sixth year of Guangxu (AD 1900), the Eight Power Allied Forces invaded Beijing twice. The invaders burned and looted extensively, and many valuable cultural relics were lost. The Yongle Grand Ceremony was also destroyed, partly burned, and partly looted. There was little left, which is sad to say.The remaining 400 copies were collected by 30 institutions in 8 countries and regions.Even so, Yongle Dadian, a wonderful book, is still favored by scholars for its great value of materials and cultural relics.
Look for the lost ceremony
"The grand ceremony still looks at the legend of Yongle, but it is hard to find it in the collection. In addition, the Buddhism is not refined enough, and the vicissitudes of life have been read for a long time." This seven character quatrain was written by Emperor Qianlong and praised in the poemEmperor Yongle The great effort in compiling Yongle Dadian criticized the collection of Buddhist and Taoist classics in Yongle Dadian, and sighed that the Dadian, which has experienced many vicissitudes, has not been passed down completely.In just four sentences, the Emperor Qianlong's understanding of the Yongle Ceremony was made clear.The excavation and utilization of Yongle Dadian in the Qianlong Dynasty can be seen from these four sentences.
After the war in the Ming Dynasty, the copy of Yongle Dadian has been lost.Found the grand ceremony in Imperial History ArchiveXu GanxueIt was said that the grand ceremony "lost something during the reform".However, when the library of Siku Quanshu was opened in the 37th year of Qianlong's reign (1772 AD), the missing of Yongle Dadian was still foundqianlong emperor Attention.At that time, an inventory was carried out to collect lost classics from the Grand Canon, and it was found that 2422 volumes of the Grand Canon were missing.The Emperor Qianlong sighed deeply and ordered to search for the lost "Grand Ceremony" all over the country, especially in the Shujiafang Forest.Some people speculate that Xu GanxueGao Shiqi、Wang HongxuPeople who often use this book may take some of them back to their hometown in Zhejiang.Emperor Qianlong gave LiangjianggovernorGaojinZhejiangGovernorSanbaoA secret order was issued to ask them to go to Xu's and senior people's houses to announce that the grand ceremony was an official property. Even if it was taken home, it was not intended to be collected. As long as it was handed over, it would not be investigated.However, the descendants of Xu and Gao insisted that they had never seen the grand ceremony, and finally had to return without success.Then something interesting happened.Huang Shouling, the compiler of the Siku Quanshu Library, took the six volumes of the grand ceremony home to read and was stolen.After the incident, Emperor Qianlong was very angry at the news and ordered to arrest and retrieve the ceremony.At last, the robber was afraid, and put the ceremony beside the Yuhe Bridge at night, and was eventually recovered.Huang Shouling was also punished for 3 years of salary.
Theft of officials in the Qing Dynasty
In the 38th year of Qianlong's reign (1773), Siku Quanshuguan set up "the office for collating the scattered articles of Yongle Dadian" to collate the ancient books in Yongle Dadian, and obtained classics, history, childrencollectionThere are 385 kinds and 4946 volumes of four books.Although great achievements have been made, many ancient books have not been compiled.After the event, the officials thought that "the essence has been exhausted, and the dross can be donated", which ended hastily.After Daoguang, Yongle Dadian was abandoned in the Imperial Academy, and no one intervened.Some officials took the opportunity to steal.According to the late Qing Dynastyleading bibliographic scholar who founded several librariesAccording to the records of the Imperial Academy, when the officials entered the Imperial Academy in the morning, they carried a cotton padded robe with them, which was packed on their shoulders;When I left the Imperial Academy in the afternoon, I put my cotton padded robe on my body and came out with a copy of "Yongle Ceremony". The guards were unaware.Scholars like Wenting also stole Yongle Grand Ceremony by this means, with the number reaching more than 100 volumes.After Yongle Grand Ceremony left the palace, some were bought by foreigners at a high price, which further aggravated its dispersion.When the Imperial Academy Yamen was rebuilt in the first year of Guangxu's reign, the Yongle Ceremony was counted, and there were only more than 5000 volumes left.After 20 years of counting, only 800 copies were kept.A big book was almost stolen.
Destruction by foreign invaders
In June 1900, the final disaster of the copy of Yongle Ceremony came when the Eight Power Allied Forces attacked Beijing and clashed with the Boxer Rebellion that besieged the British Embassy.Adjacent to the British EmbassyImperial AcademyAnd become a battlefield in the conflict.According to《Encirclement of the Gengzi Embassy》It is recorded that someone threw a torch into the Imperial Academy during the conflict,Imperial AcademySuddenly, there was a big fire, and the endless collection of books was in line.Jingyi Pavilion, which stored Yongle Ceremony, was also burned down."The Longshichi and the wells are littered with letters and abandoned by people. There are magnificent books on silk, which are all hand ordered; and there are words written by people who are good at writing, which are all moved at will." Most of the Yongle Grand Ceremony was burned in this disaster, and some of the rest were repaired, and some were put in mangers.Liu Keyi of the Translation Institute alone picked up dozens of copies of Yongle Ceremony under the manger of foreigners.The copies of Yongle Grand Ceremony were destroyed.[25]
Transcript auction
On July 7, 2020, the surging news learned that two volumes of four volumes of the manuscript of the Ming Dynasty's precious ancient book "Yongle Grand Ceremony" were auctioned in Paris, France, at a price of 6.4 million euros, plus commissions, and sold for more than 8.12 million euros. The buyer was a Chinese woman.According to the auction company, these two volumes came from French private collectors, whose family members were sent to China in the second half of the 19th century to serve as colonels. In the 1870s, they had a deep friendship with some officials in China and received many gifts, including the two volumes of Yongle Ceremony.The newly discovered two volumes of Yongle Dadian are two thousand two hundred sixty-eight and two thousand two hundred sixty-nine (22682269) "model" rhyme and "lake" character volumes respectively;Volume 73917392 "Yang" rhyme "Funeral" words book.
The news that the newly discovered two volumes of "Yongle Grand Ceremony" ended in France has aroused the attention of the domestic ancient book circle, and its rarity can also be seen."The screen is full of expectation. Congratulations on the owner of the flower.".An insider who has been engaged in ancient book auction for many years said.
According to the latest statistics, there are 418 volumes, more than 800 volumes and some zero pages of Yongle Dadian known to exist at home and abroad, which are scattered in the hands of more than 30 public and private collectors in 8 countries and regions around the world.The National Library of China has successively collected 224 volumes of Yongle Grand Ceremony.At present, Europe has collected 59 volumes of the Yongle Ceremony, including 51 volumes in Britain, 5 volumes in Germany and 3 volumes in Ireland.The last time Yongle Grand Ceremony was discovered was in August 2014, six years ago, a new volume of Yongle Grand Ceremony was found in the Huntington Library in Los Angeles, with the volume numbers of 10270 and 10271.[18]
Historical influence
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Yongle Ceremonybooks are numerousThere are many people participating in the compilation, so there are different styles and mistakes, but this does not affect its great value.Yongle Dadian is the most famous ancient book in China and the largest encyclopedia in the world so far.Its scale is far more than that of the previous generationCategory book, known as the book of thousands of books, has left many rich stories and puzzles for future generations.It was compiled in the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, preserving Chinese historical geography, literature and art, philosophy and religion, and encyclopedia documents before the 14th century.There are 22877 volumes in total, which are packaged into 11095 volumes, and the whole book is about 370 million words.[19]
It preserves the history and geography of China before the 14th centuryLiterature and Art, philosophy, religion and other encyclopedic documents, and FranceDiderotThe encyclopedia compiled is 300 years earlier than the British EncyclopediaWorld Cultural HeritageTreasures of.According to rough statistics, there are as many as 7000 or 8000 kinds of ancient books and records collected and preserved in Yongle Dadian, the number of which is that of the previous generation《Gathering of arts and culture》、《Taiping Imperial Survey》、《Cefu Yuangui》Five or six times as many books.
The greatest contribution of Yongle Dadian lies in the preservation of a large number of documents of various disciplines before the early Ming Dynasty.In this respect, some scholars in the Qing Dynasty made some achievements in compiling the lost works of Yongle Dadian.In the reign of Qianlong《Complete Library of Four Branches of Books》During the museum, Anhui learned politicsZhu JunPlease read the "Yongle Grand Ceremony" and select a book that is not common among peopleQing GaozongIn the 38th year of Qianlong's reign (1773 AD), the Siku Quanshu Museum and the "Office for Collating the Essays of Yongle Dadian" were set up. There were 39 participants, including famous scholarsDai Zhen、Shao Jinhan、Zhou YongnianEtc.By the 46th year of Qianlong's reign (A.D. 1781), there were 66 kinds of classics, 41 kinds of history departments, 103 kinds of sub departments, 175 kinds of centralized departments, totaling 385 kinds and 4946 volumes.Important documents, such as the Western Jin DynastyDu YuOf《Explanation of Spring and Autumn Period》, TangLin BaoOf《Yuanhe surname compilation》, Northern Song DynastyXue JuzhengOf《History of the Old Five Dynasties》, Southern Song DynastyLi XinchuanOf《Annual records since Jianyan》；Famous medical works of the Song Dynasty《Su Shen Liangfang》《Boji Fang》The "Typhoid Microcosm" and so on are long lost secret books, which have to be preserved only by the "Yongle Grand Ceremony".
Most of the books in Yongle Dadian were written in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and were edited in the Ming Dynasty《Bibliography of Wenyuan Pavilion》At that time, these works were already three or four out of ten.In the Qing Dynasty, only one or two of the ten were still popular.In addition, in addition to the more formal Confucian classics, historical and biographical books, and collections of works of previous dynasties, the Yongle Dadian also includes a large number of Fang Yugazetteer, novels and operas, medical techniques, Taoist and Buddhist classics, etc., so scholars of all dynasties regarded Yongle Dadian as a source of lost books. They combed and sorted out the ancient books scattered in various volumes, so that many lost books could reappear in the world.
historical value
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There are abundant historical materials about Song and Yuan Dynasties in Yongle Grand CeremonyComplete Library of Four Branches of BooksDuring the museum, Zhu Jun, Anhui Xuezheng, invited "to review the Yongle Grand Ceremony, select books that are not common among people, and compile them", which was approved by the Emperor Qianlong, and set up a special "Office for Collating the Essays of Yongle Grand Ceremony". At the beginning, there were 30 people, and then nine more. Famous scholars Dai Zhen, Shao Jinhan, Zhou Yongnian, etc. took part in the work.By the 46th year of Qianlong's reign (1781), a total of 385 kinds and 4946 volumes of books had been compiled: 66 kinds of classics, 41 kinds of history, 103 kinds of sub parts, 175 kinds of centralized departments.From 4620 to 14629, there was a book called "The Regulations of the Ministry of Officials", which was a collection of files about the system of official recruitment and performance appraisal in the Song Dynasty. It was recorded that up to the time of Emperor Lizong in the Southern Song Dynasty, the gap between the "Song Huiyao" and the Ningzong Dynasty could be filled.In the past, Luo Zhenyu had only photocopied the "Li Bu Tiao Fa" in the second volume of Yongle Da Dian collected by the Japanese, which has been regarded as a treasure script. Now he can supplement seven volumes according to Yongle Da Dian, which will be more conducive to our research on the official system of the Song Dynasty.The Great Classic of the Yuan Dynasty, which can be called the great classic of the generation, can also be used as evidence for those who study the rules and regulations of the Yuan Dynasty, although there are only fragments in the Great Classic.Another great book of the Yuan Dynasty, "The Unified Annals of the Yuan Dynasty", with nearly 800 volumes of the original book, records the geographical division and evolution of the Yuan Dynasty, as well as the mountains, rivers, canals, natural products, tribute and ancient relics, which are also important documents for studying the history of the Yuan Dynasty.Yongle Dadian, as the largest and most mature category book in ancient China, has a value far beyond the above mentioned points.Even the extant fragments are rich treasures of ancient Chinese literature, medicine, language, geography, etc.[20]
Historical evaluation
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Qing peopleFashishanComment: "If you want to test the system of Song and Yuan dynasties, there are endless articles."[20]
QianlongIn 1772 (the 38th year of the reign of Emperor Yongle), he repaired the Complete Book of Four Treasury and found that 2422 volumes of Yongle Grand Ceremony were missing, and more than 1000 volumes were lost.
In the 39th year of Qianlong's reign (1774), Huang Shouling, the compiler of Siku Quanshu, took six volumes of Yongle Grand Ceremony home without permission, and they were stolen on the way.Emperor Qianlong accused: "The Yongle Grand Ceremony is an unprecedented book in the world. It should not have been taken out by the compiler." He ordered a strict investigation and the whole city was under martial law.Before long, six books were found by the Yuhe Bridge and recovered.
Twenty years of Guangxu (1894):Weng TongheenterImperial AcademyAfter checking, there are only 800 copies left.
Twenty sixth year of Guangxu (1900):BoxersThe foreign embassy in Dongjiaominxiang was besieged. On June 23, the Imperial Academy located in the north of the British Embassy was set on fire, and almost all of the Yongle Grand Ceremony was burned down, leaving little left.There are only 64 volumes of quilts in the Imperial AcademyLu RunxiangIt is transported back to the mansion.(It is said that Yongle Ceremony isEight-Nation AllianceBurned down, but the Eight Power Allied Forces had just landedDagu, has not entered Beijing yet)
On June 11, the 27th year of Guangxu's reign (1901), the British Embassy handed back 330 volumes of the ceremony.
In 1912, the government of the Republic of China was established, and the State Council approved to send the remnants of the Grand Ceremony stored in the Imperial Academy to the Ministry of Education, and 60 volumes were placed inCapital Library 4 volumes will be displayed in the library of the Ministry of Education.
In 1920,Ye GongchuoI went to Europe to investigate the industry, and accidentally found and bought back the copy of "Grand Ceremony" volume 13991 in a small antique shop in London.
In 1934, the collection of Yongle Grand Ceremony reached 93 volumes.
1951: Soviet UnionLeningrad UniversityReturn 11 volumes of Yongle Ceremony to China.Shanghai Commercial PressThe Board of Directors has transferred the original possession of the Commercial PressOriental LibraryTwenty one copies of the book were donated.Gu Zigang donated three volumes to the Northern WarlordXu ShichangAll,Zhou Shutao, Zhao Yuanfang, Zhang Jixiang, Zheng Guangquan, Wang Fujin, Chen Liaeru, Zhao Yulin and others donated one volume respectively.
1954:Soviet National Lenin Library52 volumes of Yongle Grand Ceremony collected by the Manchurian Railway Library in Japan.
1955: GermanyUniversity of LeipzigThe library returned 3 volumes to China.The Soviet Academy of Sciences donated one volume through the Library of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
1959: Collect 215 original copies of Yongle Grand Ceremony, plus copiesMicrofilmA total of 730 volumes, accounting for about 3% of the total volume of the book.
In 1965,Zhao WanliDonate 2 volumes of Yongle Ceremony.
1983: The National Library of China collected one volume from Shandong.
Latest news
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On the afternoon of February 8, 2023, the "Yongle Grand Ceremony HD Image Database (Volume I)" was officially released in the National Library. The conference was co sponsored by the National Library (National Center for the Protection of Ancient Books) and Peking University, and co sponsored by the National Library Press and Beijing Byte Beat Public Welfare Foundation.[23]
