synonymrice(Gramineae Gramineae Oryza) Generally refers to rice (Gramineae Oryza)
Rice（Oryza sativaL.），Known as rice, it is an annual aquatic herb of Gramineae(AlreadyPerennial riceVariety)。The stem is upright, 0.5-1.5m high, which varies with varieties.The leaf sheath is glabrous and loose;Ligule lanceolate;Leaf blade linear lanceolate, about 1 cm wide, glabrous, coarse.Panicles are large and sparsely spread, with rough edges;Spikelets contain 1 mature flower;The glume is very small, leaving only half moon shaped traces at the apex of spikelet stalk, which is conical and spiny;The lemma of the pregnant flowers on both sides is thick, with 5 veins, and the midvein is ridged. There are grid like small milky protuberances on the surface, thick paper, covered with fine hairs, with dense hairs, awned or awnless;Palea is homogenous with lemma, 3-veined, apex pointed and beakless;Stamen anthers 2-3 mm long.Caryopsis is about 5 mm long and 2 mm wide;The embryo ratio is about 1/4 of the caryopsis length.
China is one of the origins of rice.In southern China, paddy fields are the main farmland and rice is the main grain crop.Rice is an important grain widely planted in the tropics of Asia. South China is the main rice producing area, and northern provinces also have rice planting.The subspecies are mainly divided into 2 subspecies,Indica riceAndJaponica rice。There are many cultivated varieties under subspecies.It is used as medicine with mature caryopsis.It tastes sweet and warm.It can digest food in harmony, strengthen the spleen and appetizer.[1][15-16]
Rice is important to human beingsgrain cropsFirst, the history of farming and eating is quite long.Half of the world's population eats rice, mainly in Asia, southern Europe, tropical America and parts of Africa.The total output of rice occupies the third place in the world's grain crop output, lower than that of corn andWheatHowever, it can maintain a larger population, so the United Nations has designated 2004 as the International Year of Rice.
China is one of the origins of rice.In southern China, paddy fields are the main farmland and rice is the main grain crop.6000 years ago, the Hemudu people domesticated rice, adding human factors to the simple relationship between plants and land.2000 years ago, rice spread to Japan.Later, rice spread westward to Iran, Greece and Africa, then to Spain, and then to Italy, France, Germany and Britain.After the discovery of the New World, rice entered America again.[15-16]
rice
Shangshan Site Carbonized Rice
China is the world's largestRice cultivationThe country with the longest history, according to ZhejiangYuyaoThe excavation of Hemudu proves that rice was planted here as early as six or seven thousand years ago.Since the beginning of the 21st century, the latest series of archaeological discoveries have consolidated this conclusion.In 2006, charred rice was unearthed from the Shangshan Site in Pujiang, Zhejiang Province, about 11000-8500 years ago.According to the analysis and research of experts, this carbonized rice belongs to the primitive cultivated rice in the primary stage of domestication, and it is the earliest rice found in the archaeological sites with clear layers through the systematic flotation method.At the same time, abundant carbonized rice of Shangshan culture was found in Yiwu Qiaotou site, Xianju Xiatang site and Yongkang Huxi site, which indicates that rice consumption is more common in the middle and late period of Shangshan culture.The Shangshan site found a relatively complete evidence chain including rice harvesting, processing and eating, which is the earliest known agricultural remains of rice farming in the world.These discoveries date the history of rice cultivation back to 10000 years ago.[18]
The ancient Chinese book "History of the Song Dynasty • Records of Food and Goods" once recorded that "an envoy was sent to Fujian to take 30000 dendrobium of Zhancheng rice and distribute them to three routes for planting. Those who choose the high elevation of the people's fields will plant them and cover the upland rice... Rice is longer than the Chinese ears without awn, and its grain difference is small, and it grows without choosing the place." However, there is still controversy, because scholars suspect that Zhancheng rice may be dry planting rice in terms of regional climate,Rather than the earliest upland rice.
In 2022,Chinese scientists found the key genes SD6 and I regulating rice seed dormancyCE2。[11]
In December 2022, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs announced that 1384 new varieties of rice, corn, cotton and soybean had been approved by the Fourth National Crop Variety Approval Committee.Among them, 281 rice varieties reached the national standard level 2 or above, accounting for more than 60% for the first time.[12]
In April 2023, China's breeding joint research team for wheat, corn and soybeans launched the implementation of the substantive derived variety (EDV) system pilot, promoting the original innovation of breeding and solving the problem of seed homogeneity from the source.[14]
morphological character
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rice
Annual aquatic herb.The stem is upright, 0.5-1.5m high, which varies with varieties.The leaf sheath is loose and glabrous;The ligule is lanceolate, 10-25 cm long, and the base on both sides extends downward into the edge of the leaf sheath, with 2 sickle shaped ear holding the stem;Leaf blade linear lanceolate, about 40 cm long, about 1 cm wide, glabrous, rough.
PanicleLarge and sparsely spread, about 30 cm long, with many branches, rough edges, drooping downward at maturity;Spikelets contain 1 mature flower, both sides are very compressed, oblong ovoid to oval, about 10 mm long, 2-4 mm wide;Glumes are very small, leaving only half moon shaped traces at the tip of spikelet stalk, 2 degenerated lemmas, conical spinose, 2-4 mm long;The lemma of the pregnant flowers on both sides is thick, with 5 veins, and the midvein is ridged. The surface has grid like small milky protuberances, thick paper, covered with fine hairs, with dense hairs, awned or awnless;Palea is homogenous with lemma, 3-veined, apex pointed and beakless;6 stamens, anthers 2-3 mm long.
CaryopsisIt is about 5mm long, 2mm wide and 1-1.5mm thick;The embryo ratio is small, about 1/4 of the caryopsis length.[2]
The plant is higher, the texture is softer, and the tillers are loose;The leaves are pale green, longer, with a larger angle to the stem, and fluffy.The main axis of the panicle is short, the spikelet is 8.3 mm × 3.3 mm long, the awn is short, the lemma hair is sparse and short, and the grain is slender with less dextrin.The mature caryopsis is less and the spike is light.Chromosome x=12, two pairs of chromosomes have a satellite.It is an ecotype with heat resistance and short day.
It is grown in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Hainan, Fujian and lower altitude areas south of Qinling Mountains in China, with heat resistance and light intensity habits;The upper limit of subspecies distribution of indica rice is 1800 meters above sea level.[3]
Compared with indica rice, the tillers are erect and the leaves are dark and hairless.The plant is short, hard, leaves are short, the angle between them and stems is small, the main axis of the inflorescence is long, the number of spikelets is increased, dense, the spike weight, the lemma hair is long and dense, and the grains are oval, short and wide.
It is mainly produced in the Yellow River basin, north and northeast of China;In the south, it is distributed at an altitude of more than 1800 meters and is relatively cold resistant. It is a subspecies developed for mid latitude and higher altitude areas.[4]
Growth environment
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Growth environment
Rice likes high temperature, much humidity and short sunshine, so it doesn't have strict requirements on soil,paddy soilbest.[5]
Distribution range
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An important grain widely cultivated in tropical Asia.In southern China, paddy fields are the main farmland, and rice is the main grain crop;The farmland in northern China is mainly dry land, and the grain crops are mainly wheat.The northern region of China north of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains belongs to temperate monsoon climate, with low heat and less precipitation. It is mainly planted with dry land crops, mainly wheat.The southern part of China is the main rice producing area, and the northern provinces also have rice planting.[2][16]
Reproductive methods
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Sun seed
Sun seed
The first step of accelerating germination is to sun the seeds. Select a sunny day to sun the rice seeds for one or two days. But it should be noted that the seeds should not be directly placed on the cement ground, which will directly sun the seeds to death. It is better to prepare a tarpaulin, spread the seeds evenly on it, and rotate the seeds to ensure even sun exposure.Drying seeds can increase the water and light permeability of seeds, as well as sterilization.After drying seeds, place them in a dry and cool place for standby.[6]
seed selection
After seed drying, seed selection is started. Seed selection is mainly to select high-quality seeds and remove low-quality seeds, so that seedlings can grow healthily and orderly after sowing.The seeds can be selected with clear water. First, the seeds will be soaked in water. After the seeds absorb water, they will sink, while the empty shell seeds will float. In this way, high-quality seeds with full particles can be selected to improve the germination rate.[6]
Seed soaking
Seed soaking
There are many methods of seed soaking, such as daily soaking and night dew, intermittent soaking, and drug soaking. When soaking seeds, soak them in warm water for 24-48 hours. If the soaking time exceeds 48 hours, it is not good for germination.The specific time is subject to the variety and water temperature. Generally, the seeds are exposed. It should be noted that the drug seed soaking method is better than the general method, but attention should be paid to the concentration of the agent and the water temperature. In addition, the water should be changed frequently or soaked in live water. After the seed soaking, the germination can be accelerated.[6]
germination
germination
The seeds should not be placed in woven bags or exposed to the sun during germination. Double layer sacks can be selected. The sacks should preferably be sterilized to ensure safety during germination. The sacks should be soaked.Then lay a layer of clean straw on the floor of the greenhouse environment, lay the soaked sacks, evenly spread the seeds on them, and then cover them with another sack.Or you can use a breathable sack to directly load the seeds into it, and keep the temperature between 35-38. When the temperature is high, you need to turn it over for heat dissipation, while when the temperature is low, you need to find ways to increase the temperature.After one to two days, when the seeds can be exposed, the germination is successful and seeding can be carried out.[6]
sow
one
Selection of seedling field: The seedling field requires fertile soil, convenient irrigation and drainage, and no salt and alkali. We must resolutely overcome the habit of using ditches, riversides, roadsides, and places with poor fertility as seedling fields.
two
Fertilization in seedling field: the fertility of seedling field is the key to cultivate strong seedlings.Five to seven square meters of farmyard manure shall be applied to the seedling field, and 50 kilograms of decomposed cake fertilizer shall be ploughed.3-5 days before sowing, 15-20 kg of monoammonium or diammonium, 30-40 kg of ammonium sulfate, 15-20 kg of potassium sulfate and 2 kg of zinc sulfate shall be applied to the net seedling bed.You can also sprinkle 30-40kg Wojing, Woli or Qiangwang rice seedling formula fertilizer on the head of the field, and then rake it carefully to make the soil and fertilizer mix evenly, and arrange it for sowing.
three
Sowing time and amount: sowing early or late is not good for cultivating strong seedlings. Sowing early, aging seedlings, lack of tillers, slow tillering after planting, and less tillering.Sowing too late, the seedlings are tender and weak, and they turn green slowly after planting. According to the existing varieties in our county, wheat stubble rice is better sown from May 5 to 10, and the seedling age is 35-40 days.The area of seedling field is calculated as 45 square meters of net seedbed for each mu of field planted, and 2.5 kilograms of high-quality rice seeds are required.The seeding amount per mu of seedling field is about 35 kg, and the seeding date is slightly later, and the seeding amount is slightly increased.
four
Sowing method: soak the bed surface with water 1-2 days before sowing, and prepare the ground carefully to achieve mud rotting and flat surface.When the water in the seedling bed seeps down and there is no mud, fine sowing will be carried out. When sowing, half of the seeds will be buried in the mud. No seeds can be scattered without seeing the seeds, so as to prevent uneven sowing depth and emergence. After sowing, tap with a shovel to make the seeds level with the mud.When the muck to be covered cannot be wet, it shall be covered with 1:2 sieved and decomposed muck with a thickness of 0.7-1 cm.This is critical.It is strictly forbidden to sow with mud, and the mud is covered with muck.The dung on the bed cover is dry and has good air permeability, which is very important for promoting the rooting of seeds.If the air permeability is poor, the roots are few, the seedlings are weak, and the tillers are few, at the same time, it can also play a role in preserving the moisture and increasing the temperature, controlling the rise of groundwater, inhibiting the rise of salinity, promoting the root to root down, and achieving the goal of more roots and seedlings.
five
Watering and top dressing: before the three leaf period, dry growth is the main trend. After the three leaf period, if nutrition is poor, it is easy to induce damping off.At the stage of two leaves and one heart, apply weaning fertilizer, 45% formula fertilizer or 3-5 kg urea per mu, and water small water once;When three leaves and one heart are used, tillering promoting fertilizer shall be applied, 10 kg urea or 12-15 kg formula fertilizer shall be applied per mu, and small water shall be poured once to promote tillering of seedlings.In the future, as long as the bed surface does not return alkali or the seedling leaves do not roll, the number of watering times should be reduced as far as possible to make the seedlings grow dry, promote root development and improve the quality of seedlings.For the alkali returned seedbeds, the growth of seedlings will be seriously affected. The beds shall be washed with water, and the alkali shall be poured with water. In the morning, the water shall be fully poured, and in the afternoon, the water shall be drained. After the alkali is washed, the water shall be poured for top dressing.Pay attention to the weather forecast at ordinary times. In case of strong wind and cooling weather, pay attention to watering to prevent low temperature damage.The seedlings shall be trained without water for 35-40 days, so as to make the tissues of the seedlings old and healthy, the leaves upward, and improve the resistance to stress.
six
Chemical control fertilizer spraying: chemical control can achieve the goal of strong seedlings, more tillers and more roots.At the stage of two leaves and one heart of rice, 120 grams of 15% paclobutrazol were sprayed with water per mu.The spraying shall be even, and the missed spraying and re spraying shall not be allowed to make the seedlings grow uniformly.A week before rice transplanting, 5 grams of rooting agent can be added to 15 kilograms of water to spray on the leaf surface to promote the seedlings to grow out of the root primordium. After transplanting, the seedlings will grow and elongate rapidly.For the seedbeds with poor growth potential, Gaitianli solution or Qiangwang amino acid phosphorus potassium treasure 300 times aqueous solution can be sprayed on the leaves for 2-3 times to make the seedlings recover quickly.The physiological yellow leaf disease albinism can be controlled by spraying 300 times of Prodo solution or 300 times of yellow seedling quick green solution.It can also be sprayed with 0.3% ferrous sulfate aqueous solution, but the effect is not as good as the former.[7]
cultivation techniques
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In addition to traditional manual farming, rice farming is also highly mechanized.However, the following steps are still required:
one
soil preparation:Before planting rice, the soil in the paddy field must be turned over to make it soft. This process is divided into three periods: coarse tillage, fine tillage and leveling.In the past, animal power and plow tools were used, mainly buffalo, for land preparation and ploughing, but machines were used more often.
two
Transplanting:Carefully insert the seedlings into the paddy field in an orderly manner.The traditional transplanting method will use the rice rope, rice logo or rice transplanting wheel to mark the rice field.When transplanting seedlings by hand, they will wear them on the thumb of the left handDividing seedlingsIt helps farmers to separate the seedlings and insert them into the soil.The climate for transplanting seedlings is very important. If it rains heavily, the seedlings will be damaged.In modern times, there are many transplanters for transplanting rice, but in rice fields with undulating land and not square shape, manual transplanting is still required.The seedlings generally tend to be north-south.There is also more convenient seedling throwing.
three
apply fertilizer:The time when the seedlings are pulled up and grow the first rice stem is called the tillering period. During this period, fertilization is often required to make the seedlings grow healthily and promote the plumpness and quantity of rice in the future.
four
Irrigation and drainage:Rice depends on this procedure. For upland rice, the process of irrigation and drainage is different. However, it is generally necessary to strengthen water irrigation after transplanting, during the formation of young ears, and during the heading and flowering period.
five
Harvest:When the ears of rice hang down and are golden and full, the harvest can begin. In the past, farmers used to useSickleCut, tie up, and separate the rice ears with a thresher. In modern times, there are harvesters, which directly separate the rice ears from the rice stems after the rice ears are drawn in. Each grain of rice becomes rice.
six
Drying and deletion:The harvested rice needs to be dried, and the sun dried rice needs to be turned all the time to dry it.To delete and select is to delete impurities such as shriveled grain, use an electric grain separator, windmill or shake the grain manually, and use the wind force to automatically screen out full and heavy rice.
Disease and insect control
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rice blast
rice blast
Rice blast, also known as rice fever, can be divided into seedling blast, leaf blast, ear neck blast, branch blast, grain blast, etc.
Seedling blast: the base is gray black, the upper part turns brown, and curls to death. When the humidity is high, the diseased part produces a large number of gray black mold layers, and leaf blast can occur throughout the growth period.The damage was heavy from tillering to jointing.
Knot blast: brown spots appear on the rice node and gradually expand around the node, making the diseased part black and easy to break.It occurs early and forms withered spikes.It occurs only on one side and causes the stem to bend.
Ear neck blast: brown spots are formed at the beginning, which will brown the ear neck after spreading, and also cause withered and white ears.Late onset causes blighted grain.The damaged branches or cobs cause the spikelets to be not solid.
Grain blast: produces brown oval or irregular spots, which can darken the rice.Some glumes have no symptoms, and the protective glumes are damaged and turn brown, causing the seeds to carry bacteria.
Control methods: select disease resistant varieties;Reasonable fertilization, increasing organic fertilizer, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer;Scientific irrigation and drainage;2-3 days before the break, use 40% Fuji No.1 emulsifiable concentrates 75-100ml or 20% tricyclazole wettable powder 100g per mu to mix 20g of seedling alginate iodine, add 50-75kg of water to spray, and spray again 7-10 days.[8]
Rice bacterial leaf blight
Rice bacterial leaf blight
Symptoms: mainly on leaves and leaf sheaths.At the initial stage, small translucent yellow spots appeared on the leaf margin, and then developed into wavy yellow green or grayish green spots along one or both sides of the leaf vein or along the midvein;The boundary between the diseased part and the healthy part is obvious;After a few days, the disease spot turns gray and curls inward.When the air is humid, wet and turbid drops of water or honey yellow fungal gum are secreted on the leaf edge of the fresh disease spot, which will form hard particles after drying and easily fall off.
Control methods: select disease resistant varieties;Immerse the seeds with 50 times solution of 1% mesobiotin for 24 hours for disinfection;Cultivate disease-free strong seedlings;7-10 days before transplanting, spray 20% Yakuningke wet powder with 500 times liquid mixed with Saisheng alginate iodine per mu.The flooded rice fields after heavy rain shall be protected by spraying the seedlings with alginate iodine in time.[8]
Rice sheath blight
Rice sheath blight
Symptoms: The leaf sheath produces dark green watery edge fuzzy spots, which gradually expand into oval or moire shaped spots. When the disease is serious, several disease spots fuse to form large disease spots, which are irregular moire spots, often causing yellow and withered leaves;When the leaves get sick quickly, the disease spots are dirty green, and the leaves decay quickly.The damaged stalks often fail to ear, and a layer of white powdery mildew is formed on the disease spots under high temperature conditions.
Prevention and control methods: beat waterlogging sclerotia to reduce the source of bacteria;Do not apply nitrogen fertilizer on a partial basis, and increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer;Reasonable close planting, reasonable irrigation, frequent shallow water irrigation, moderate sun drying, and reducing field humidity;Spray 30% Shihejing WP 800-1 000 fold solution mixed with Saisheng alginate iodine for 3-4 times before sealing to maturity.[8]
Rice leaf spot
Rice leaf spot
Symptoms: the seeds are damaged in the bud stage, the sheath turns brown, the buds are not pulled out, and the cotyledons die.The disease spots of leaves and leaf sheaths at seedling stage spread into strips when they came on, and the seedlings withered when there were many disease spots.The infected edge of adult leaves is brown, and in serious cases, it forms irregular large spots.The diseased leaves are dry and damp brown from the tip to the inside, and black mildew is produced on the dead seedlings.The leaf sheath is infected with water stains, and then becomes a large irregular gray brown spot in the center.The affected part of ear neck and branches is dark brown, causing ear withering.The infected grains are gray and black and spread to the whole grains, causing blight.When the climate is humid, the disease develops a black velvety layer.
Prevention and control methods: good seed disinfection, increase the application of Chongzhidao soil ratio, and avoid biased application of nitrogen fertilizer;20% Jinggangmycin wettable powder 1000 times liquid mixed with Huaguo Shiguo can be sprayed with multiple elements.[8]
Rice stripe disease
Rice stripe disease
Symptoms: At the early stage of rice growth, the rice heart leaves and the first leaf under the heart leaves appear chlorotic yellow stripes, and then gradually expand to irregular long yellow stripes. The heart leaves twist or wither, forming a "false withered heart", and finally the whole plant withers;At the later stage of rice growth, the flag leaf and flag leaf sheath fade into yellow or yellow white, and the diseased ear is often tightly wrapped in the leaf sheath, which is not easy to be drawn out. It becomes a withered booting ear, making the rice unable to bear fruit normally, which has a great impact on the rice yield
Control methods: ploughing and planting to reduce the overwintering number of gray planthoppers;Weeds shall be removed from roadside and ditch field;Selecting disease resistant varieties;Increase the application of defuel drip irrigation and flush fertilization to avoid biased application of nitrogen fertilizer;At the seedling stage and early stage of Honda, 50 kg of 1000 times liquid of 50% sumicarb or 2 kg of 2% leafhopper powder were sprayed with water per mu.[8]
Bacterial leaf streak of rice
Bacterial leaf streak of rice
Symptoms: It mainly damages the leaves and sometimes the leaf sheaths.The disease spot occurs between the leaf veins. At first, it is dark green water stains like small spots. After expansion, it is restricted by the leaf veins, forming dark green spots. It is transparent to light, about 10 mm long and 1 mm wide. The surface of the disease spot often secretes many yellow fungal pus, and after drying, it presents yellow gummy particles.
Prevention and control methods: improved seed disinfection;50% mancozonium 500-600 times solution mixed with flower and fruit doctor fruit can multi element spray, spray at the heading stage, and then spray again 7 days later.[8]
Rice bakanae
Rice bakanae
Symptoms: The disease can occur from seedling stage to heading stage. The diseased seedlings are yellowish green in color, growing higher and thinner than the healthy seedlings. The leaves are narrow and long, and the roots are poorly developed.
Pathogenesis characteristics: The pathogen overwinters on the diseased rice straw or the seed itself carries bacteria, becoming the primary source of infection. The pathogen infiltrates into the stem base of seedlings from the wound and spreads through irrigation water and rain water.
Prevention and control methods: 1. Select disease-free varieties to avoid seed retention in diseased fields and nearby fields;2. The seeds can be disinfected with carbendazim, carbendazim, and strong chlorphenazine. The key is disinfection;3. Remove the diseased plant immediately.[8]
rice false smut
rice false smut
It harms individual grains, forming mycelium in the grains at the beginning, gradually increasing, opening the inner and outer glumes, exposing yellowish blocks, namely pathogen sporozoites.
Control methods: 1. Select disease resistant varieties;2. Seed disinfection, the same as rice blast and sheath blight;3. In combination with the prevention and control of sheath blight, Jinggangmycin shall be sprayed 3-4 times after sealing and before maturity.[8]
Rice sheath rot
Rice sheath rot
Symptoms: sheath rot mostly occurs on the flag leaf sheath of rice at the booting stage. At the initial stage, the damage symptoms are dark brown spots with fuzzy edges, and the small spots at the back gather into cloud like disease spots, like tiger spots;The disease spot continued to extend to most of the leaf sheath.Some or all of the young panicles in the leaf sheath wither and become dry booting panicles;Slightly light, it is in the shape of half tassel covering the neck.When it is wet, the disease part is infected with powdery mildew. When the flag leaf sheath is peeled off, the mycelium and powdery mildew can be seen, which is the disease pathogen.
Control methods: breeding disease resistant varieties;Seed disinfection;Spray 50% if necessaryBenomylWP1500 times solution mixed with Saisheng alginate iodine.Spray once every 15 days, 1-2 times continuously.[8]
Rotten rice seedlings
Rotten rice seedlings
Rotten seedlings are collectively referred to as rotten seeds, rotten buds and dead seedlings. One is caused by physiological factors, and the other is infectious rotten seedlings caused by fungi.
1. Physiological seedling decay: seeds do not germinate after sowing and gradually become black and rotten, that is, seed decay;Before the root, the sprout is on its feet, with black head and black root, and even rots to death, that is, the rotten bud.Seedlings die in 2-3 leaf stage, that is, dead seedlings.
2. Infectious rotten seedlings
① Green withered dead seedlings, the diseased plants stop spitting water at the tip at first, then the heart leaves suddenly wilt and roll up into a tube, and then the lower leaves quickly wither in the water, until the whole plant becomes dirty green and withers;The root system of the diseased plant is dark and the root hairs are rare.
② Yellow withered dead seedlings start from the lower leaves, gradually turn yellow from the tip to the leaf base, spread to the upper leaves to the heart leaves, and finally the base of the plant becomes brown and softened until the whole plant is yellow brown and dead;The root system of the diseased plant is dark, the root hair is sparse, and the root is easy to pull up.
Control method: select good seeds and disinfect;Timely sowing;Delphi drip irrigation and irrigation were applied to fertilize, and phosphorus fertilizer was increased;Scientifically manage water and regulate temperature difference: the seedbed shall be kept moist in the bud stage to ensure sufficient oxygen in the soil. When the seedlings are from one leaf to one heart to three leaf stage, spray timely when there is no water spitting at the tip of the leaves and sporadic leaf curling in the field. You can use 1000 times of 50% Dixon wettable powder to mix the flower and fruit doctor's fruit energy multi-element spray. If the disease is serious, you can appropriately increase the dosage.[8]
Bacterial leaf spot of rice
Bacterial leaf spot of rice
Symptoms: The leaf spot is a small brown water stain at the beginning, and then gradually expands. Later, the center of the spot becomes grayish brown, and the leaf is locally necrotic.The affected leaf sheaths mostly occur on the sacral leaf sheaths. The primary red short strip is fused into irregular large spots, and the central tissue of the disease spot is also grayish brown and necrotic.There are black brown spots on the stripped leaf sheath stem.The flag leaf sheath is seriously ill before heading, and the spike often cannot be pulled out.
Prevention and control method: Before the arrival of typhoon and rainstorm or after the transit, 70% leaf blight (also known as Shakujing) gum suspension of 500 times per mu is mixed with Saisheng alginate iodine, and the diseased fields or susceptible varieties are immediately and comprehensively sprayed once, especially the flooded fields.Generally, spray once every 7-10 days, twice for early onset and once for late onset.[8]
Rice kernel smut
Rice kernel smut
Symptoms: pale yellow chlorotic spots appear at the tip of the leaves at the seedling stage, and gradually develop to the base, forming mesophyll chlorotic mosaic leaves. Later, the whole leaves turn yellow, roll up, wither and droop.The plant is dwarf, does not tiller, and the root system is short.After tillering, the diseased ones cannot normally head and bear fruit.After jointing, the disease occurred late heading, small ear rows and poor fruit setting.
Control methods: select disease resistant varieties and disinfect them to strengthen seed quarantine;Paddy upland rotation;Increase the application of Chongzhidao soil blending ratio, and apply nitrogen fertilizer without bias;The 25% triadimefon WP 1000 times solution was used to mix the flower and fruit doctor fruit energy multi elements, and the chemicals were used to control once in the first flowering period, full flowering period and filling period of the production field.After threshing of the female parent, most of the diseased grains become downwelling. These downwelling grains should be burned.[8]
Rice dwarf
Rice dwarf
Symptoms: mainly damage grains.After infected grains, the symptoms are not obvious at first, which are the same as normal grains, but in the middle and late stages of the disease, there are three types of symptoms:
The grain color is normal, the glume naturally splits, exposing black granules, and the hand pressure is light. In case of heavy rain and humidity, the diseased grains break, and black powdery chlamydospores are scattered.The grain color is normal, the outer glume back line cracks near the glume guard, showing red or white tongue like objects, and the glume shell adheres to black powder.The grain is dark green in color, looks like green chaff grain, does not crack, feels soft when held by hand, and turns black when soaked in water.
Prevention and control method: plant and harvest in succession, and control the black tailed leafhopper in time.Eliminate weeds such as Kanmai Niang and reduce the source of overwintering insects.The diseased plants shall be pulled out in time.Actively prevent and control poisonous insects.[8]
Key values
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edible
Rice Sun Yingbao/Painted
Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world today. More than half of the world's population uses rice as their main food source.Rice is not only the staple food. Under the evolution of a long history, rice has many economic functions that have contributed to human beings. For example, rice bran is one of them. Rice bran is the cortex of rice and can be used to extract oil.In Japan, rice bran oil is regarded as a holy whitening product.In addition, rice bran can also be used to pickle, or even become a single dish, which is called fried rice bran.According to scientists, rice bran is also of high nutritional value. In addition to 64% of the nutrients in rice, it also contains more than 90% of the nutrients needed by the human body.In addition to rice bran oil, rice bran protein and rice bran nutrients are the main research directions of scientists.
Economics
Rice bran is the husk of rice, which is an important source of animal feed.It is also used as building materials. Many traditional mud houses in Asian countryside, such as round earth buildings in Chinese Hakka villages, contain rice bran.In modern society, rice bran is also used in cement mixtures, or to produce calcium phytate and inositol.
Straw is another distinctive economic by-product, which has many uses.In addition to feeding cattle and sheep, straw ropes, straw sandals and straw clothes made of straw are essential for many farmers.In the early days, many houses were roofed with straw.The craft products woven from straw are also quite common, such as straw mat, straw hat, etc.The most common thing in rice fields is wearing hats to scare birdsscarecrowIt is a very common landscape in early rural areas.
medical
Germinated fruit（Rice bud）: Gan, Wen.It is good for digestion, spleen strengthening and appetizing.It is used for food retention, abdominal distention, bad breath, weak spleen and stomach, and not hungry and eating less.[9]
Other related
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Tiangong Rice Seed
On December 4, 2022,Shenzhou 14 manned spacecraftThe return capsule is located atDongfeng landing siteSuccessful landing.The third batch of space science experiment samples of manned space station descending with the module.It includes the rice seeds obtained on orbit for the first time in the world after 120 days of space cultivation and growth.
Shenzhou 14 flight crewDuring the orbital period, from July 29, 2022, when nutrient solution was injected to start the experiment, to November 25, 2022, when the experiment ended, rice seeds experienced 120 days of space cultivation and growth in the China Space Station, completing the whole process of seed germination, seedling growth, flowering and seed setting, which is "from seed to seed" development.This is the first international experiment of rice life cycle culture。[10]
Tiangong Rice Seed[10]
Reference genome
In August 2023, the Genome Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, together with several units, released the complete rice reference genome, providing a new powerful tool and important big data basis for the field of rice research.[17]
